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Comparing the Wave Characteristics of Breakdown Pulses of the Lightning Waveforms in the Himalayan Region. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:6381439. [PMID: 33688306 PMCID: PMC7920711 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6381439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the breakdown pulse train with or without the main event in this paper. Among the selected 81 flashes, 36 flashes are starting positively, and 45 are starting negatively. Also, 58 flashes contain positive pulses, and 67 flashes contain negative pulses, whereas 44 flashes contain both positive and negative pulses. Among these 81 flashes, 22 flashes follow the main events, and the rest are isolated events. In this study, we got the main duration of PB pulses as 1.94 ms and the time interval between the breakdown pulse and return stroke as 61.49 ms. On taking each pulse train, we found the rise time to be 2.6 μs, zero-crossing time 14.95 μs, and the time interval between pulses 199.3 μs. The largest pulse amplitude ratio in the preliminary breakdown pulse to the main event return stroke was 0.43.
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Peterson M, Rudlosky S. The Time Evolution of Optical Lightning Flashes. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:333-349. [PMID: 31632891 PMCID: PMC6800735 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd028741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The composition and time evolution of lightning are examined using the Lighting Imaging Sensor (LIS). Frame-by-frame optical lightning measurements are clustered into features whose radiant energy, horizontal footprint, and timing may be analyzed statistically. A LIS series feature is used to describe distinct periods of near continuous illumination that persists over multiple LIS frames. Series are integrated into the LIS clustering hierarchy between the group and flash level. An average series illuminates 40% of the flash footprint while accounting for 20% of the flash radiance, and just 1% of the flash duration. LIS flashes typically contain optical emissions that are exceptionally radiant and may persist over multiple frames. Series features cluster these bright optical pulses, allowing their number and time separation to be quantified in each flash. This optical multiplicity averages 1.7 for flashes with at least one particularly radiant group. Multigroup series most often occur early in the flash duration with 13% to 18% at first light. Series are typically separated by 100 ms or more in multiseries flashes. Bright series, by contrast, typically occur in rapid succession, with at most a few dozen milliseconds between them. Because series are optical features, they may result from any physical process that produces strong optical emissions. The statistics presented herein support the idea that series may originate from multiple physical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Peterson
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center/Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites-Maryland, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Observations of narrow bipolar events reveal how lightning is initiated in thunderstorms. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10721. [PMID: 26876654 PMCID: PMC4756383 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-standing but fundamental question in lightning studies concerns how lightning is initiated inside storms, given the absence of physical conductors. The issue has revolved around the question of whether the discharges are initiated solely by conventional dielectric breakdown or involve relativistic runaway electron processes. Here we report observations of a relatively unknown type of discharge, called fast positive breakdown, that is the cause of high-power discharges known as narrow bipolar events. The breakdown is found to have a wide range of strengths and is the initiating event of numerous lightning discharges. It appears to be purely dielectric in nature and to consist of a system of positive streamers in a locally intense electric field region. It initiates negative breakdown at the starting location of the streamers, which leads to the ensuing flash. The observations show that many or possibly all lightning flashes are initiated by fast positive breakdown.
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Montanyà J, van der Velde O, Williams ER. The start of lightning: Evidence of bidirectional lightning initiation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15180. [PMID: 26471123 PMCID: PMC4607992 DOI: 10.1038/srep15180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lightning flashes are known to initiate in regions of strong electric fields inside thunderstorms, between layers of positively and negatively charged precipitation particles. For that reason, lightning inception is typically hidden from sight of camera systems used in research. Other technology such as lightning mapping systems based on radio waves can typically detect only some aspects of the lightning initiation process and subsequent development of positive and negative leaders. We report here a serendipitous recording of bidirectional lightning initiation in virgin air under the cloud base at ~11,000 images per second, and the differences in characteristics of opposite polarity leader sections during the earliest stages of the discharge. This case reveals natural lightning initiation, propagation and a return stroke as in negative cloud-to-ground flashes, upon connection to another lightning channel – without any masking by cloud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Montanyà
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Electrical Engineering Department, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Oscar van der Velde
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Electrical Engineering Department, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Earle R Williams
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Parsons Laboratory, Cambridge, 02139, USA
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Arshad SNM, Izadi M, Kadir MZAA, Bari MAA, Rameli N, Rahim NA, Hamzah MN. Characterization preliminary breakdown in the measured lightning electric fields. 2014 IEEE 8TH INTERNATIONAL POWER ENGINEERING AND OPTIMIZATION CONFERENCE (PEOCO2014) 2014. [DOI: 10.1109/peoco.2014.6814468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Kitagawa N, Brook M, Workman EJ. Continuing currents in cloud-to-ground lightning discharges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz067i002p00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brook M, Kitagawa N. Some aspects of lightning activity and related meteorological conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz065i004p01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Galejs J. Amplitude statistics of lightning discharge currents and ELF and VLF radio noise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz072i011p02943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Loeb LB. The mechanisms of stepped and dart leaders in cloud-to-ground lightning strokes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz071i020p04711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fisher RJ, Uman MA. Measured electric field risetimes for first and subsequent lightning return strokes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jc077i003p00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mackerras D. A comparison of discharge processes in cloud and ground lightning flashes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb073i004p01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brantley RD, Tiller JA, Uman MA. Lightning properties in Florida thunderstorms from video tape records. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jc080i024p03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Krider EP, Radda GJ. Radiation field wave forms produced by lightning stepped leaders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jc080i018p02653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Holmes CR, Szymanski EW, Szymanski SJ, Moore CB. Radar and acoustic study of lightning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jc085ic12p07517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Winn WP, Aulich GD, Hunyady SJ, Eack KB, Edens HE, Krehbiel PR, Rison W, Sonnenfeld RG. Lightning leader stepping, K changes, and other observations near an intracloud flash. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nag A, Rakov VA. Pulse trains that are characteristic of preliminary breakdown in cloud-to-ground lightning but are not followed by return stroke pulses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Defer E, Lagouvardos K, Kotroni V. Lightning activity in the eastern Mediterranean region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Coleman LM, Marshall TC, Stolzenburg M, Hamlin T, Krehbiel PR, Rison W, Thomas RJ. Effects of charge and electrostatic potential on lightning propagation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Coleman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Mississippi; Mississippi USA
| | - T. C. Marshall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Mississippi; Mississippi USA
| | - M. Stolzenburg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Mississippi; Mississippi USA
| | - T. Hamlin
- Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research; New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Socorro New Mexico USA
| | - P. R. Krehbiel
- Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research; New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Socorro New Mexico USA
| | - W. Rison
- Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research; New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Socorro New Mexico USA
| | - R. J. Thomas
- Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research; New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Socorro New Mexico USA
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Defer E, Blanchet P, Théry C, Laroche P, Dye JE, Venticinque M, Cummins KL. Lightning activity for the July 10, 1996, storm during the Stratosphere-Troposphere Experiment: Radiation, Aerosol, and Ozone-A (STERAO-A) experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Koshak WJ, Solakiewicz RJ. Electro-optic lightning detector. APPLIED OPTICS 1999; 38:4623-4634. [PMID: 18323949 DOI: 10.1364/ao.38.004623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The design, alignment, calibration, and field deployment of a solid-state lightning detector is described. The primary sensing component of the detector is a potassium dihydrogen phosphate electro-optic crystal that is attached in series to a flat-plate aluminum antenna; the antenna is exposed to the ambient thundercloud electric field. A semiconductor laser diode (lambda = 685 nm), polarizing optics, and the crystal are arranged in a Pockels cell configuration. Lightning-caused electric field changes are related to small changes in the transmission of laser light through the optical cell. Several hundred lightning electric field change excursions were recorded during five thunderstorms that occurred in the summer of 1998 at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in northern Alabama.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Koshak
- Global Hydrology and Climate Center, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA.
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Smith DA, Shao XM, Holden DN, Rhodes CT, Brook M, Krehbiel PR, Stanley M, Rison W, Thomas RJ. A distinct class of isolated intracloud lightning discharges and their associated radio emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd200045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Price C, Penner J, Prather M. NOxfrom lightning: 1. Global distribution based on lightning physics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shao XM, Krehbiel PR. The spatial and temporal development of intracloud lightning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shao XM, Krehbiel PR, Thomas RJ, Rison W. Radio interferometric observations of cloud-to-ground lightning phenomena in Florida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Villanueva Y, Rakov VA, Uman MA, Brook M. Microsecond-scale electric field pulses in cloud lightning discharges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Rakov VA, Uman MA. Some properties of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes versus stroke order. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id05p05447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mazur V. Triggered lightning strikes to aircraft and natural intracloud discharges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id03p03311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rinnert K, Lauderdale R, Lanzerotti LJ, Krider EP, Uman MA. Characteristics of magnetic field pulses in Earth lightning measured by the Galileo Probe instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id11p13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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MacGorman DR, Taylor WL. Positive cloud-to-ground lightning detection by a direction-finder network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id11p13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Proctor DE, Uytenbogaardt R, Meredith BM. VHF radio pictures of lightning flashes to ground. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/jd093id10p12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Mackerras D. Automatic short-range measurement of the cloud flash to ground flash ratio in thunderstorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/jd090id04p06195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Cooray V, Lundquist S. On the characteristics of some radiation fields from lightning and their possible origin in positive ground flashes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jc087ic13p11203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Weber ME, Christian HJ, Few AA, Stewart MF. A thundercloud electric field sounding: Charge distribution and lightning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jc087ic09p07158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Krehbiel PR, Brook M, McCrory RA. An analysis of the charge structure of lightning discharges to ground. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/jc084ic05p02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Warwick JW, Hayenga CO, Brosnahan JW. Interferometric directions of lightning sources at 34 MHz. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/jc084ic05p02457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Weidman CD, Krider EP. The radiation field wave forms produced by intracloud lightning discharge processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/jc084ic06p03159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nonlinear Electron Acoustic Waves, Part II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2539(08)60397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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46
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The global location of large lightning discharges from single station observations of ELF disturbances in the Earth-ionosphere cavity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(71)90091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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