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Preventive effects of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract and its components on UVB-induced immunosuppression in mice. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Vostalova J, Rajnochova Svobodova A, Galandakova A, Sianska J, Dolezal D, Ulrichova J. Differential modulation of inflammatory markers in plasma and skin after single exposures to UVA or UVB radiation in vivo. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2013; 157:137-45. [PMID: 23733148 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2013.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solar light generates inflammatory responses in exposed skin. These effects are generally attributed to UVB light. However, skin is expose d to a huge quantum of UVA photons as UVA is a predominant part of sunlight and the radiation used in tanning beds. We examined the effects of a single exposure to UVA and UVB wavebands on cytokine levels in skin and plasma, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in skin. METHODS Hairless mice were irradiated with either UVA (10 or 20 J/cm²) or UVB (200 or 800 mJ/cm²). The effects were assessed after 4/24 h. Plasma cytokine levels were evaluated using a Bio-Plex cytokine assay. Cytokine, iNOS and COX-2 levels in skin were determined by Western blot. Skin MPO activity was monitored spectrophotometrically. RESULTS UVB induced up-regulation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and decrease in interleukin-10 (IL-10) mainly after 4 h. In contrast, UVA caused increase in levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 after 4 h and up-regulated IL-10 and interleukin-12 (IL-12) after 24 h. The increase in MPO activity from infiltrated leucocytes was observed only in UVB irradiated animals. iNOS was up-regulated 4 h after UVA and UVB treatment. No significant effect on COX-2 expression was detected. CONCLUSIONS UVA and UVB light affected several inflammatory markers. For individual waveband, changes in plasma parameters did not correlate with those in skin. Thus evaluation of plasma samples cannot simply be replaced by determination in skin specimens and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Vostalova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Goukassian DA, Sharov A, Rhodes J, Coleman C, Eller MS, Sharova T, Bhawan J, Gilchrest BA. Topical application of thymidine dinucleotide to newborn mice reduces and delays development of UV-induced melanomas. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2664-6. [PMID: 22696052 PMCID: PMC3443549 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shimoda N, Mutou Y, Shimura N, Tsukimoto M, Awaya A, Kojima S. Effect of Heterocyclic Pyrimidine Compounds on UVB-Induced Cell Damage in Human Keratinocytes and on Melanogenesis in Mouse B16 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:862-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nao Shimoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS)
| | - Yasuko Mutou
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS)
| | | | | | - Akira Awaya
- Dermatology and Epidemiology Research Institute
| | - Shuji Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS)
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Toebak MJ, Gibbs S, Bruynzeel DP, Scheper RJ, Rustemeyer T. Dendritic cells: biology of the skin. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 60:2-20. [PMID: 19125717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis results from a T-cell-mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity immune response induced by allergens. Skin dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the initiation of allergic skin responses. Following encounter with an allergen, DCs become activated and undergo maturation and differentiate into immunostimulatory DCs and are able to present antigens effectively to T cells. The frequency of allergic skin disorders has increased in the past decades. Therefore, the identification of potential sensitizing chemicals is important for skin safety. Traditionally, predictive testing for allergenicity has been conducted in animal models. For regulatory reasons, animal use for sensitization testing of compounds for cosmetic purposes is shortly to be prohibited in Europe. Therefore, new non-animal-based test methods need to be developed. Several DC-based assays have been described to discriminate allergens from irritants. Unfortunately, current in vitro methods are not sufficiently resilient to identify allergens and therefore need refinement. Here, we review the immunobiology of skin DCs (Langerhans' cells and dermal dendritic cells) and their role in allergic and irritant contact dermatitis and then explore the possible use of DC-based models for discriminating between allergens and irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascha J Toebak
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lawrence NJ, Song L, Doig J, Ritchie AM, Brownstein DG, Melton DW. Topical thymidine dinucleotide application protects against UVB-induced skin cancer in mice with DNA repair gene (Ercc1)-deficient skin. DNA Repair (Amst) 2009; 8:664-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Niimura Y, Moue T, Takahashi N, Nagai KI. Screening of biomarker genes activated by irradiation of ultraviolet B rays in mouse lymph node M10 cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2008; 49:635-644. [PMID: 18987439 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.08051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
When M10 cells derived from mouse lymph nodes were irradiated with the UVB lamp at a peak emission of 312 nm, the cell growth was suppressed in proportion to irradiation time (10-30 s) and cell apoptosis was also induced by the irradiation. Dynamic changes in 597 genes after exposing these cells to UVB irradiation were investigated by DNA array analysis using array membranes and a (33)P-labeling probe. After 2 h of irradiation, the gene expression in the cells was examined and compared with that in untreated cells. Radioactivity was analyzed using Array Gauge software. The data were further processed using software, EX-ARRAY, which was developed for extracting significant data from the results of 2 background-subtraction methods, i.e., global and local background subtraction. The number of genes suppressed under UV irradiation increased with irradiation time, while that of activated genes decreased. Finally, we confirmed 4 genes (HMG-14, CDX-2, MCP-3, and GRP-78) to be up-regulated and confirmed their activation by northern blot. We propose these genes as the new biomarkers of lymphocyte sensitive to UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Niimura
- Research Center of Biomedical Analysis and Radioisotope, Faculty of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
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8
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Kaneko K, Smetana-Just U, Matsui M, Young AR, John S, Norval M, Walker SL. cis-Urocanic Acid Initiates Gene Transcription in Primary Human Keratinocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:217-24. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Atoyan RY, Sharov AA, Eller MS, Sargsyan A, Botchkarev VA, Gilchrest BA. Oligonucleotide treatment increases eumelanogenesis, hair pigmentation and melanocortin-1 receptor expression in the hair follicle. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:671-7. [PMID: 17620094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It was previously reported that telomere homologue oligonucleotides (T-oligos) can induce a variety of cellular responses in skin including increased melanogenesis. To assess the effects of T-oligos on hair pigmentation, we administered thymidine dinucleotide (pTT), one-third of the TTAGGG telomere repeat sequence, intradermally at distinct time points of the depilation-induced hair cycle in C3H/HeJ mice. Penetration of T-oligos into the hair follicle (HF) was monitored by using FITC-labelled pTT and confocal microscopy. pTT treatment on days 1-5 after depilation, during early anagen, did not significantly alter the number and proliferation of melanocytes (Trp-2-positive cells), compared with vehicle-treated controls. However, pTT treatment on days 5-12 after depilation, during mid- to late anagen, resulted in the formation of darker hairs, that showed a significantly increased eumelanin/total melanin ratio in their sub-apical agouti band region, compared with vehicle-treated controls (P < 0.05). By RT-PCR and western blot, full thickness skin of pTT-treated mice showed increases in Trp-1, Trp-2 and tyrosinase mRNA and protein levels, compared with control mice. Western blot analyses of two receptors that positively regulate eumelanogenesis, melanocortin type 1 receptor (MC-1R) and kit, showed increased expression of MC-1R protein in pTT-treated versus control skin, while the levels of c-kit receptor remained unchanged. These data demonstrate that pTT treatment increases eumelanogenesis in HFs, associated with increased tyrosinase, TRP-1 and MC-1R expression. These data also raise the possibility of using T-oligos to modulate hair pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzanna Y Atoyan
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Ohashi N, Yaar M, Eller MS, Truzzi F, Gilchrest BA. Features that determine telomere homolog oligonucleotide-induced therapeutic DNA damage-like responses in cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2007; 210:582-95. [PMID: 17133364 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the USA, with metastatic disease proving a particular management challenge. Treatment modalities for patients with metastatic disease are limited, and survival beyond 5 years is uncommon. We have reported that an 11-base DNA oligonucleotide 100% homologous to the telomere 3' overhang can induce apoptosis, senescence and/or differentiation of several types of malignant cells in vitro and in vivo, while having minimal effect on normal cells. We now report that 22 oligonucleotides, 9-20 bases in length, with or without a 5' phosphate group and with varying homology (40-100%) to the 3' overhang, inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of human cell lines derived from breast cancers, pancreatic and ovarian carcinomas, and malignant melanoma, lines that lack p53 and/or p16 and harbor a variety of other abnormalities in key regulatory signaling pathways. Cytosine (C) content adversely affected oligonucleotide efficacy, decreasing their effect on cellular apoptosis by > or =80%. These data confirm and expand our earlier work suggesting that such telomere homolog oligonucleotides (T-oligos) target an innate anti-cancer defense system in human cells and may provide an effective treatment for cancers of multiple different cellular origins and genetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Ohashi
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118-2394, USA
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Ishida T, Sakaguchi I. Protection of Human Keratinocytes from UVB-Induced Inflammation Using Root Extract of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:928-34. [PMID: 17473437 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UVB irradiation is an important inducer of biological changes in skin and can activate inflammatory reactions and apoptotic pathways, leading to skin damage. A root extract of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (SK), which has naphthoquinone pigments containing shikonin and shikonin derivatives, is known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor activity, and for its scavenging of reactive oxygen species. However, the effect of SK against UV damage is not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of SK against UVB induced damage in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). UVB-irradiated NHEK showed decreased cell viability, increased production of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and induced apoptosis. In an apoptosis pathway assay, UVB-irradiated NHEK showed increased caspase-3 activity, p53 and its phosphorylation at serine 15 compared with non-irradiated cells. All these effects induced by UVB irradiation were clearly inhibited by treatment with SK before and after UVB irradiation for 24 h. It is suggested that SK can protect epidermal cells against harmful effects of UVB irradiation and that SK treatment is probably beneficial for photoprotection of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ishida
- Institute of Cosmetic Sciences, Club Cosmetics Co Ltd, Ikoma, Nara, Japan.
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Marwaha V, Chen YH, Helms E, Arad S, Inoue H, Bord E, Kishore R, Sarkissian RD, Gilchrest BA, Goukassian DA. T-oligo treatment decreases constitutive and UVB-induced COX-2 levels through p53- and NFkappaB-dependent repression of the COX-2 promoter. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:32379-88. [PMID: 16046401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503245200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronically irradiated murine skin and UV light-induced squamous cell carcinomas overexpress the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and COX-2 inhibition reduces photocarcinogenesis in mice. We have reported previously that DNA oligonucleotides substantially homologous to the telomere 3'-overhang (T-oligos) induce DNA repair capacity and multiple other cancer prevention responses, in part through up-regulation and activation of p53. To determine whether T-oligos affect COX-2 expression, human newborn keratinocytes and fibroblasts were pretreated with T-oligos or diluent alone for 24 h, UV-irradiated, and processed for Western blotting. In both cell types, T-oligos transcriptionally down-regulated base-line and UV light-induced COX-2 expression, coincident with p53 activation. In fibroblasts with wild type versus dominant negative p53 (p53(WT) versus p53(DN)), T-oligos decreased constitutive expression of a COX-2 reporter plasmid by >50%. We then examined NFkappaB, a known positive regulator of COX-2 transcription. In p53(WT) but not in p53(DN) fibroblasts and in human keratinocytes, T-oligos decreased readout of an NFkappaB promoter-driven reporter plasmid and decreased NFkappaB binding to DNA. After T-oligo treatment and subsequent UV irradiation, binding of the transcriptional co-activator protein p300 to NFkappaB was decreased, whereas binding of p300 to p53 was increased. Human skin explants provided with T-oligos had markedly decreased COX-2 immunostaining both at base-line and post-UV light, coincident with increased p53 immunostaining. We conclude that T-oligos transcriptionally down-regulate COX-2 expression in human skin via activation and up-regulation of p53, at least in part by inhibiting NFkappaB transcriptional activation. Decreased COX-2 expression may contribute to the observed ability of T-oligos to reduce photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaneeta Marwaha
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Many agents affect the transmission of ultraviolet light to human skin. These include naturally occurring photoprotective agents (ozone, pollutants, clouds, and fog), naturally occurring biologic agents (epidermal chromophores), physical photoprotective agents (clothing, hats, make-ups, sunglasses, and window glass), and ultraviolet light filters (sunscreen ingredients and sunless tanning agents). In addition, there are agents that can modulate the effects of ultraviolet light on the skin (antioxidants and others). All of the above are reviewed in this article. LEARNING OBJECTIVE At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be able to provide an overview of all aspects of photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Gilchrest
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Goukassian DA, Gilchrest BA. The interdependence of skin aging, skin cancer, and DNA repair capacity: a novel perspective with therapeutic implications. Rejuvenation Res 2005; 7:175-85. [PMID: 15588518 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2004.7.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is constantly exposed to exogenous and endogenous insults that threaten its genomic integrity and that lead to changes at the molecular, biochemical, and cellular levels. As a major interface between the environment and the internal milieu, our skin is especially subject to such events. Common insults include but are not limited to infectious agents, environmental pollutions and toxins, carcinogens, and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. It is estimated that there are thousands of DNA alterations in each cell daily. Therefore, if not efficiently repaired, our genome would rapidly be destroyed. This review focuses predominantly on UV-induced DNA damage in human skin, protective molecular responses to UV damage, and the consequences of these opposing forces for aging and photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Goukassian
- Department of Dermatology,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Weiss E, Mamelak AJ, La Morgia S, Wang B, Feliciani C, Tulli A, Sauder DN. The role of interleukin 10 in the pathogenesis and potential treatment of skin diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50:657-75; quiz 676-8. [PMID: 15097948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2003.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a key cytokine produced by a multitude of immune effector cells and possesses distinct regulatory effects on immune functioning in the skin. In this article we report the current understanding of the immunobiology of IL-10 and identify the role of IL-10 in cutaneous infection as well as in autoimmune and neoplastic processes. We reviewed the literature to examine the function of IL-10 in different cutaneous disorders. IL-10 can influence and potentially treat T1/T2 differentiation, antigen-presenting cell functioning, antigen-presenting cell-mediated T-cell activation, and T-cell, B-cell, and mast cell growth and differentiation that is aberrant in various disease processes. The literature consensus is that the multitude of effects of IL-10 contribute to the pathogenesis of different skin disorders. In certain circumstances IL-10 could represent novel therapeutic approaches to treating cutaneous diseases. LEARNING OBJECTIVE At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be acquainted with the role of IL-10 in many infectious diseases, autoimmune skin disease, inflammatory processes, and malignancy. Its possible role in the resolution of various skin diseases should be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Weiss
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Rijken F, Bruijnzeel PLB, van Weelden H, Kiekens RCM. Responses of Black and White Skin to Solar-Simulating Radiation: Differences in DNA Photodamage, Infiltrating Neutrophils, Proteolytic Enzymes Induced, Keratinocyte Activation, and IL-10 Expression. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:1448-55. [PMID: 15175036 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Black skin is more resistant to the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation than white skin. A higher melanin content and a different melanosomal dispersion pattern in the epidermis are thought to be responsible for this. Our purpose was to compare skin responses in black and white skin following exposure to solar-simulating radiation (SSR) to further investigate the photoprotective properties of black skin. Six volunteers of skin phototype I-III (white) were exposed to (doses measured directly with a Waldmann UV detector device) 12,000-18,000 mJ per cm2 (2 MED) of SSR and compared with six volunteers of skin phototype VI (black) exposed to 18,000 mJ per cm2 (<1 MED) of SSR. The presence and distribution of skin pigment, DNA photodamage, infiltrating neutrophils, photoaging associated proteolytic enzymes, keratinocyte activation, and the source of interleukin 10 (IL-10) in skin biopsies taken before and after exposure were studied. In all white skinned subjects, 12,000-18,000 mJ per cm2 of SSR induced DNA damage in epidermal and dermal cells, an influx of neutrophils, active proteolytic enzymes, and diffuse keratinocyte activation. Additionally, in three of the white skinned volunteers IL-10 positive neutrophils were found to infiltrate the epidermis. Except for DNA damage in the supra basal epidermis, none of these changes was found in black skinned subjects. Increased skin pigmentation appears to be primarily responsible for the observed differences in skin responses. Our data could provide an explanation as to why black skin is less susceptible to sunburn, photoaging, and skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiko Rijken
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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McLoone P, Man I, Yule S, Fluitman A, Van Loveren H, Norval M, Gibbs NK. Whole-body UVB (TL-01) or UVA-1 irradiation does not alter the levels of immunomodulatory cytokines in the serum of human volunteers. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2004; 20:76-80. [PMID: 15030591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2004.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Ultraviolet (UV) exposure of mammalian skin induces local and systemic immunosuppression. In mice it has been proposed that systemic immunosuppression is mediated by an UV-induced cytokine cascade involving systemic interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 and a reduction in IL-12 activity. To investigate whether there was a parallel mechanism in humans we examined the effect of whole-body narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) (311-313 nm; TL-01) and ultraviolet A (UVA)-1 (340-400 nm) on serum cytokine levels. METHODS/RESULTS In a first study, five male psoriatic subjects were whole-body irradiated with three sessions of a standard UVB (TL-01) phototherapy regimen previously shown to cause downregulation of natural killer cell activity and T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) of sera taken before and after the third session showed no effect of phototherapy on IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In a second study, five healthy subjects received three whole-body exposures of UVB (TL-01) and five other healthy subjects received three exposures of UVA-1 on alternate days (total 22 J/cm(2)). Blood samples were taken before the first irradiation and at 0, 4, 8, 12, 14, 24 and 48 h after the third irradiation. The sera were subsequently analysed for IL-10, IL-12, IL-8, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, by ELISA. The levels of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were below detection limits (<5 pg/ml), while no significant change in the levels of IL-10, IL-12 or IL-8 was detected as a result of either TL-01 or UVA-1. CONCLUSIONS It seems unlikely that a modulation in these circulating cytokines assessed in this study accounts for systemic UV-induced immunosuppression in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P McLoone
- Photobiology Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
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Goukassian DA, Helms E, van Steeg H, van Oostrom C, Bhawan J, Gilchrest BA. Topical DNA oligonucleotide therapy reduces UV-induced mutations and photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:3933-8. [PMID: 14999099 PMCID: PMC374347 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306389101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UV-induced DNA damage gives rise to mutations and skin cancer. We have previously reported that treatment of skin cells in vitro with thymidine dinucleotide (pTT) activates p53 and increases the ability of cells to repair subsequent UV-induced DNA damage by enhancing endogenous DNA repair capacity. Here we show that topical pTT pretreatment enhances the rate of DNA photoproduct removal, decreases UV-induced mutations, and reduces photocarcinogenesis in UV-irradiated hairless WT repair-proficient and Xpc(+/-) heterozygous partially repair-deficient mice, both transgenic for the lacZ/pUR288 mutation-indicator gene. These data support the existence of inducible mammalian DNA damage responses that increase DNA repair capacity after DNA damage and hence reduce the impact of future exposures to environmental carcinogens. The ability of topically applied pTT to induce protective physiologic responses that normally result from DNA damage suggests a previously undescribed means of reducing skin cancer in high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Goukassian
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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