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Hasan-Abad AM, Mohammadi M, Mirzaei H, Mehrabi M, Motedayyen H, Arefnezhad R. Impact of oligomerization on the allergenicity of allergens. Clin Mol Allergy 2022; 20:5. [PMID: 35488339 PMCID: PMC9052586 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-022-00172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I hypersensitivity (allergic reaction) is an unsuitable or overreactive immune response to an allergen due to cross-link immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies bound to its high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRIs) on effector cells. It is needless to say that at least two epitopes on allergens are required to the successful and effective cross-linking. There are some reports pointing to small proteins with only one IgE epitope could cross-link FcεRI-bound IgE through homo-oligomerization which provides two same IgE epitopes. Therefore, oligomerization of allergens plays an indisputable role in the allergenic feature and stability of allergens. In this regard, we review the signaling capacity of the B cell receptor (BCR) complex and cross-linking of FcεRI which results in the synthesis of allergen-specific IgE. This review also discusses the protein-protein interactions involved in the oligomerization of allergens and provide some explanations about the oligomerization of some well-known allergens, such as calcium-binding allergens, Alt a 1, Bet v 1, Der p 1, Per a3, and Fel d 1, along with the effects of their concentrations on dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Moradi Hasan-Abad
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mehrabi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Hossein Motedayyen
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Reza Arefnezhad
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Sookrung N, Tungtrongchitr A, Chaicumpa W. Cockroaches: Allergens, Component-Resolved Diagnosis (CRD) and Component-Resolved Immunotherapy. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:124-141. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190731144043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are assuming increasing trend of prevalence worldwide. The diseases confer increasing demand on medical and healthcare facilities. Patients with allergies have poor quality of life and impaired cognition. Adult patients have subpar working efficiency while afflicted children are less effective at school, often have school absenteeism and need more attention of their caregivers. All of them lead to negative socio-economic impact. This narrative review focuses on cockroach allergy including currently recognized cockroach allergens, pathogenic mechanisms of allergy, componentresolved diagnosis and allergen-specific immunotherapy, particularly the component-resolved immunotherapy and the molecular mechanisms that bring about resolution of the chronic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tungtrongchitr
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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de Gier S, Verhoeckx K. Insect (food) allergy and allergens. Mol Immunol 2018; 100:82-106. [PMID: 29731166 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Insects represent an alternative for meat and fish in satisfying the increasing demand for sustainable sources of nutrition. Approximately two billion people globally consume insects. They are particularly popular in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. Most research on insect allergy has focussed on occupational or inhalation allergy. Research on insect food safety, including allergenicity, is therefore of great importance. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of cases reporting allergy following insect ingestion, studies on food allergy to insects, proteins involved in insect allergy including cross-reactive proteins, and the possibility to alter the allergenic potential of insects by food processing and digestion. Food allergy to insects has been described for silkworm, mealworm, caterpillars, Bruchus lentis, sago worm, locust, grasshopper, cicada, bee, Clanis bilineata, and the food additive carmine, which is derived from female Dactylopius coccus insects. For cockroaches, which are also edible insects, only studies on inhalation allergy have been described. Various insect allergens have been identified including tropomyosin and arginine kinase, which are both pan-allergens known for their cross-reactivity with homologous proteins in crustaceans and house dust mite. Cross-reactivity and/or co-sensitization of insect tropomyosin and arginine kinase has been demonstrated in house dust mite and seafood (e.g. prawn, shrimp) allergic patients. In addition, many other (allergenic) species (various non-edible insects, arachnids, mites, seafoods, mammals, nematoda, trematoda, plants, and fungi) have been identified with sequence alignment analysis to show potential cross-reactivity with allergens of edible insects. It was also shown that thermal processing and digestion did not eliminate insect protein allergenicity. Although purified natural allergens are scarce and yields are low, recombinant allergens from cockroach, silkworm, and Indian mealmoth are readily available, giving opportunities for future research on diagnostic allergy tests and vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffie de Gier
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty Verhoeckx
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Tong X, Guo M, Jin M, Chen H, Li Y, Wei JF. In silico epitope prediction, expression and functional analysis of Per a 10 allergen from the American cockroach. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1806-1814. [PMID: 27840898 PMCID: PMC5117736 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cockroach (CR) allergies caused by the American cockroach hyave been recognized to be repsonsible for IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity worldwide. Per a 10 is one of the recognized main allergens of the American CR. In a previous study, we examined another American CR allergen, Per a 9 in patients with CR allergies and examined epitope sequences in this allergen. In the present study, we aimed to examine epitope sequences in the Per a 10 allergen. for this purpose, the Per a 10 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) systems. Our results revealed that 9 out of 16 (56.3%) sera from patients with American CR allergies reacted to Per a10, as assessed by ELISA, confirming that Per a 10 is a major allergen of the American CR. Our results also revealed that the expression of CD63 and CCR3 on passively sensitized basophils (obtained sera of patients with American CR allergies) was increased by approximately 2.3-fold, indicating that recombinant Per a 10 is functionally active. In addition, 3 immunoinformatics tools, namely the DNAStar Protean system, the Bioinformatics Predicted Antigenic Peptides (BPAP) system and the BepiPred 1.0 server were used to predict the peptides and the results revealed 8 peptides (2-12, 55-67, 98-120, 125-133, 149-160, 170-182, 201-208 and 223-227) as potential B cell epitopes of the Per a 10 allergen. Moreover, Per a 10 was predicted to have 3 T cell epitope sequences, namely 83-92, 139-147 and 162-170. The findings of our study on the CR allergen may prove to be useful in the development of peptide-based vaccine for the prevention and/or treatment of CR allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunliang Tong
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Miao Guo
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Min Jin
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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5
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Do DC, Zhao Y, Gao P. Cockroach allergen exposure and risk of asthma. Allergy 2016; 71:463-74. [PMID: 26706467 DOI: 10.1111/all.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cockroach sensitization is an important risk factor for the development of asthma. However, its underlying immune mechanisms and the genetic etiology for differences in allergic responses remain unclear. Cockroach allergens identification and their expression as biologically active recombinant proteins have provided a basis for studying the mechanisms regarding cockroach allergen-induced allergic sensitization and asthma. Glycans in allergens may play a crucial role in the immunogenicity of allergic diseases. Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, Toll-like receptor (TLR), and C-type lectin receptors have been suggested to be important for the penetration of cockroach allergens through epithelial cells to mediate allergen uptake, dendritic cell maturation, antigen-presenting cell (APC) function in T-cell polarization, and cytokine production. Environmental pollutants, which often coexist with the allergen, could synergistically elicit allergic inflammation, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation and signaling may serve as a link between these two elements. Genetic factors may also play an important role in conferring the susceptibility to cockroach sensitization. Several genes have been associated with cockroach sensitization and asthma-related phenotypes. In this review, we will discuss the epidemiological evidence for cockroach allergen-induced asthma, cockroach allergens, the mechanisms regarding cockroach allergen-induced innate immune responses, and the genetic basis for cockroach sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. C. Do
- Division Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Y. Zhao
- Division Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
| | - P. Gao
- Division Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
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Lee MF, Chang CW, Song PP, Hwang GY, Lin SJ, Chen YH. IgE-Binding Epitope Mapping and Tissue Localization of the Major American Cockroach Allergen Per a 2. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015; 7:376-83. [PMID: 25749772 PMCID: PMC4446636 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2015.7.4.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cockroaches are the second leading allergen in Taiwan. Sensitization to Per a 2, the major American cockroach allergen, correlates with clinical severity among patients with airway allergy, but there is limited information on IgE epitopes and tissue localization of Per a 2. This study aimed to identify Per a 2 linear IgE-binding epitopes and its distribution in the body of a cockroach. Methods The cDNA of Per a 2 was used as a template and combined with oligonucleotide primers specific to the target areas with appropriate restriction enzyme sites. Eleven overlapping fragments of Per a 2 covering the whole allergen molecule, except 20 residues of signal peptide, were generated by PCR. Mature Per a 2 and overlapping deletion mutants were affinity-purified and assayed for IgE reactivity by immunoblotting. Three synthetic peptides comprising the B cell epitopes were evaluated by direct binding ELISA. Rabbit anti-Per a 2 antibody was used for immunohistochemistry. Results Human linear IgE-binding epitopes of Per a 2 were located at the amino acid sequences 57-86, 200-211, and 299-309. There was positive IgE binding to 10 tested Per a 2-allergic sera in 3 synthetic peptides, but none in the controls. Immunostaining revealed that Per a 2 was localized partly in the mouth and midgut of the cockroach, with the most intense staining observed in the hindgut, suggesting that the Per a 2 allergen might be excreted through the feces. Conclusions Information on the IgE-binding epitope of Per a 2 may be used for designing more specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cockroach allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mey Fann Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.; General Education Center, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia Wei Chang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei Pong Song
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guang Yuh Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh Jye Lin
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi Hsing Chen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.; Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Bla g 3: a novel allergen of German cockroach identified using cockroach-specific avian single-chain variable fragment antibody. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 112:140-145.e1. [PMID: 24468254 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The IgE response to cockroach allergens is thought to be associated with asthma. German cockroach (GCr) allergen extract is a complex mixture of allergens, and the identification and characterization of immunodominant allergens is important for the effective diagnosis and treatment of GCr-induced asthma. OBJECTIVE To characterize a novel GCr allergen homologous to the American cockroach allergen Per a 3. METHODS GCr-specific avian monoclonal antibodies were used for direct immunoprecipitation of specific targets from whole-body GCr extract. Precipitated protein was identified by mass spectrometry and sequence analysis. Putative recombinant protein also was expressed, purified, and used for determination of allergenicity, determined by IgE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with serum from 61 GCr-allergic patients. The identified target also was analyzed for heat stability using a bead-based assay. RESULTS The immunoprecipitated target of monoclonal antibody 2A1 was identified as a novel allergen of GCr homologous to American cockroach allergen Per a 3. This homolog, designated Bla g 3, has an apparent mass of 78 kDa, can be measured in GCr extract using antibody 2A1, and is a heat-stable protein. Screening of 61 serum samples from GCr-allergic patients showed a 22% prevalence of Bla g 3-specific IgE. CONCLUSION Bla g 3 is a GCr allergen with structural homology to American cockroach allergen Per a 3.
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Mindykowski B, Jaenicke E, Tenzer S, Cirak S, Schweikardt T, Schild H, Decker H. Cockroach allergens Per a 3 are oligomers. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:722-733. [PMID: 20100511 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Allergens from cockroaches cause major asthma-related health problems worldwide. Among them Per a 3 belongs to the most potent allergens. Although the sequences of some members of the Per a 3-family are known, their biochemical and biophysical properties have not been investigated. Here we present for the first time a thorough structural characterization of these allergens, which have recently been tested to induce an increase of allergy specific indicators in blood of Europeans. We isolated two Per a 3 isoforms, which occur freely dissolved in the hemolymph as hexamers with molecular masses of 465+/-25kDa (P II) and 512+/-25kDa (P I). Their sedimentation coefficients (S(20,W)) were determined to be 17.4+/-0.7 S (P II) and 19.0+/-0.9 S (P I), respectively. Sequence analysis revealed that P II consists of two subunit types known as allergens Per a 3.01 and Per a 3.0201, while PI consists of a new allergenic subunit type designated as Per a 3.03. A 3D model of the hexameric allergen Per a 3 was obtained by homology modelling. Almost all of the recently predicted 11 putative antigenic peptides and reported IgE-epitopes could be located on the surface of the hexamer, thus being freely accessible in the hexameric structure of the native molecules. We propose this might contribute to their allergic potential as well as their extreme stability with respect to temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Mindykowski
- Institute for Molecular Biophysics, University of Mainz, Jakob Welder Weg 26, Mainz, Germany
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Ma H, Liu ZG, Bao Y, Ran PX, Zhong NS. Morphology and three-dimensional reconstruction of the digestive system of Periplaneta americana. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 46:165-168. [PMID: 19198530 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3-D) model of the digestive system of Periplaneta americana was built for the first time based on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, the study of multiple cross-sections of the larval cockroach, and 3-D reconstruction technology. The digestive system of P. americana includes the foregut, midgut, and hindgut and takes up most of the celom. The foregut comprises almost one half of the digestive system (43.57%). The midgut, the critical region for digestion and absorption, has the second highest volume ratio (35.21%). The hindgut, with the lowest volume ratio (21.22%), includes the ileum, colon, and rectum. After the ileal valve is the colon. The 3-D model presented in this paper provides a stereoscopic view for studying the adjacent relationship and arrangement of different gut sections of P. americana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- Allergy and Immunology Institute, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
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Lee MF, Tsai JJ, Hwang GY, Lin SJ, Chen YH. Identification of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding epitopes and recombinant IgE reactivities of a latex cross-reacting Indian jujube Ziz m 1 allergen. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:464-71. [PMID: 18435802 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ziz m 1 is a major Indian jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana) allergen involved in latex-fruit syndrome, and cDNA of the allergen has been cloned, sequenced and expressed in yeast by our laboratory previously. In this study, we performed an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding epitope analysis of Ziz m 1 using overlapping recombinant fragments. Eight overlapping recombinant fragments were generated from the recombinant Ziz m 1 allergen. The fragments were expressed in Escherichia coli and IgE-binding activities were evaluated by sera of latex-Indian jujube-allergic subjects and normal subjects using immunoblotting. Human allergic sera are not able to recognize fragments consisting of amino acid sequences 26-71, 119-280 and 119-291. However, residues at positions 26-199, 26-105, 26-86, 119-320 and 238-330 were found relevant in the IgE-binding. Our results indicate that (72)NISGHCSDCTFLGEE(86) and (292)VWNRYYDLKTNYSSSIILEYVNSGTKYLP(320) of Ziz m 1 are the sequences required for human IgE binding. Four corresponding peptides, (72)NISGHCSDCTE(86), (292)VWNRYYDLKT(301), (300)KTNYSSSIILEY(311) and (309)LEYVNSGTKYLP(320), were synthesized, and these peptides reacted with 70%, 100%, 70% and 70% of 10 allergic sera tested, as revealed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sensitization to (292)VWNRYYDLKT(301) correlated significantly with the presence of allergic symptoms (P < 0.001). These findings will be useful in designing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, thereby contributing to the development of specific immunotherapy for subjects with latex-fruit syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Lee
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Bellinghausen I, Häringer B, Lafargue B, Strand D, König B, Decker H, Saloga J. Allergological implication of the quaternary hexameric structure of the cockroach allergen Per a 3. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 38:539-48. [PMID: 18081881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cockroach allergens play a very important role in allergic diseases, especially asthma. The major allergen of the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), Per a 3, naturally occurs as isoforms of hexamers. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether the hexameric structures of Per a 3 influence their allergenicity and immunogenicity. METHODS Therefore, we compared the different effects of native hexamers and dissociated monomers of cockroach haemolymph (HL), containing almost only Per a 3 proteins (HL-Per a 3), on proliferation and T-helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 cytokine production of human CD4(+) T cells in co-culture with allergen-pulsed monocyte-derived autologous dendritic cells (DC) as well as the leukotriene release of basophils. RESULTS In P. americana-sensitized and non-sensitized donors the HL-Per a 3 monomers were internalized faster by immature DC and induced higher proliferation and IFN-gamma production than the hexamers. While in non-sensitized donors IL-4 and IL-5 as well as IL-10 production were also increased after stimulation with monomeric HL-Per a 3-pulsed DC, Th2 cytokine and IL-10 production were only enhanced in P. americana-sensitized donors using hexameric HL-Per a 3-pulsed DC. Furthermore, in the leukotriene release assay the monomers were less effective than the hexamers. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the quaternary structure can influence both allergenicity and immunogenicity, also depending on the sensitization status. The monomeric variant of Per a 3 allergens could be a possible candidate for a specific immunotherapy because the IgE-mediated allergic reaction and the Th2-inducing capacity are diminished while the Th1-inducing capacity is retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bellinghausen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Gore JC, Schal C. Cockroach allergen biology and mitigation in the indoor environment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2007; 52:439-63. [PMID: 17163801 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
For nearly a half century, cockroaches have been recognized as a major cause of asthma morbidity in the urban, inner-city environment. Several cockroach-produced allergens have been identified and characterized, and a few have been produced as recombinant proteins. Recent research has moved beyond clinical, patient-based investigations to a more entomological perspective that addresses the production, physiological regulation, and developmental expression of cockroach allergens, thus providing insight into their functional biology and their relationship to current cockroach control strategies. Although successful removal of cockroach allergens from the infested environment has been difficult to accomplish with remedial sanitation, large-scale reductions in cockroach allergens below clinically relevant thresholds have recently been realized through suppression of cockroach populations. Here we review the current understanding of cockroach allergen biology and the demographics associated with human exposure and sensitization. We also critically evaluate allergen mitigation studies from an entomological perspective, highlighting disparities between successful and failed attempts to lessen the cockroach allergen burden in homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chad Gore
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7613, USA.
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Weber RW. American cockroach. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 93:A6. [PMID: 15562875 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Weber
- National Jewish Medical & Research Center, 1400 Jackson St, Room J326, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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