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Wynne ME, Ogunbona O, Lane AR, Gokhale A, Zlatic SA, Xu C, Wen Z, Duong DM, Rayaprolu S, Ivanova A, Ortlund EA, Dammer EB, Seyfried NT, Roberts BR, Crocker A, Shanbhag V, Petris M, Senoo N, Kandasamy S, Claypool SM, Barrientos A, Wingo A, Wingo TS, Rangaraju S, Levey AI, Werner E, Faundez V. APOE expression and secretion are modulated by mitochondrial dysfunction. eLife 2023; 12:e85779. [PMID: 37171075 PMCID: PMC10231934 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria influence cellular function through both cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms, such as production of paracrine and endocrine factors. Here, we demonstrate that mitochondrial regulation of the secretome is more extensive than previously appreciated, as both genetic and pharmacological disruption of the electron transport chain caused upregulation of the Alzheimer's disease risk factor apolipoprotein E (APOE) and other secretome components. Indirect disruption of the electron transport chain by gene editing of SLC25A mitochondrial membrane transporters as well as direct genetic and pharmacological disruption of either complexes I, III, or the copper-containing complex IV of the electron transport chain elicited upregulation of APOE transcript, protein, and secretion, up to 49-fold. These APOE phenotypes were robustly expressed in diverse cell types and iPSC-derived human astrocytes as part of an inflammatory gene expression program. Moreover, age- and genotype-dependent decline in brain levels of respiratory complex I preceded an increase in APOE in the 5xFAD mouse model. We propose that mitochondria act as novel upstream regulators of APOE-dependent cellular processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Wynne
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Oluwaseun Ogunbona
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Alicia R Lane
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | | | - Chongchong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Sruti Rayaprolu
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Anna Ivanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | | | - Blaine R Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Amanda Crocker
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury CollegeMiddleburyUnited States
| | - Vinit Shanbhag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
| | - Michael Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
| | - Nanami Senoo
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | | | | | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Neurology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of MiamiMiamiUnited States
| | - Aliza Wingo
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Thomas S Wingo
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Erica Werner
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
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Arican P, Cavusoglu D, Gencpinar P, Ozyilmaz B, Ozdemir TR, Dundar NO. A De Novo Xp11.23 Duplication in a Girl with a Severe Phenotype: Expanding the Clinical Spectrum. J Pediatr Genet 2017; 7:74-77. [PMID: 29707408 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1612598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Xp11.22-p11.23 duplication syndrome was described in 2009 by Giorda et al and is characterized by intellectual disability, speech delay, and electroencephalography anomalies. We report a case of a 23-month-old girl who presented with epilepsy and global developmental delay and who had a small duplication at Xp11.23. The case we present here is the first case showing the clinical features of Xp11.22-p11.23 duplication syndrome only involving synovial sarcoma, X breakpoint ( SSX ) genes: SSX1 , SSX3 , SSX4 , and SSX9 . This case report contributes to an expanding clinical spectrum of Xp11.22-p11.23 duplication syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Arican
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dilek Cavusoglu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Pinar Gencpinar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Berk Ozyilmaz
- Department of Genetics, Izmir Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Taha Resid Ozdemir
- Department of Genetics, Izmir Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nihal Olgac Dundar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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3
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Peterson JF, Basel DG, Bick DP, Chirempes B, Lorier RB, Zemlicka N, Grignon JW, Weik L, Kappes U. A Rare Combination of Functional Disomy Xp, Deletion Xq13.2-q28 Spanning the XIST Gene, and Duplication 3q25.33-q29 in a Female with der(X)t(X;3)(q13.2;q25.33). J Pediatr Genet 2017; 7:23-28. [PMID: 29441218 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1604448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report a 19-year-old female patient with a history of short stature, primary ovarian insufficiency, sensorineural hearing loss, sacral teratoma, neurogenic bladder, and intellectual disability with underlying mosaicism for der(X)t(X;3)(q13.2;q25.33), a ring X chromosome, and monosomy X. Derivative X chromosomes from unbalanced X-autosomal translocations are preferentially silenced by the XIST gene (Xq13.2) located within the X-inactivation center. The unbalanced X-autosomal translocation in our case resulted in loss of the XIST gene thus precluding the inactivation of the derivative X chromosome. As a result, clinical features of functional disomy Xp, Turner's syndrome, and duplication 3q syndrome were observed. Importantly, indications of the derivative X chromosome were revealed by microarray analysis following an initial diagnosis of Turner's syndrome made by conventional cytogenetic studies approximately 18 months earlier. This case demonstrates the importance of utilizing microarray analysis as a first-line test in patients with clinical features beyond the scope of a well-defined genetic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess F Peterson
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Donald G Basel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - David P Bick
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States
| | - Brett Chirempes
- The Advanced Genomics Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Rachel B Lorier
- The Advanced Genomics Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Nykula Zemlicka
- The Advanced Genomics Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - John W Grignon
- Wisconsin Diagnostic Laboratories, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - LuAnn Weik
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Ulrike Kappes
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.,The Advanced Genomics Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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4
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Wu L, Liu J, Lv W, Wen J, Xia Y, Liang D. An Xp21.3p11.4 duplication observed in a boy with intellectual deficiency and speech delay and his asymptomatic mother. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 97:467-70. [PMID: 23828844 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial Xp duplications have been rarely described, especially in males. Male patients show intellectual deficiency (ID) and variable congenital malformations depending on the size and the position of the duplication. METHODS Cytogenetic and molecular analyses using standard G-banding, R-banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and an array comparative genomic hybridization analysis for copy number variation detection were performed in the propositus and his mother. RESULTS A 12,168,283 bp interstitial duplication of the Xp21.3p11.4 region was detected in the boy with ID and speech delay and his asymptomatic mother. CONCLUSION An Xp21.3p11.4 duplication was characterized at the molecular level in a boy with ID and speech delay. Genotype-phenotype correlations of interstitial Xp duplications were performed by comparing previously reported cases and our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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5
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Edens AC, Lyons MJ, Duron RM, Dupont BR, Holden KR. Autism in two females with duplications involving Xp11.22-p11.23. Dev Med Child Neurol 2011; 53:463-6. [PMID: 21418194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We present two phenotypically similar females with Xp duplication who have autism and epilepsy. Case 1 is a 14-year-old Honduran female with autism and medically refractory complex partial, secondarily generalized epilepsy. Case 2 is a 3-year-old Austrian female with autism and medically refractory complex partial epilepsy. Both patients also share features of severe intellectual disability (case 1 has a developmental quotient of 23, case 2 has a developmental quotient of 42) and dysmorphic facial features. Autism was confirmed by thorough clinical evaluations and testing. Case 1 has a karyotype of 46,X,dup(X)(p11.2-p22.33) and a highly skewed X-inactivation pattern (94:6). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalogram (EEG) were abnormal. Case 2 has a 5-megabase duplication of Xp11.22-p11.23 on chromosome microarray analysis. The patient has a random X-inactivation pattern (77:23). Brain MRI was normal, but EEG was abnormal. Both patients have duplications involving the Xp11.22-p11.23 region, indicating that this is an area of interest for future translational autism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Edens
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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6
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DNA methylation analysis of a de novo balanced X;13 translocation in a girl with abnormal phenotype: evidence for functional duplication of the whole short arm of the X chromosome. J Appl Genet 2010; 51:331-5. [PMID: 20720308 DOI: 10.1007/bf03208863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 13-month-old girl showing dysmorphic features and a delay in psychomotor development. She was diagnosed with a balanced de novo translocation 46,X,t(X;13)(p11.2;p13) and non-random inactivation of the X chromosome. FISH analysis, employing the X chromosome centromere and XIST-region-specific probes, showed that the XIST locus was not involved in the translocation. Selective inactivation of paternal X, which was involved in translocation, was revealed by the HUMARA assay. The pattern of methylation of 5 genes located within Xp, which are normally silenced on an inactive X chromosome, corresponded to an active (unmethylated) X chromosome. These results revealed that in our proband the X chromosome involved in translocation (Xt) was preferentially inactivated. However, genes located on the translocated Xp did not include XIST. This resulted in functional Xp disomy, which most probably accounts for the abnormal phenotype in our patient.
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7
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Holden ST, Clarkson A, Thomas NS, Abbott K, James MR, Willatt L. A de novo duplication of Xp11.22-p11.4 in a girl with intellectual disability, structural brain anomalies, and preferential inactivation of the normal X chromosome. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1735-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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8
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Zou YS, Milunsky JM. Developmental disability and hypomelanosis of Ito in a female with 7.3 Mb de novo duplication of Xp11.3-p11.4 and random X inactivation. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 149A:2573-7. [PMID: 19876908 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying S Zou
- Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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9
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Hunter M, Bruno D, Amor DJ. Functional disomy of proximal Xp causes a distinct phenotype comprising early hypotonia, hypertelorism, small hands and feet, ear abnormalities, myopia and cognitive impairment. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:1763-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Two Patients with X Chromosome Duplication: dupXp and dupXq. Balkan J Med Genet 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/v10034-010-0008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Patients with X Chromosome Duplication: dupXp and dupXqStructural abnormalities of the X chromosome may lead to different phenotypes, depending on the chromosome region affected. We report phenotypic findings of two patients who had X chromosome duplications. One had a menstrual irregularity, a low hairline, cubitus valgus and suffered from dyslexia. The other had multiple congenital anomalies, severe mental-motor retardation and intractable epilepsy. The karyotypes were 46,X,dup(X) (p11.3p21) and 46,X,dup(X)(q13q25) respectively.
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11
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Piccione M, Maresi E, Zollino M, Sanfilippo C, Seminara L, Neri G, Corsello G. Sex reversal from functional disomy of Xp: Prenatal and post-mortem findings. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:2681-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Monnot S, Giuliano F, Massol C, Fossoud C, Cossée M, Lambert JC, Karmous-Benailly H. Partial Xp11.23-p11.4 duplication with random X inactivation: clinical report and molecular cytogenetic characterization. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:1325-9. [PMID: 18412111 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Partial duplications of the short arm of the X chromosome are relatively rare and have been described in males and females. We describe a 4 10/12-year-old girl presenting with developmental delay, severe language retardation and minor anomalies with slightly elevated head circumference (+1.8 SD), prominent forehead, wide palpebral fissures and anteverted nares. No pigmentary dysplasia of the skin was present. The external genitalia were normal. The karyotype completed by cytogenetic analysis with the Whole Chromosome Painting probe of chromosome X revealed a de novo partial duplication of the short arm of an X chromosome. In order to further characterize the duplicated segment, we used a series of BAC probes extending from band Xp11.22 to Xp22.1. BACs from Xp11.23 to Xp11.4 were duplicated. The karyotype was finally defined as 46,X,dup(X)(p11p11).ish dup(X)(p11.23p11.4)(WCPX+,RP11-416I6++,RP11-386N14++,RP11-466C12++). The X-inactivation status was studied using the human androgen receptor (HUMARA) and the FRAXA locus methylation assay. Unexpectedly, the two X chromosomes were found to be randomly inactivated, in the proband. Indeed, usually, in women with structurally abnormal X chromosome, the abnormal X chromosome is preferentially inactivated and those patients share an apparent normal phenotype. So, we speculate that in the present case, the phenotype of the patient could be explained by a functional disomy of the genes present in the duplicated region. We will discuss the possible implication of these genes on the observed phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Monnot
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital Archet 2, CHU Nice, France.
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13
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Tzschach A, Chen W, Erdogan F, Hoeller A, Ropers HH, Castellan C, Ullmann R, Schinzel A. Characterization of interstitial Xp duplications in two families by tiling path array CGH. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 146A:197-203. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Bonnet C, Grégoire MJ, Brochet K, Raffo E, Leheup B, Jonveaux P. Pure de-novo 5 Mb duplication at Xp11.22-p11.23 in a male: phenotypic and molecular characterization. J Hum Genet 2006; 51:815. [PMID: 16900295 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Males with duplications within the short arm of the X chromosome are rare and most cases are inherited from a maternal heterozygote. Here we describe the first detailed characterization of a de-novo Xp duplication delineated to Xp11.22-->Xp11.23 in a 15-year-old male with moderate mental impairment, autistic-like behaviour, short stature, and mild dysmorphic features. Chromosome analysis (550 band resolution) was normal and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis on metaphase spreads detected duplication on Xp11. Further characterization of the duplication by array CGH, FISH experiments with specific BAC probes, and genotyping with microsatellite markers helped to determine proximal and distal breakpoints giving a size of the duplication of approximately 5 Mb. As far as we are aware this is the first described male with isolated microduplication on Xp11.22-Xp11.23. Among the genes included within the duplicated region, and particularly those which are outside copy number polymorphisms, we discuss the relationship of FTSJ1, PQBP1 and HDAC6 with the clinical symptoms of our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bonnet
- Laboratoire de génétique médicale, CHU Nancy-Brabois, rue du Morvan, 54511, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - M J Grégoire
- Laboratoire de génétique médicale, CHU Nancy-Brabois, rue du Morvan, 54511, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - K Brochet
- Laboratoire de génétique médicale, CHU Nancy-Brabois, rue du Morvan, 54511, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - E Raffo
- Service de médecine infantile I, CHU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - B Leheup
- Service de médecine infantile III et génétique clinique, CHU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - P Jonveaux
- Laboratoire de génétique médicale, CHU Nancy-Brabois, rue du Morvan, 54511, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France.
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15
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Tachdjian G, Aboura A, Benkhalifa M, Creveaux I, Foix-Hélias L, Gadisseux JF, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Mohammed M, Labrune P. De novo interstitial direct duplication of Xq21.1q25 associated with skewed X-inactivation pattern. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 131:273-80. [PMID: 15526291 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genotype-phenotype correlation in women with an abnormal phenotype associated with a duplication of the long arm of the X chromosome remains unclear. We report on prenatal diagnosis and follow-up of a girl with an Xq duplication and dysmorphic features. The abnormal phenotype included growth retardation, hypotonia, and nystagmus. In order to improve the resolution of the cytogenetic analysis, we used both conventional and array-based comparative genomic hybridization to perform a global molecular cytogenetic analysis of the genome. These molecular cytogenetic analyses showed a direct duplication Xq21.1 --> q25 without other chromosomal abnormalities. This duplication was originating from the paternal X chromosome. Moreover, a skewed X-inactivation pattern was observed leading to a partial functional disomy of the chromosomal region Xq21.1q25. This report and review of the literature suggest that functional disomy for chromosome X could explain the abnormal phenotype. In prenatal diagnosis, this can have implication for patient management and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tachdjian
- Biologie et Génétique de la Reproduction, AP-HP Hôpital Antoine Béclère, 92140 Clamart, France.
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Kolomietz E, Godbole K, Winsor EJT, Stockley T, Seaward G, Chitayat D. Functional disomy of Xp: Prenatal findings and postnatal outcome. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 134:393-8. [PMID: 15793841 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report on trisomy of the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp11.2 --> pter) due to a de novo unbalanced X;13 translocation diagnosed prenatally in a female fetus. Amniocentesis was performed at 20-weeks' gestation following ultrasound finding of a Dandy-Walker malformation. The trisomy of Xp11.2 --> pter was confirmed with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using an X chromosome painting probe and telomeric FISH probes specific for the short arm of chromosome X. The karyotype was defined as 46,XX,der(13)t(X;13)(p11.2;p11.2). Molecular analysis suggested that the extra Xp material was of paternal origin. FISH analysis with an XIST probe showed that the derivative chromosome 13 did not include the XIST locus at the X-inactivation center (XIC). A complex phenotype was seen at birth including macrosomia, facial dysmorphism with preauricular tag, congenital heart defects, and structural brain malformations. Because the derivative chromosome was not subject to X inactivation, functional disomy of Xp11.2 --> pter most likely accounts for the abnormal phenotype in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kolomietz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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17
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Sanlaville D, Vialard F, Thépot F, Vue-Droy L, Ardalan A, Nizard P, Corré A, Devauchelle B, Martin-Denavit T, Nouchy M, Malan V, Taillemite JL, Portnoï MF. Functional disomy of Xp including duplication ofDAX1gene with sex reversal due to t(X;Y)(p21.2;p11.3). Am J Med Genet A 2004; 128A:325-30. [PMID: 15216557 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Translocations involving the short arms of the X and Y in human chromosomes are uncommon. One of the best-known consequences of such exchanges is sex reversal in 46,XX males and some 46,XY females, due to exchange in the paternal germline of terminal portions of Xp and Yp, including the SRY gene. Translocations of Xp segments to the Y chromosome result in functional disomy of the X chromosome with an abnormal phenotype and sex reversal if the DSS locus, mapped in Xp21, is present. We describe a 7-month-old girl with severe psychomotor retardation, minor anomalies, malformations, and female external genitalia. Cytogenetic analysis showed a 46,X,mar karyotype. The marker was identified as a der(Y)t(Xp;Yp) by fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis. Further studies with specific locus probes of X and Y chromosomes made it possible to clarify the break points and demonstrated the presence of two copies of the DAX1 gene, one on the normal X chromosome and one on the der(Y). The karyotype of the child was: 46,X,der(Y)t(X;Y)(p21.2;p11.3). The syndrome resulted from functional disomy Xp21.2-pter, with sex reversal related to the presence of two active copies of the DAX1 gene located in Xp21. Few cases of Xp disomy with sex reversal have been reported, primarily related to Xp duplications with 46,XY karyotype, and less often to Xp;Yq translocations. To our knowledge, our patient with sex reversal and a t(Xp;Yp) is the second reported case.
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18
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Lebbar A, Viot G, Szpiro-Tapia S, Baverel F, Rabineau D, Dupont JM. Pregnancy outcome following prenatal diagnosis of an isodicentric X chromosome: first case report. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22:973-5. [PMID: 12424758 DOI: 10.1002/pd.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An isodicentric X chromosome, idic (X)(q27) was found in a female fetus during cytogenetic studies performed on amniotic cells due to advanced maternal age. No mosaicism was observed. Although segmental inversion duplications have been described for several other chromosomes, isodicentric chromosomes are reported only for gonosomes. Genetic counselling was based on ultrasound findings, cytogenetic replication studies and published cases of X chromosomes duplications ascertained pre- and postnatally. The pregnancy resulted in the birth of a healthy female infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lebbar
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Cochin-Port Royal, AP/HP-Université Paris 5, Paris, France.
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Kokalj Vokac N, Seme Ciglenecki P, Erjavec A, Zagradisnik B, Zagorac A. Partial Xp duplication in a girl with dysmorphic features: the change in replication pattern of late-replicating dupX chromosome. Clin Genet 2002; 61:54-61. [PMID: 11903357 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.610111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present the case of a girl at the age of 32 months with dysmorphic features, including general muscular hypotonia, developmental delay and mental retardation. The cytogenetic analysis revealed de novo partial duplication of Xp: 46,X,dup(X)(p11.23-->p22.33: :p11.23-->p22.33). To characterize the duplication, X painting, Kallman (KAL), yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) covering Xp11.23-->Xp22.33 region were used. Selective inactivation of the abnormal X chromosome using HpaII digestion of the AR gene was evident. After BrdU incorporation the abnormal X was late-replicating in all lymphocytes examined. There was one peculiar exception observed: the break-point region was consistently early replicating. The replicating pattern of this region corresponded to the active X chromosome. Methylation pattern of late replicating X chromosome was studied also using antibodies against 5-methylcytosine. The pattern corresponded to the normally inactive X chromosome, with the exception of the previously observed break-point region which revealed an early replicating pattern with strong fluorescent signal, similar to the pattern of the active X chromosome. The observed phenomenon could lead to the abnormal phenotype of the patient, with some normally inactive genes of the break-point region escaping the inactivation process. The abnormal clinical findings could also be due to tissue-dependent differences in the inactivation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kokalj Vokac
- Maribor Teaching Hospital, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Maribor, Slovenia.
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