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Sagiv-Barfi I, Czerwinski DK, Shree T, Lohmeyer JJK, Levy R. Intratumoral immunotherapy relies on B and T cell collaboration. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabn5859. [PMID: 35622903 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abn5859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor T cell responses are the primary mediators of cancer immunotherapy. However, many other components of the immune system are needed for efficient T cell responses to be generated. Here, we developed a combinatorial approach where a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist (CpG) and Fc-fused IL-12 protein were injected together into just one of several tumor sites in a mouse. This combination led to body-wide (abscopal) therapeutic responses in multiple cancer models. These systemic responses were dependent not only on T cells but also on B cells. B cells were activated by the treatment and were required for optimal T cell activation. This cross-talk was dependent on MHC and was tumor antigen specific. The addition of an agonistic antibody against OX40 further enhanced T cell activation and therapeutic responses. Our data suggest that the combination of CpG, anti-OX40, and IL-12Fc may have success in patients with cancer and that B and T cell collaboration is crucial for the efficacy of this combination immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idit Sagiv-Barfi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Debra K Czerwinski
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tanaya Shree
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julian J K Lohmeyer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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2
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Pawlikowska M, Jędrzejewski T, Slominski AT, Brożyna AA, Wrotek S. Pigmentation Levels Affect Melanoma Responses to Coriolus versicolor Extract and Play a Crucial Role in Melanoma-Mononuclear Cell Crosstalk. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115735. [PMID: 34072104 PMCID: PMC8198516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, the malignancy originating from pigment-producing melanocytes, is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and has a poor prognosis once the disease starts to metastasize. The process of melanin synthesis generates an immunosuppressive and mutagenic environment, and can increase melanoma cell resistance to different treatment modalities, including chemo-, radio- or photodynamic therapy. Recently, we have shown that the presence of melanin pigment inhibits the melanoma cell response to bioactive components of Coriolus versicolor (CV) Chinese fungus. Herein, using the same human melanoma cell line in which the level of pigmentation can be controlled by the L-tyrosine concentration in culture medium, we tested the effect of suppression of melanogenesis on the melanoma cell response to CV extract and investigated the cell death pathway induced by fungus extract in sensitized melanoma cells. Our data showed that susceptibility to CV-induced melanoma cell death is significantly increased after cell depigmentation. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate that CV extract can induce RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-mediated necroptosis in depigmented melanoma cells. Moreover, using the co-culture system, we showed that inhibition of the tyrosinase activity in melanoma cells modulates cytokine expression in co-cultured mononuclear cells, indicating that depigmentation of melanoma cells may activate immune cells and thereby influence a host anticancer response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pawlikowska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (T.J.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(56)-611-25-15
| | - Tomasz Jędrzejewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (T.J.); (S.W.)
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Laboratory Service of the VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Anna A. Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Wrotek
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (T.J.); (S.W.)
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Tian L, Wang S, Jiang S, Liu Z, Wan X, Yang C, Zhang L, Zheng Z, Wang B, Li L. Luteolin as an adjuvant effectively enhances CTL anti-tumor response in B16F10 mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107441. [PMID: 33611060 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin, a naturally found dietary flavonoid, has a wide range of beneficial biological effects, including effects against tumors and oxidants. Studies proved that luteolin can modulate immune responses. In this study, we investigated the function of luteolin as an antitumor vaccine adjuvant (to treat malignant melanoma) in vitro and in vivo. We found that Luteolin may activated the PI3K-Akt pathways in APCs (Antigen Presenting Cells), induced the activation of APCs, enhanced CTL (Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte) responses, and inhibited tolerogenic T cells. To prove the role of CD8+T cells in immune process, we sorted the CD8+T cells from the immunized mice and transferred them to the B16F10 tumor-bearing mice, the result showed that the survival rate was improved. We also observed that in the mice immunized with Luteolin as an adjuvant, the tumor growth was significantly reduced. Taken together, the result demonstrated that luteolin showed promising properties as a vaccine adjuvant for treating malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Tian
- School of Basic Medical, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- School of Basic Medical, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shasha Jiang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zeyuan Liu
- Department of Special Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueqi Wan
- School of Basic Medical, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chaochao Yang
- School of Basic Medical, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Basic Medical, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- School of Basic Medical, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Li
- School of Basic Medical, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Jin SM, Lee SN, Yoo YJ, Lim YT. Molecular and Macroscopic Therapeutic Systems for Cytokine‐Based Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Mo Jin
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐gu Suwon Gyeonggi‐do 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Nam Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐gu Suwon Gyeonggi‐do 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Jeong Yoo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐gu Suwon Gyeonggi‐do 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐gu Suwon Gyeonggi‐do 16419 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐gu Suwon Gyeonggi‐do 16419 Republic of Korea
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Nguyen KG, Vrabel MR, Mantooth SM, Hopkins JJ, Wagner ES, Gabaldon TA, Zaharoff DA. Localized Interleukin-12 for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575597. [PMID: 33178203 PMCID: PMC7593768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent, pro-inflammatory type 1 cytokine that has long been studied as a potential immunotherapy for cancer. Unfortunately, IL-12's remarkable antitumor efficacy in preclinical models has yet to be replicated in humans. Early clinical trials in the mid-1990's showed that systemic delivery of IL-12 incurred dose-limiting toxicities. Nevertheless, IL-12's pleiotropic activity, i.e., its ability to engage multiple effector mechanisms and reverse tumor-induced immunosuppression, continues to entice cancer researchers. The development of strategies which maximize IL-12 delivery to the tumor microenvironment while minimizing systemic exposure are of increasing interest. Diverse IL-12 delivery systems, from immunocytokine fusions to polymeric nanoparticles, have demonstrated robust antitumor immunity with reduced adverse events in preclinical studies. Several localized IL-12 delivery approaches have recently reached the clinical stage with several more at the precipice of translation. Taken together, localized delivery systems are supporting an IL-12 renaissance which may finally allow this potent cytokine to fulfill its considerable clinical potential. This review begins with a brief historical account of cytokine monotherapies and describes how IL-12 went from promising new cure to ostracized black sheep following multiple on-study deaths. The bulk of this comprehensive review focuses on developments in diverse localized delivery strategies for IL-12-based cancer immunotherapies. Advantages and limitations of different delivery technologies are highlighted. Finally, perspectives on how IL-12-based immunotherapies may be utilized for widespread clinical application in the very near future are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khue G Nguyen
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Maura R Vrabel
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Siena M Mantooth
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jared J Hopkins
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ethan S Wagner
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Taylor A Gabaldon
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - David A Zaharoff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Burkart C, Mukhopadhyay A, Shirley SA, Connolly RJ, Wright JH, Bahrami A, Campbell JS, Pierce RH, Canton DA. Improving therapeutic efficacy of IL-12 intratumoral gene electrotransfer through novel plasmid design and modified parameters. Gene Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41434-018-0006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Re-designing Interleukin-12 to enhance its safety and potential as an anti-tumor immunotherapeutic agent. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1395. [PMID: 29123084 PMCID: PMC5680234 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) has emerged as one of the most potent agents for anti-tumor immunotherapy. However, potentially lethal toxicity associated with systemic administration of IL-12 precludes its clinical application. Here we redesign the molecule in such a way that its anti-tumor efficacy is not compromised, but toxic effects are eliminated. Deletion of the N-terminal signal peptide of IL-12 can effect such a change by preventing IL-12 secretion from cells. We use a newly designed tumor-targeted oncolytic adenovirus (Ad-TD) to deliver non-secreting (ns) IL-12 to tumor cells and examine the therapeutic and toxic effects in Syrian hamster models of pancreatic cancer (PaCa). Strikingly, intraperitoneal delivery of Ad-TD-nsIL-12 significantly enhanced survival of animals with orthotopic PaCa and cured peritoneally disseminated PaCa with no toxic side effects, in contrast to the treatment with Ad-TD expressing unmodified IL-12. These findings offer renewed hope for development of IL-12-based treatments for cancer. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent immunotherapeutic agent.
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8
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Delivering safer immunotherapies for cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:79-101. [PMID: 28545888 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is now a powerful clinical reality, with a steady progression of new drug approvals and a massive pipeline of additional treatments in clinical and preclinical development. However, modulation of the immune system can be a double-edged sword: Drugs that activate immune effectors are prone to serious non-specific systemic inflammation and autoimmune side effects. Drug delivery technologies have an important role to play in harnessing the power of immune therapeutics while avoiding on-target/off-tumor toxicities. Here we review mechanisms of toxicity for clinically-relevant immunotherapeutics, and discuss approaches based in drug delivery technology to enhance the safety and potency of these treatments. These include strategies to merge drug delivery with adoptive cellular therapies, targeting immunotherapies to tumors or select immune cells, and localizing therapeutics intratumorally. Rational design employing lessons learned from the drug delivery and nanomedicine fields has the potential to facilitate immunotherapy reaching its full potential.
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Mählmann K, Feige K, Juhls C, Endmann A, Schuberth HJ, Oswald D, Hellige M, Doherr M, Cavalleri JMV. Local and systemic effect of transfection-reagent formulated DNA vectors on equine melanoma. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:132. [PMID: 26063232 PMCID: PMC4464139 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine melanoma has a high incidence in grey horses. Xenogenic DNA vaccination may represent a promising therapeutic approach against equine melanoma as it successfully induced an immunological response in other species suffering from melanoma and in healthy horses. In a clinical study, twenty-seven, grey, melanoma-bearing, horses were assigned to three groups (n = 9) and vaccinated on days 1, 22, and 78 with DNA vectors encoding for equine (eq) IL-12 and IL-18 alone or in combination with either human glycoprotein (hgp) 100 or human tyrosinase (htyr). Horses were vaccinated intramuscularly, and one selected melanoma was locally treated by intradermal peritumoral injection. Prior to each injection and on day 120, the sizes of up to nine melanoma lesions per horse were measured by caliper and ultrasound. Specific serum antibodies against hgp100 and htyr were measured using cell based flow-cytometric assays. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurements was performed to identify statistically significant influences on the relative tumor volume. For post-hoc testing a Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test was performed to compare the relative volumes on the different examination days. An ANOVA for repeated measurements was performed to analyse changes in body temperature over time. A one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in body temperature between the groups. A p–value < 0.05 was considered significant for all statistical tests applied. Results In all groups, the relative tumor volume decreased significantly to 79.1 ± 26.91% by day 120 (p < 0.0001, Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test). Affiliation to treatment group, local treatment and examination modality had no significant influence on the results (ANOVA for repeated measurements). Neither a cellular nor a humoral immune response directed against htyr or hgp100 was detected. Horses had an increased body temperature on the day after vaccination. Conclusions This is the first clinical report on a systemic effect against equine melanoma following treatment with DNA vectors encoding eqIL12 and eqIL18 and formulated with a transfection reagent. Addition of DNA vectors encoding hgp100 respectively htyr did not potentiate this effect. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0422-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Mählmann
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Maren Hellige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marcus Doherr
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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10
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Mählmann K, Feige K, Juhls C, Endmann A, Schuberth HJ, Oswald D, Hellige M, Doherr M, Cavalleri JMV. Local and systemic effect of transfection-reagent formulated DNA vectors on equine melanoma. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:107. [PMID: 25967290 PMCID: PMC4429833 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Equine melanoma has a high incidence in grey horses. Xenogenic DNA vaccination may represent a promising therapeutic approach against equine melanoma as it successfully induced an immunological response in other species suffering from melanoma and in healthy horses. In a clinical study, twenty-seven, grey, melanoma-bearing, horses were assigned to three groups (n = 9) and vaccinated on days 1, 22, and 78 with DNA vectors encoding for equine (eq) IL-12 and IL-18 alone or in combination with either human glycoprotein (hgp) 100 or human tyrosinase (htyr). Horses were vaccinated intramuscularly, and one selected melanoma was locally treated by intradermal peritumoral injection. Prior to each injection and on day 120, the sizes of up to nine melanoma lesions per horse were measured by caliper and ultrasound. Specific serum antibodies against hgp100 and htyr were measured using cell based flow-cytometric assays. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurements was performed to identify statistically significant influences on the relative tumor volume. For post-hoc testing a Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test was performed to compare the relative volumes on the different examination days. An ANOVA for repeated measurements was performed to analyse changes in body temperature over time. A one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in body temperature between the groups. A p–value < 0.05 was considered significant for all statistical tests applied. Results In all groups, the relative tumor volume decreased significantly to 79.1 ± 26.91% by day 120 (p < 0.0001, Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test). Affiliation to treatment group, local treatment and examination modality had no significant influence on the results (ANOVA for repeated measurements). Neither a cellular nor a humoral immune response directed against htyr or hgp100 was detected. Horses had an increased body temperature on the day after vaccination. Conclusions This is the first clinical report on a systemic effect against equine melanoma following treatment with DNA vectors encoding eqIL12 and eqIL18 and formulated with a transfection reagent. Addition of DNA vectors encoding hgp100 respectively htyr did not potentiate this effect. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0414-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Mählmann
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Mareu Hellige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marcus Doherr
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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Al Robaian M, Chiam KY, Blatchford DR, Dufès C. Therapeutic efficacy of intravenously administered transferrin-conjugated dendriplexes on prostate carcinomas. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:421-34. [PMID: 24910874 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Improved treatments for prostate cancer are critically needed in order to overcome metastasis and lethal recurrence. Intravenously administered gene therapy would be an attractive anticancer treatment strategy; however, the lack of suitable carrier systems able to selectively deliver therapeutic genes to tumors has so far limited this investigation. Given that transferrin receptors are overexpressed on prostate cancer cells, the purpose of this study is to determine whether transferrin-conjugated dendriplexes encoding TNF-α, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and IL-12 would suppress the growth of prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS & METHODS Transferrin-conjugated dendriplexes encoding TNF-α, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and IL-12 were intravenously administered to mice bearing subcutaneous PC-3 and DU145 tumors. RESULTS The administration of the transferrin-conjugated generation 3 diaminobutyric polypropylenimine dendriplex encoding TNF-a resulted in tumor suppression for 60% of PC-3 and 50% of DU145 prostate tumors. CONCLUSION These dendriplexes hold great potential as a novel approach for prostate cancer therapy.
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Pavlin D, Cemazar M, Sersa G, Tozon N. IL-12 based gene therapy in veterinary medicine. J Transl Med 2012; 10:234. [PMID: 23171444 PMCID: PMC3543347 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of large animals as an experimental model for novel treatment techniques has many advantages over the use of laboratory animals, so veterinary medicine is becoming an increasingly important translational bridge between preclinical studies and human medicine. The results of preclinical studies show that gene therapy with therapeutic gene encoding interleukin-12 (IL-12) displays pronounced antitumor effects in various tumor models. A number of different studies employing this therapeutic plasmid, delivered by either viral or non-viral methods, have also been undertaken in veterinary oncology. In cats, adenoviral delivery into soft tissue sarcomas has been employed. In horses, naked plasmid DNA has been delivered by direct intratumoral injection into nodules of metastatic melanoma. In dogs, various types of tumors have been treated with either local or systemic IL-12 electrogene therapy. The results of these studies show that IL-12 based gene therapy elicits a good antitumor effect on spontaneously occurring tumors in large animals, while being safe and well tolerated by the animals. Hopefully, such results will lead to further investigation of this therapy in veterinary medicine and successful translation into human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Pavlin
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Cesta v Mestni log 47, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
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Ferretti E, Cocco C, Airoldi I, Pistoia V. Targeting acute myeloid leukemia cells with cytokines. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:567-575. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0112036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Review of data identifying IL-12 and IL-27 as potential therapeutic agents for pediatric AML by targeting leukemia initiating cells and/or blasts.
AML is a hematologic malignancy that represents 15–20% of all childhood acute leukemias and is responsible for more than one-half of pediatric leukemic deaths. The bulk tumor is continuously regenerated and sustained by rare leukemic ICs that proliferate slowly, thus resulting refractory to chemotherapeutic agents targeting highly proliferating cells within the tumor. Therefore, a complete eradication of the bulk tumor may depend on efficacy of therapies that target IC. In spite of the improvements in the treatment of AML, the difficulty to eradicate completely the disease incites research for innovative therapeutic approaches. In this regard, the role of cytokines in the treatment of AML has been investigated for many years, and some of them have been tested in clinical trials as a result of their immunomodulatory properties. Furthermore, recent preclinical studies highlighted the ability of the IL-12 superfamily cytokines as potent antileukemic agents that act directly on tumor cells and on leukemic IC, thus opening new perspectives for leukemic patient treatment. Here, we review the current knowledge about the antileukemic effects of cytokines, documented in preclinical and clinical studies, discussing their potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ferretti
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova, Italy
| | - Claudia Cocco
- Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro Laboratory of Immunology and Tumors, Department of Experimental and Laboratory Medicine, Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova, Italy
| | - Irma Airoldi
- Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro Laboratory of Immunology and Tumors, Department of Experimental and Laboratory Medicine, Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova, Italy
| | - Vito Pistoia
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova, Italy
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Alyamkina EA, Leplina OY, Ostanin AA, Chernykh ER, Nikolin VP, Popova NA, Proskurina AS, Gvozdeva TS, Dolgova EV, Orishchenko KE, Rogachev VA, Sidorov SV, Varaksin NA, Ryabicheva TG, Bogachev SS, Shurdov MA. Effects of human exogenous DNA on production of perforin-containing CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes in laboratory setting and clinical practice. Cell Immunol 2012; 276:59-66. [PMID: 22578800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of Panagen DNA preparations on laboratory animals and IFN-induced human dendritic cells, as well as analyzed the data from a phase II clinical trial in the therapy of breast cancer. It was shown that this treatment resulted in increased number of CD8+/perforin+ T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs of experimental animals, in mixed lymphocyte culture population and in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients. Moreover, we demonstrated that when Panagen DNA preparations are used in combination with the standard FAC-based breast cancer therapies, non-specific immune response activity remains at the same levels as observed prior to therapy, whereas in FAC-placebo patients, non-specific immunity is greatly diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Alyamkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Whitworth JM, Alvarez RD. Evaluating the role of IL-12 based therapies in ovarian cancer: a review of the literature. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:751-62. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.566854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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IL-12 enhances efficacy and shortens enrichment time in cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1325-34. [PMID: 20532883 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are T cell derived ex vivo expanded cells with both NK and T cell properties. They exhibit potent anti-tumor efficacy against various malignancies in preclinical models and have proven safe and effective in clinical studies. We combined CIK cell adoptive immunotherapy with IL-12 cytokine immunotherapy in an immunocompetent preclinical breast cancer model. Combining CIK cells with IL-12 increased anti-tumor efficacy in vivo compared to either therapy alone. Combination led to full tumor remission and long-term protection in 75% of animals. IL-12 treatment sharply increased the anti-tumor efficacy of short-term cultured CIK cells that exhibited no therapeutic effect alone. Bioluminescence imaging based in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo homing assays revealed that short-term cultured CIK cells exhibit full cytotoxicity in vitro, but display different tumor homing properties than fully expanded CIK cells in vivo. Our data suggest that short-term cultured CIK cells can be "educated" in vivo, producing fully expanded CIK cells upon IL-12 administration with anti-tumor efficacy in a mouse model. Our findings demonstrate the potential to improve current CIK cell-based immunotherapy by increasing efficacy and shortening ex vivo expansion time. This holds promise for a highly efficacious cancer therapy utilizing synergistic effects of cytokine and cellular immunotherapy.
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Sabel MS, Su G, Griffith KA, Chang AE. Intratumoral delivery of encapsulated IL-12, IL-18 and TNF-alpha in a model of metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 122:325-36. [PMID: 19802695 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral (i.t.) cytokine release through the use of poly-lactic acid microspheres (PLAM) holds tremendous potential for the immunotherapy of breast cancer as it harnesses the immunologic potential of autologous tumor in a clinically feasible and minimally toxic manner. We examined the potential of combinations of i.t. IL-12, IL-18 and TNF-alpha PLAM to generate a tumor-specific immune response and improve outcome in a model of metastatic breast cancer. Balb/c mice with established 4T1 mammary carcinomas were treated with a single injection of BSA, IL-12, IL-18 or TNF-alpha-loaded PLAM alone or in combination after spontaneous metastases occurred. Combined treatment with IL-12 and TNF-alpha PLAM was superior to all other treatments, including the triple combination of IL-12, IL-18 and TNF-alpha in ablation of the primary tumor, eradicating distant disease and enhancing survival. Simultaneous delivery of IL-12 and TNF-alpha was superior to sequential delivery of IL-12 followed by TNF-alpha, but not TNF-alpha followed by IL-12. In vivo lymphocyte depletion studies established that the effects of IL-12 alone are mediated primarily by NK cells, while the combination of IL-12 and TNF-alpha is dependent upon CD8+ T-cells. Only the combination of IL-12 and TNF-alpha results in an increase in both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and a reduction in CD4+CD25+ cells. While there was no change in the dendritic cell population, IL-12 and TNF-alpha resulted in a dramatic increase in DC maturation and antigen presentation. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy with simultaneous intratumoral delivery of IL-12 and TNF-alpha PLAM augments DC antigen presentation and increases cytotoxic T-cells without increasing regulatory T-cells, resulting in a T-cell based anti-tumor immune response capable of eradicating disseminated disease. The addition of IL-18 did not improve the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Sabel
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Weiss JM, Subleski JJ, Wigginton JM, Wiltrout RH. Immunotherapy of cancer by IL-12-based cytokine combinations. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1705-21. [PMID: 17961093 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.11.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a multi-faceted disease comprising complex interactions between neoplastic and normal cells. Over the past decade, there has been considerable progress in defining the molecular, cellular and environmental contributions to the pathophysiology of tumor development. Despite these advances, the conventional treatment of patients still generally involves surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, and the clinical outcome for many of these efforts remains unsatisfactory. Recent studies have highlighted the feasibility of using immunotherapeutic approaches that seek to enhance host immune responses to developing tumors. These strategies include immunomodulatory cytokines, with TNF-alpha, type I or type II IFNs, IL-2, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18 being among the most potent inducers of anti-tumor activity in a variety of preclinical studies. More recently, some exciting new cytokines have been characterized, such as IL-21, IL-23, IL-27 and their immunomodulatory and antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo suggest that they may have considerable promise for future immunotherapy protocols. The promise of cytokine therapy does indeed derive from the identification of these novel cytokines but even more fundamentally, the field is greatly benefiting from the ever-expanding amount of preclinical data that convincingly demonstrate synergistic and/or novel biologic effects, which may be achieved through the use of several combinations of cytokines with complementary immune-stimulating capabilities. One cytokine in particular, IL-12, holds considerable promise by virtue of the fact that it plays a central role in regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses, can by itself induce potent anticancer effects, and synergizes with several other cytokines for increased immunoregulatory and antitumor activities. This review discusses the antitumor activity of IL-12, with a special emphasis on its ability to synergize with other cytokines for enhancement of immune effector cell populations and regulation of host-tumor cell interactions and the overall tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Weiss
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Generation of a Tumor-specific Systemic Response After Intratumoral Injection of IL-12 and IL-18–loaded Polylactic Acid Microspheres. J Immunother 2007; 30:808-16. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318156e6a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Riemann H, Takao J, Shellman YG, Hines WA, Edwards CK, Franzusoff A, Norris DA, Fujita M. Generation of a prophylactic melanoma vaccine using whole recombinant yeast expressing MART-1. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:814-22. [PMID: 17845213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a potentially deadly form of skin cancer and people at high-risk of developing melanoma will benefit from effective preventive intervention. Yeast can be used as an efficient vehicle of antigen loading and immunostimulation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not pathogenic to humans and can be easily engineered to express specific antigens. In this study, we have developed a melanoma vaccine using a yeast-based platform expressing a full-length melanocyte/melanoma protein to investigate its utility as a prophylactic melanoma vaccine in a transplantable mouse melanoma model. Yeast was engineered and expanded in vitro without technical difficulties, administered easily with subcutaneous injection, and did not show adverse effects, indicating its practical applicability and favourable safety profile. Despite the lack of knowledge of dominant epitopes of the protein recognized by mouse MHC-class I, the vaccine protected mice from tumor development and induced efficient immune responses, suggesting that the precise knowledge of epitopic sequences and the matched HLA type is not required when delivering a full-length protein using the yeast platform. In addition, the vaccine stimulated both CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells simultaneously. This study provides a 'proof of principle' that recombinant yeast can be utilized as an effective prophylactic vaccine to target patients at high-risk for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Riemann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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21
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Cloning and characterization of an adenoviral vector for highly efficient and doxycycline-suppressible expression of bioactive human single-chain interleukin 12 in colon cancer. BMC Biotechnol 2007; 7:35. [PMID: 17594499 PMCID: PMC1913502 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-7-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is well characterized to induce cellular antitumoral immunity by activation of NK-cells and T-lymphocytes. However, systemic administration of recombinant human IL-12 resulted in severe toxicity without perceptible therapeutic benefit. Even though intratumoral expression of IL-12 leads to tumor regression and long-term survival in a variety of animal models, clinical trials have not yet shown a significant therapeutic benefit. One major obstacle in the treatment with IL-12 is to overcome the relatively low expression of the therapeutic gene without compromising the safety of such an approach. Our objective was to generate an adenoviral vector system enabling the regulated expression of very high levels of bioactive, human IL-12. RESULTS High gene expression was obtained utilizing the VP16 herpes simplex transactivator. Strong regulation of gene expression was realized by fusion of the VP16 to a tetracycline repressor with binding of the fusion protein to a flanking tetracycline operator and further enhanced by auto-regulated expression of its fusion gene within a bicistronic promoter construct. Infection of human colon cancer cells (HT29) at a multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) of 10 resulted in the production of up to 8000 ng/106 cells in 48 h, thus exceeding any published vector system so far. Doxycycline concentrations as low as 30 ng/ml resulted in up to 5000-fold suppression, enabling significant reduction of gene expression in a possible clinical setting. Bioactivity of the human single-chain IL-12 was similar to purified human heterodimeric IL-12. Frozen sections of human colon cancer showed high expression of the coxsackie adenovirus receptor with significant production of human single chain IL-12 in colon cancer biopsies after infection with 3*107 p.f.u. Ad.3r-scIL12. Doxycycline mediated suppression of gene expression was up to 9000-fold in the infected colon cancer tissue. CONCLUSION VP16 transactivator-mediated and doxycycline-regulated expression of the human interleukin-12 gene enables highly efficient and tightly controlled cytokine expression in human cancer. These data illustrate the potential of the described adenoviral vector system for the safe and superior expression of therapeutic genes in the treatment of colorectal cancer and other malignancies.
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Katiyar SK. Interleukin-12 and photocarcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 224:220-7. [PMID: 17239911 PMCID: PMC2080793 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UV radiation induces immunosuppression and inflammatory responses, as well as oxidative stress and DNA damage, in skin cells and these various effects have been implicated in melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers, i.e., photocarcinogenesis. The cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 has been shown to possess potent antitumor activity in a wide variety of murine tumor models. In this review, we summarize the evidence that IL-12 plays a role in preventing photocarcinogenesis, and present a model of its possible mechanisms of action. Treatment of mice with IL-12 prevents UV-induced immunosuppression in a process mediated by repair of UV-induced damaged DNA. After exposure to the photocarcinogenesis protocol, the development of UV-induced tumors is more rapid and the tumor multiplicity and tumor size are significantly greater in IL-12-deficient or knockout (KO) mice than their wild-type counterparts. IL-12-deficiency in mice enhances the proliferation potential of tumor cells, and this may be one of the reasons for the rapid growth of the tumors and their greater size. The rate of malignant transformation of UV-induced papillomas to carcinomas also is higher in the IL-12 KO mice than in their wild-type counterparts in terms of carcinoma incidence and carcinoma multiplicity. UV-induced DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and sunburn cells is lower, or repaired more rapidly, in wild-type mice than IL-12 KO mice. The IL-12-associated reduction in UV-specific CPDs is due to induction of DNA repair, and particularly enhancement of nucleotide-excision repair. We suggest that endogenous stimulation of IL-12 may protect the skin from UV-induced immunosuppression, DNA damage, and, ultimately, the risk of photocarcinogenesis. Taken together, this information suggests that augmentation of IL-12 should be considered as a strategy for the prevention and treatment of photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Katiyar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670, University Boulevard, Volker Hall 557, P.O. Box 202, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Salem ML, Gillanders WE, Kadima AN, El-Naggar S, Rubinstein MP, Demcheva M, Vournakis JN, Cole DJ. Review: novel nonviral delivery approaches for interleukin-12 protein and gene systems: curbing toxicity and enhancing adjuvant activity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 26:593-608. [PMID: 16978064 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly apparent that the ability to generate an optimal host immune response requires effective cross talk between the innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, in particular those that can induce a danger signal, often called signal 3, are crucial in this role of initiating and augmenting the presentation of exogenous antigen to T cells by dendritic cells. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) in particular has been defined as a "signal 3" cytokine required for the antigen cross priming. Given this unique interactive function, a significant amount of work has been performed to define possible therapeutic applications for IL-12. Systemic IL-12 administration can clearly act as a potent adjuvant for postvaccination T cell responses in a variety of diseases. As an example, in the cancer setting, systemic IL-12 is capable of suppressing tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in vivo. IL-12, however, has been associated with significant dose- and schedule-dependent toxicity in early clinical trials, results that have proven to be a major obstacle to its clinical application. Recent research has focused on decreasing the toxicity of IL-12 using different delivery approaches, including virus-based and gene-modified cell-based delivery. Although effective, these approaches also have limitations, including the generation of neutralizing antibodies, in addition to lacking the simplicity and versatility required for universal clinical application. Thus, there is a significant interest in the development of alternative delivery approaches for IL-12 administration that can overcome these issues. Several nonviral delivery approaches for IL-12 protein or gene expression vectors are being defined, including alum, liposomes, and polymer-based delivery. These developing approaches have shown promising adjuvant effects with significantly lessened systemic toxicity. This article discusses the potential capabilities of these nonvirus-based IL-12 delivery systems in different disease settings, including allergy, infection, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Labib Salem
- Department of Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Elzaouk L, Pavlovic J, Moelling K. Analysis of Antitumor Activity Elicited by Vaccination with Combinations of Interleukin-12 DNA with gp100 DNA or the Chemokine CCL21In Vivo. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:859-70. [PMID: 16942445 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The antitumor efficacy of human melanoma-associated antigen (hgp100) and chemokine CCL21 in combination with interleukin-12 (IL-12) was evaluated in a syngeneic melanoma mouse model. The rationale for this approach was based on previous studies showing that the efficacy of IL-12 therapy in melanoma patients correlated with the presence of antibodies against tumor-associated antigens. We have previously shown that application of xenogeneic human gp100 DNA (hgp100 DNA) is protective against mouse B16 melanoma. Furthermore, the chemokine CCL21 has the ability to chemoattract both dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocytes. We show here that intratumoral injection of IL-12-encoding DNA (IL-12 DNA) in combination with hgp100- encoding DNA (hgp100 DNA) into tumor-bearing mice led to a strong antitumor effect. Coapplication of IL- 12 DNA with CCL21-encoding DNA (CCL21 DNA) or recombinant CCL21 (recCCL21) protein also showed some efficacy. Triple therapy with IL-12 DNA, hgp100 DNA, and CCL21 DNA, however, showed less effect on tumor growth than double therapy with IL-12 DNA and hgp100 DNA. These findings open a new route of investigation of IL-12 and gp100 or other tumor-associated antigens in the immunotherapy of a variety of tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/therapy
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Neoplasm Transplantation/methods
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Transplantation, Isogeneic
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- gp100 Melanoma Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Elzaouk
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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Heller L, Merkler K, Westover J, Cruz Y, Coppola D, Benson K, Daud A, Heller R. Evaluation of toxicity following electrically mediated interleukin-12 gene delivery in a B16 mouse melanoma model. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:3177-83. [PMID: 16707618 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interleukin-12 (IL-12) has potential as an immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer but is unfortunately associated with toxicity. Delivery of a plasmid encoding IL-12 with electroporation induces an antitumor effect in the B16 mouse melanoma model without serious side effects. To translate this observation to the clinic, an evaluation of toxicity was done in the mouse model. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Weight change, tumor response, blood chemistry and hematology values, and serum IL-12 levels were evaluated. Multiple tissues were analyzed histopathologically. RESULTS A pronounced reduction in tumor volume, including a large percentage of complete regressions, was observed after electrically mediated gene therapy. No significant increases in serum IL-12 levels were detected. Tumor-bearing mice showed an increased number of atypical hematology values when compared with normal naive controls. Statistically significant differences in chemistry and hematology values were observed sporadically in most of the standard chemistry and hematology categories in all groups. The only histopathologic abnormality specific to the animals receiving both plasmid and electroporation was inflammation associated with the kidney at the last time point. CONCLUSIONS In general, mice that received both plasmid and electroporation showed the least abnormal histopathologic findings and were found to be in the best health, reflecting the reduced burden of disease. No significant toxic effects due to the IL-12 gene therapy were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loree Heller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida, Tampa 33612, USA
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26
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Dietrich A, Stockmar C, Aust G, Endesfelder S, Guetz A, Sack U, Schoenfelder M, Hauss J. Intraoperative subcutaneous or intrasplenic vaccination with modified autologous tumor cells leads to enhanced survival in a mouse tumor model. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2006; 132:379-88. [PMID: 16395592 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-005-0073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effect of intraoperative intrasplenic or subcutaneous vaccination with modified tumor cells on tumor progression in a mouse model. METHODS Pre-established B16 melanomas on C57/Bl6 mice were surgically removed; mice were vaccinated intraoperatively with B16 cells transfected with an IL-12-encoding pRSC construct, the empty plasmid, or B16 frozen cells. Cells were given either intrasplenically or subcutaneously. Intrasplenic effects of vaccination were examined along with survival data. Mice without tumor recurrence underwent a second tumor implantation. RESULTS Animals administered IL-12 pRSC cells showed significant alterations in the spleen, such as higher percentages of (activated) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and tumor-specific CD4+ T cells among splenocytes. The tumor recurrence rate after resection ranged from 13 to 36%. Cases with recurrent tumors in particular benefited in all therapy groups, resulting in enhanced (tumor-free) survival, reduced tumor growth and lower metastasis rates. Following macroscopic complete tumor resection, the optimum outcome resulted from vaccination with IL-12 pRSC cells into the spleen and subcutaneously administered frozen cells. Survival times were enhanced in all therapy groups after tumor reimplantation, although results were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative whole-cell vaccination with autologous tumor cells yields promising data, and could be considered as a future option in adjuvant cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Dietrich
- Clinic for Abdominal, Vascular, Thoracic and Transplant Surgery, Leipzig University, Chirurgische Klinik II, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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27
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Kouba DJ. American Academy of Dermatology 2004 awards for young investigators in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53:e1-3. [PMID: 16025579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kudo-Saito C, Schlom J, Hodge JW. Induction of an antigen cascade by diversified subcutaneous/intratumoral vaccination is associated with antitumor responses. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:2416-26. [PMID: 15788693 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer vaccines targeting tumor-associated antigens are being investigated for the therapy of tumors. Numerous strategies, including the direct intratumoral (i.t.) vaccination route, have been examined. For tumors expressing carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a model tumor-associated antigen, we previously designed poxviral vectors that contain the transgenes for CEA and a triad of T-cell costimulatory molecules, B7-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, (ICAM-1), and leukocyte function associated antigen-3 (LFA-3) (CEA/TRICOM). Two types of poxvirus vectors were developed: replication-competent recombinant vaccinia and replication-defective recombinant fowlpox. We have shown previously that a vaccine regimen composed of priming mice s.c. with recombinant vaccinia-CEA/TRICOM and boosting i.t. with recombinant fowlpox-CEA/TRICOM was superior to priming and boosting vaccinations using the conventional s.c. route in inducing T-cell responses specific for CEA. These studies also showed that CEA was needed to be present both in the vaccine and in the tumor for therapeutic effects. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To determine specific immune responses associated with vaccination-mediated tumor regression, CEA-transgenic mice bearing CEA(+) tumors were vaccinated with the CEA/TRICOM s.c./i.t. regimen, and T-cell immune responses were assessed. RESULTS In CEA(+) tumor-bearing mice vaccinated with the CEA/TRICOM s.c./i.t. regimen, T-cell responses could be detected not only to CEA encoded in vaccine vectors but also to other antigens expressed on the tumor itself: wild-type p53 and an endogenous retroviral epitope of gp70. Moreover, the magnitude of CD8(+) T-cell immune responses to gp70 was far greater than that induced to CEA or p53. Finally, the predominant T-cell population infiltrating the regressing CEA(+) tumor after therapy was specific for gp70. CONCLUSION These studies show that the breadth and magnitude of antitumor immune cascades to multiple antigens could be critical in the therapy of established tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Kudo-Saito
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 93042, USA
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Heinzerling L, Burg G, Dummer R, Maier T, Oberholzer PA, Schultz J, Elzaouk L, Pavlovic J, Moelling K. Intratumoral injection of DNA encoding human interleukin 12 into patients with metastatic melanoma: clinical efficacy. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:35-48. [PMID: 15703487 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmid DNA encoding human interleukin 12 (IL-12) was produced under GMP conditions and injected into lesions of nine patients with malignant melanoma (stage IV) previously treated with both standard and nonstandard therapies. The treatment was based on efficacy in preclinical studies with melanoma in mice and gray horses. The DNA was applied in cycles, three injections per cycle, for up to seven cycles. Three therapy arms comprised low (2 mg), medium (4 mg), and high (10 to 20 mg) amounts of total DNA. The therapy was well tolerated. Three of nine patients experienced a clinical response: two stable disease and one complete remission. One patient receiving a low dose of DNA experienced a long-lasting stabilization of the disease for more than 3 years, whereas the other two responders received high doses of DNA. All patients but one (patient 9) experienced a transient response at the intratumoral injection site. Immunohistochemical staining of responder sections showed local reduction of angiogenesis and lymphocyte infiltrations. All patients, in particular the clinical and local responders (patients 3, 7, and 8), exhibited an antigen-specific immune response against MAGE-1 and MART-1, which in some cases preexisted. Biopsies of responders showed some increase in IL-12, IP-10, and IFN-(). Serum levels revealed fluctuations. The results show that intratumoral injection of DNA produced some beneficial clinical effect. DNA encoding a cytokine may be useful as a therapeutic or adjuvant against various human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Heinzerling
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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31
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Nagai H, Horikawa T, Hara I, Fukunaga A, Oniki S, Oka M, Nishigori C, Ichihashi M. In vivo elimination of CD25+ regulatory T cells leads to tumor rejection of B16F10 melanoma, when combined with interleukin-12 gene transfer. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:613-20. [PMID: 15447721 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells are an important population that plays a crucial role in the maintenance of peripheral self-tolerance. Recently, it was shown that the elimination of these cells by in vivo administration of anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody (mAb) caused the regression of highly immunogenic tumors in syngeneic mice. In this study, we examined whether B16F10 melanoma cells regressed with the elimination of CD25(+) regulatory T cells. We found the melanoma cells were not affected at all by in vivo anti-CD25 mAb administration alone but tumor rejection resulted in all mice when the administration was combined with IL-12 gene transfer to tumor cells. In vivo, depletion of natural killer (NK) cells or CD8(+) T cells cancelled the tumor rejection. NK-cell depletion allowed IL-12-transfected B16F10 melanoma (B16/IL-12) to grow from an early stage and resulted in a more rapid tumor growth of B16/IL-12 than that in mice without administration of anti-CD25 mAb. On the other hand, CD8(+) T-cell depletion did not affect the tumor growth in the early phase but allowed B16/IL-12 to grow in rather a late phase and resulted in almost the same degree of tumor growth as in mice without administration of anti-CD25 mAb. In a previous study, we showed that the elimination of CD4(+) T cells enhanced the antitumor effect of B16/IL-12 and induced vitiligo-like coat color alteration. Therefore, we also examined the frequency of the change to a vitiligo-like coat color in mice showing tumor rejection caused by CD25(+) T-cell elimination to compare with the mechanism enhancing the antitumor effects by cell elimination. The elimination of CD25(+) T cells did not induce vitiligo-like coat color changes, though that of CD4(+) T cells induced the change in 60% of mice. Furthermore, we confirmed that elimination of CD25(+) T cells did not affect the T-helper (Th) 1/Th2 cytokine profile, while that of CD4(+)T cells abrogated the Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and resulted in a Th1-dominant cytokine profile in the tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) of B16/IL-12-bearing mice. These results indicate that in vivo depletion of CD25(+) regulatory T cells is a potent useful adjuvant in immunotherapy of B16F10 melanoma, when combined with IL-12 gene transfer and that the enhancement of the antitumor effect by CD25(+) T-cell depletion is mediated through CD8(+) T cells and may differ from the enhancing mechanism caused by CD4(+) T-cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nagai
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Molecular Medicine Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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Morini M, Albini A, Lorusso G, Moelling K, Lu B, Cilli M, Ferrini S, Noonan DM. Prevention of angiogenesis by naked DNA IL-12 gene transfer: angioprevention by immunogene therapy. Gene Ther 2004; 11:284-91. [PMID: 14737088 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 is thought to induce a cytokine cascade with antiangiogenic effects mediated by IFN-gamma and angiostatic CXCR3 chemokine ligands. Naked DNA intramuscular injection of an expression vector plasmid producing IL-12 resulted in significant, well-tolerated elevation of serum IL-12 levels. Injection of the IL-12 plasmid at least 2 days, and up to 20 days, before subcutaneous injection of matrigel with angiogenic factors resulted in strong prevention of angiogenesis in both C57/bl and nude mice. A single injection of the IL-12 plasmid contemporarily with the matrigel or 2 days after resulted in partial, statistically not significant, inhibition. Control plasmid injection did not affect either angiogenesis or angiogenesis inhibition by IL-12 protein in vivo. Angiogenesis inhibition was observed in NK cell-depleted C57/bl and nude mice as well as in IFN-gamma(-/-) and CXCR3(-/-) knockout mice, indicating that NK- and/or T-cell-initiated IFN-gamma-chemokine cascades were not involved in the angiogenesis inhibition observed in vivo. Finally, IL-12 plasmid DNA gene transfer significantly prevented the growth and vascularization of highly angiogenic KS-Imm Kaposi's sarcoma and TS/A murine mammary carcinoma tumors in nude and/or syngeneic mice. These data suggest that a preventive gene therapy approach using antiangiogenic cytokines can effectively inhibit tumor angiogenesis and KS, representing an example of angioimmunoprevention.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Plasmids/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/blood supply
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/therapy
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morini
- Tumor Progression Section, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genova, Italy
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