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Gómez Martín JC, Saiz‐Lopez A, Cuevas CA, Baker AR, Fernández RP. On the Speciation of Iodine in Marine Aerosol. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2021JD036081. [PMID: 35865333 PMCID: PMC9286534 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd036081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We have compiled and analyzed a comprehensive data set of field observations of iodine speciation in marine aerosol. The soluble iodine content of fine aerosol (PM1) is dominated by soluble organic iodine (SOI; ∼50%) and iodide (∼30%), while the coarse fraction is dominated by iodate (∼50%), with nonnegligible amounts of iodide (∼20%). The SOI fraction shows an equatorial maximum and minima coinciding with the ocean "deserts," which suggests a link between soluble iodine speciation in aerosol and ocean productivity. Among the major aerosol ions, organic anions and non-sea-salt sulfate show positive correlations with SOI in PM1. Alkali cations are positively correlated to iodate and negatively correlated with SOI and iodide in coarse aerosol. These relationships suggest that under acidic conditions iodate is reduced to HOI, which reacts with organic matter to form SOI, a possible source of iodide. In less acidic sea-salt or dust-rich coarse aerosols, HOI oxidation to iodate and reaction with organic matter likely compete.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso Saiz‐Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSICMadridSpain
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSICMadridSpain
| | - Alex R. Baker
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Rafael P. Fernández
- Institute for Interdisciplinary ScienceNational Research Council (ICB‐CONICET)FCEN‐UNCuyoMendozaArgentina
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Seto YB, Duce RA, Woodcock AH. Sodium-to-chlorine ratio in Hawaiian rains as a function of distance inland and of elevation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb074i004p01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Duce RA, Arimoto R, Ray BJ, Unni CK, Harder PJ. Atmospheric trace elements at Enewetak Atoll: 1. Concentrations, sources, and temporal variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jc088ic09p05321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Duce RA, Zoller WH, Moyers JL. Particulate and gaseous halogens in the Antarctic atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jc078i033p07802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Saiz-Lopez A, Plane JMC, Baker AR, Carpenter LJ, von Glasow R, Gómez Martín JC, McFiggans G, Saunders RW. Atmospheric Chemistry of Iodine. Chem Rev 2011; 112:1773-804. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200029u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Climate Science (CIAC), CSIC, Toledo, Spain
| | - John M. C. Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex R. Baker
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy J. Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Roland von Glasow
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gordon McFiggans
- School of Earth, Atmospheric & Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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McDonald C, Duncan H. Variability op atmospheric levels of metals in an industrial environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10934527809374847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. McDonald
- a Agricultural Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
- b Public Analyst's Department , Strathclyde Regional Council , Glasgow G3, Scotland
| | - H.J. Duncan
- a Agricultural Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
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Beavington F, Cawse PA, Wakenshaw A. Comparative studies of atmospheric trace elements: improvements in air quality near a copper smelter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2004; 332:39-49. [PMID: 15336889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2003] [Revised: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 04/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of trace element concentrations, including heavy metals in the atmosphere near a copper smelter in Port Kembla, New South Wales, have shown improvements in air quality, attributed mainly to modernisation of the plant, with more than 85% decrease (for each element) in airborne Cr, Zn, Se, Ag, Cd, Sb, Au and Pb, associated with 74% reduction in Cu concentration. This data was obtained by analysis of air particulate sampled in 2001-2002 for comparison with measurements at the same location in 1978. As expected, measurements of Na and Cl derived from the marine aerosol at this coastal location showed no corresponding change. The recent analysis of air particulate shows significant correlations between the monthly concentrations of Cu, Zn, Se, Ag and Pb, associated with industry, hence giving a high enrichment in airborne particulate by reference to the element/Sc ratios in 'average' soil. These enrichments, shown by heavy metals in particular, were two orders of magnitude greater than the values recorded in the atmosphere of rural areas; however, it is clear that air quality at Port Kembla is much improved and predominantly related to the modernisation of the smelter.
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Iodine speciation in size fractionated atmospheric particles by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00322957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fuge R. Sources of halogens in the environment, influences on human and animal health. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 1988; 10:51-61. [PMID: 24213594 DOI: 10.1007/bf01758592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/1988] [Accepted: 06/16/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Of the halogens, fluorine has the highest crustal abundance (544 mg/kg) while iodine has the lowest (0.25 mg/kg), however, chlorine is by far the most abundant halogen in the cosmos. The geochemistries of the four naturally occurring halogens have some similarities with fluorine, chlorine and bromine being classified as lithophile elements while iodine is more chalcophile in nature. Bromine and iodine behave in a similar fashion in the secondary environment and could be classified as biophile elements being concentrated in organic matter. Chlorine, bromine and iodine are strongly enriched in the sea while iodine and to a lesser extent bromine are further concentrated in the marine algae.Apart from the occurrence of fluorine in fluorite (CaF2) there are few commonly occurring minerals which contain the halogens as essential constituents. In the igneous environment fluorine and chlorine tend to occupy hydroxyl lattice sites in micas, amphiboles, apatites etc., while in sediments clays can contain appreciable quantities of these elements. Bromine and iodine, however, would be unlikely to fit into the lattice sites of common rock-forming minerals.Bromine, like iodine, is probably volatilised from the marine environment and is carried on to land surfaces. This behaviour of iodine and bromine is reflected in the increased I/CI and Br/CI ratios of surface run-off in continental compared with near coastal environments.Limited information on the soil geochemistry of the halogens suggests that the soil contents of chlorine, bromine and iodine are influenced by proximity to the sea. Soil fluorine, however, is generally dependent on its content in the parent material. In some areas pollutant sources of the halogens contribute appreciably to their concentration in the environment.Iodine and chlorine are essential elements for mammals and fluorine has been shown to have beneficial effects on bone and tooth formation. However, excess quantities of dietary fluorine can be harmful. It is possible, in view of its ubiquitous occurrence in the biosphere, that bromine has a hitherto unknown function in human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fuge
- Centre for Applied Geochemistry, University College of Wales, SY23 3DB, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales
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Tsukada H, Hara H, Iwashima K, Yamagata N. The Iodine Content of Atmospheric Aerosols as Determined by the Use of a Fluoropore Filter®for Collection. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1987. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.60.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Arimoto R, Duce RA, Ray BJ, Hewitt AD, Williams J. Trace elements in the atmosphere of American Samoa: Concentrations and deposition to the tropical South Pacific. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jd092id07p08465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fuge R, Johnson CC. The geochemistry of iodine - a review. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 1986; 8:31-54. [PMID: 24213950 DOI: 10.1007/bf02311063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1985] [Accepted: 03/06/1986] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Iodine has long been recognised as an important element environmentally. Despite this there are many gaps in our knowledge of its geochemistry and even where information is available much of this is based on old data which, in the light of recent data, are suspect.Iodine forms few independent minerals and is unlikely to enter most rock-forming minerals. In igneous rocks its concentration is fairly uniform and averages 0.24 mg/kg. Sedimentary rocks tend to have higher concentrations with average iodine contents of:-recent sediments 5-200 mg/kg, carbonates 2.7 mg/kg, shales 2.3 mg/kg and sandstones 0.8 mg/kg. Organic-rich sediments are particularly enriched in iodine.Soils, generally, are much richer in iodine than the parent rocks with the actual level being decided mainly by soil type and locality. Little soil iodine is water-soluble and much iodine is thought to be associated with organic matter, clays and aluminium and iron oxides. Most iodine in soils is derived from the atmosphere where, in turn, it has been derived from the oceans. Seawater has a mean iodine content of 58 μg/L, while non-saline surface waters have lower and very variable levels. Subsurface brines and mineral waters are generally strongly enriched in iodine.Marine plants are frequently enriched in iodine while terrestrial plants have generally low contents. Iodine is essential for all mammals.Consideration of the geochemical cycle of iodine reveals that its transfer from the oceans to the atmosphere is probably the most important process in its geochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fuge
- University College of Wales and British Geological Survey, UK
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Sturges W, Harrison RM. Bromine:Lead ratios in airborne particles from urban and rural sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(86)90101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bromine in marine aerosols and the origin, nature and quantity of natural atmospheric bromine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(86)90020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The radioanalytical bibliography of USA (1936–1977). J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02521463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Heindryckx R, Dams R. Chemical analysis of atmospheric aerosols by instrumental neutron activation. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0149-1970(79)90019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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McDonald C, Duncan HJ. Atmospheric levels of trace elements in Glasgow. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 1979; 13:413-7. [PMID: 435331 DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(79)90298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Fishbein L. Environmental metallic carcinogens: an overview of exposure levels. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1976; 2:77-109. [PMID: 792462 DOI: 10.1080/15287397609529419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exposure levels of the principal carcinogenic and potential carcinogenic metal and mettalloid pollutants in the environment (e.g., arsenic, beryllium, chromium, nickel, cadmium, and lead) are primarily reviewed with emphasis on their environmental sources both natural and manmade. There is a general paucity of definitive information concerning aspects of material balance and chemical transformations of these elements in various chemical forms in the environment, primarily the atmosphere. Estimates of both exposure levels and risk to populations other than industrial workers of the above metals have been in most instances quite difficult to obtain and generally speculative. The trend for the immediate future appears to be of greater exposure to these metals not only as a result of generally increased usage patterns, but also because of prospective enhanced use of fossil fuels for space heating and electricity generation.
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Application of neutron activation analysis to the investigation of natural and pollution aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02518566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Moyers JL, Duce RA. The collection and determination of atmospheric gaseous bromine and iodine. Anal Chim Acta 1974; 69:117-27. [PMID: 4416127 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(74)80015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Martens CS, Wesolowski JJ, Kaiffer R, John W. Lead and bromine particle size distributions in the San Francisco Bay area. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 1973; 7:905-14. [PMID: 4791738 DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(73)90112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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PEIRSON DH, CAWSE PA, SALMON L, CAMBRAY RS. Trace Elements in the Atmospheric Environment. Nature 1973. [DOI: 10.1038/241252a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jernigan EL, Ray BJ, Duce RA. Lead and bromine in atmospheric particulate matter on Oahu, Hawaii. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 1971; 5:881-6. [PMID: 4107355 DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(71)90017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Winchester JW, Zoller WH, Duce RA, Benson CS. Lead and halogens in pollution aerosols and snow from fairbanks, Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(67)90039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Winchester JW, Duce RA. The global distribution of iodine, bromine, and chlorine in marine aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1967; 54:110-3. [PMID: 5585829 DOI: 10.1007/bf00640572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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WINCHESTER JOHNW, DUCE ROBERTA. Coherence of iodine and bromine in the atmosphere of Hawaii, northern Alaska, and Massachusetts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1966. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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