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Dimmock AP, Russell CT, Sagdeev RZ, Krasnoselskikh V, Walker SN, Carr C, Dandouras I, Escoubet CP, Ganushkina N, Gedalin M, Khotyaintsev YV, Aryan H, Pulkkinen TI, Balikhin MA. Direct evidence of nonstationary collisionless shocks in space plasmas. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau9926. [PMID: 30820454 PMCID: PMC6392793 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau9926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Collisionless shocks are ubiquitous throughout the universe: around stars, supernova remnants, active galactic nuclei, binary systems, comets, and planets. Key information is carried by electromagnetic emissions from particles accelerated by high Mach number collisionless shocks. These shocks are intrinsically nonstationary, and the characteristic physical scales responsible for particle acceleration remain unknown. Quantifying these scales is crucial, as it affects the fundamental process of redistributing upstream plasma kinetic energy into other degrees of freedom-particularly electron thermalization. Direct in situ measurements of nonstationary shock dynamics have not been reported. Thus, the model that best describes this process has remained unknown. Here, we present direct evidence demonstrating that the transition to nonstationarity is associated with electron-scale field structures inside the shock ramp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Dimmock
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, P.O. Box 537, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christopher T. Russell
- Department of Earth Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Roald Z. Sagdeev
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Vladimir Krasnoselskikh
- LPC2E, CNRS-University of Orleans, Orleans, France
- Space Sciences Laboratory at University of California, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Simon N. Walker
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - C. Philippe Escoubet
- European Space Agency/European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - Natalia Ganushkina
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael Gedalin
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Homayon Aryan
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Tuija I. Pulkkinen
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Michael A. Balikhin
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Slutz RJ, Winkelman JR. Shape of the magnetospheric boundary under solar wind pressure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz069i023p04933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hirshberg J. Motions of the magnetospheric boundary and surface magnetic activity during the flight of Explorer 10. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz068i021p05917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stolov HL. Further investigations of a variation of geomagnetic activity with lunar phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz070i019p04921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Freeman JW. The morphology of the electron distribution in the outer radiation zone and near the magnetospheric boundary as observed by Explorer 12. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz069i009p01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wolfe JH, Silva RW. Explorer 14 plasma probe observations during the October 7, 1962, geomagnetic disturbance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz070i015p03575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cladis JB, Miller TD, Baskett JR. Interaction of a supersonic plasma stream with a dipole magnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz069i011p02257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ness NF, Scearce CS, Seek JB. Initial results of the imp 1 magnetic field experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz069i017p03531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bernstein W, Fredricks RW, Scarf FL. A model for a broad disordered transition between the solar wind and the magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz069i007p01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Spreiter JR, Jones WP. On the effect of a weak interplanetary magnetic field on the interaction between the solar wind and the geomagnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz068i012p03555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Snyder CW, Neugebauer M, Rao UR. The solar wind velocity and its correlation with cosmic-ray variations and with solar and geomagnetic activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz068i024p06361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Frank LA, Van Allen JA. Measurements of energetic electrons in the vicinity of the sunward magnetospheric boundary with Explorer 14. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz069i023p04923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Axford WI, Reid GC. Increases in intensity of solar cosmic rays before sudden commencements of geomagnetic storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz068i007p01793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Coleman PJ. Characteristics of the region of interaction between the interplanetary plasma and the geomagnetic field: Pioneer 5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz069i015p03051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Walters GK. Effect of oblique interplanetary magnetic field on shape and behavior of the magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz069i009p01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dessler AJ. Further comments on stability of interface between solar wind and geomagnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz067i012p04892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bell B, Defouw RJ. Dependence of the lunar modulation of geomagnetic activity on the celestial latitude of the Moon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz071i003p00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wolfe JH, Silva RW, Myers MA. Observations of the solar wind during the flight of Imp 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz071i005p01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lyon EF, Bridge HS, Binsack JH. Explorer 35 plasma measurements in the vicinity of the Moon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz072i023p06113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Walters GK. On the existence of a second standing shock wave attached to the magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz071i005p01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Craven JD. Temporal variations of electron intensities at low altitudes in the outer radiation zone as observed with satellite Injun 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jz071i023p05643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Montgomery MD, Asbridge JR, Bame SJ. Vela 4 plasma observations near the Earth’s bow shock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja075i007p01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Prangé R, Pallier L, Hansen KC, Howard R, Vourlidas A, Courtin R, Parkinson C. An interplanetary shock traced by planetary auroral storms from the Sun to Saturn. Nature 2004; 432:78-81. [PMID: 15525983 DOI: 10.1038/nature02986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A relationship between solar activity and aurorae on Earth was postulated long before space probes directly detected plasma propagating outwards from the Sun. Violent solar eruption events trigger interplanetary shocks that compress Earth's magnetosphere, leading to increased energetic particle precipitation into the ionosphere and subsequent auroral storms. Monitoring shocks is now part of the 'Space Weather' forecast programme aimed at predicting solar-activity-related environmental hazards. The outer planets also experience aurorae, and here we report the discovery of a strong transient polar emission on Saturn, tentatively attributed to the passage of an interplanetary shock--and ultimately to a series of solar coronal mass ejection (CME) events. We could trace the shock-triggered events from Earth, where auroral storms were recorded, to Jupiter, where the auroral activity was strongly enhanced, and to Saturn, where it activated the unusual polar source. This establishes that shocks retain their properties and their ability to trigger planetary auroral activity throughout the Solar System. Our results also reveal differences in the planetary auroral responses on the passing shock, especially in their latitudinal and local time dependences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Prangé
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France.
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Spreiter JR, Stahara SS. Magnetohydrodynamic and gasdynamic theories for planetary bow waves. COLLISIONLESS SHOCKS IN THE HELIOSPHERE: REVIEWS OF CURRENT RESEARCH 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/gm035p0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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The Magnetospheric Boundary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2172-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Greenstadt EW, Green IM, Colburn DS. Earth's Bow Shock: Elapsed-Time Observations by Two Closely Spaced Satellites. Science 1968; 162:898-901. [PMID: 17769077 DOI: 10.1126/science.162.3856.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated observations of the earth's bow shock were made as Vela 3A and Explorer 33 passed within 6 earth radii of each other. Elapsed time measurements of shock motion give directly determined velocities in the range 1 to 10 kilometers per second and establish the existence of two regions, one of large amplitude magnetic "shock" oscillations and another of smaller, sunward, upstream oscillations. Each region is as thick as 1 earth radius, or more.
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Gosling JT, Asbridge JR, Bame SJ, Strong IB. Vela 2 measurements of the magnetopause and bow shock positions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1029/jz072i001p00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Observations of Magnetospheric Boundary Phenomena. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1966. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3553-8_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Vela Satellite Measurements of Particles in the Solar Wind and the Distant Geomagnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1966. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3553-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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