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Louhi P, Pettinau L, Härkönen LS, Anttila K, Huusko A. Carryover effects of environmental stressors influence the life performance of brown trout. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Pettinau
- Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland
| | | | - Katja Anttila
- Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Ari Huusko
- Natural Resources Institute Finland Paltamo Finland
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2
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Mayer-Pinto M, Jones TM, Swearer SE, Robert KA, Bolton D, Aulsebrook AE, Dafforn KA, Dickerson AL, Dimovski AM, Hubbard N, McLay LK, Pendoley K, Poore AG, Thums M, Willmott NJ, Yokochi K, Fobert EK. Light pollution: a landscape-scale issue requiring cross-realm consideration. UCL OPEN ENVIRONMENT 2022; 4:e036. [PMID: 37228454 PMCID: PMC10171420 DOI: 10.14324/111.444/ucloe.000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial, marine and freshwater realms are inherently linked through ecological, biogeochemical and/or physical processes. An understanding of these connections is critical to optimise management strategies and ensure the ongoing resilience of ecosystems. Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a global stressor that can profoundly affect a wide range of organisms and habitats and impact multiple realms. Despite this, current management practices for light pollution rarely consider connectivity between realms. Here we discuss the ways in which ALAN can have cross-realm impacts and provide case studies for each example discussed. We identified three main ways in which ALAN can affect two or more realms: 1) impacts on species that have life cycles and/or stages in two or more realms, such as diadromous fish that cross realms during ontogenetic migrations and many terrestrial insects that have juvenile phases of the life cycle in aquatic realms; 2) impacts on species interactions that occur across realm boundaries, and 3) impacts on transition zones or ecosystems such as mangroves and estuaries. We then propose a framework for cross-realm management of light pollution and discuss current challenges and potential solutions to increase the uptake of a cross-realm approach for ALAN management. We argue that the strengthening and formalisation of professional networks that involve academics, lighting practitioners, environmental managers and regulators that work in multiple realms is essential to provide an integrated approach to light pollution. Networks that have a strong multi-realm and multi-disciplinary focus are important as they enable a holistic understanding of issues related to ALAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Mayer-Pinto
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Theresa M. Jones
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen E. Swearer
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate (NCCC), School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kylie A. Robert
- Research Centre for Future Landscapes, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Damon Bolton
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anne E. Aulsebrook
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen 82319, Germany
| | - Katherine A. Dafforn
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ashton L. Dickerson
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alicia M. Dimovski
- Research Centre for Future Landscapes, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Niki Hubbard
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lucy K. McLay
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Kellie Pendoley
- Pendoley Environmental Pty Ltd, 12A Pitt Way, Booragoon, WA 6154, Australia
| | - Alistair G.B. Poore
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michele Thums
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nikolas J. Willmott
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kaori Yokochi
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Emily K. Fobert
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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3
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Wada Y, Yusa Y. Extremely short embryonic period of the intertidal pulmonate limpet Siphonaria sirius (Pilsbry, 1895). MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2021.1943601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Wada
- Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoichi Yusa
- Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Nara, Japan
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4
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Campbell CS, Adams CE, Bean CW, Pilakouta N, Parsons KJ. Evolvability under climate change: Bone development and shape plasticity are heritable and correspond with performance in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Evol Dev 2021; 23:333-350. [PMID: 34010514 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Environmental conditions can impact the development of phenotypes and in turn the performance of individuals. Climate change, therefore, provides a pressing need to extend our understanding of how temperature will influence phenotypic variation. To address this, we assessed the impact of increased temperatures on ecologically significant phenotypic traits in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). We raised Arctic charr at 5°C and 9°C to simulate a predicted climate change scenario and examined temperature-induced variation in ossification, bone metabolism, skeletal morphology, and escape response. Fish reared at 9°C exhibited less cartilage and bone development at the same developmental stage, but also higher bone metabolism in localized regions. The higher temperature treatment also resulted in significant differences in craniofacial morphology, changes in the degree of variation, and fewer vertebrae. Both temperature regime and vertebral number affected escape response performance, with higher temperature leading to decreased latency. These findings demonstrate that climate change has the potential to impact development through multiple routes with the potential for plasticity and the release of cryptic genetic variation to have strong impacts on function through ecological performance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum S Campbell
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin E Adams
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin W Bean
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,NatureScot, Clydebank, UK
| | - Natalie Pilakouta
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Kevin J Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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5
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Bjornson F, Earhart M, Anderson W. To feed or flee: early life-history behavioural strategies of juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) during risk-sensitive foraging. CAN J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2019-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Balancing foraging opportunities with predation risk can promote complex behavioural strategies in juvenile fishes, particularly in northern temperate environments with short growing seasons. To test how predation experience may influence foraging effort and risk assessment of juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817), flight response and substrate preference behavioural measurements were taken during critical life periods of early exogenous feeding (∼60 days post fertilization (dpf)) and pre-winter (∼160 dpf). Lake sturgeon were placed in arenas with partial cover and exposed white plastic bottom. Chemical alarm cue (AC) was introduced to predator naïve individuals in the presence or absence of food over the exposed portion of the arena to simulate risk sensitive foraging over diurnal and seasonal periods. The same protocol was run on predator-experienced individuals, which were classically conditioned to predator cue (PC) prior to the trials. Whole-body cortisol measures were also taken to determine the physiological response to predation experience. Results suggest a propensity to forage in spite of predation risk during the naïve ∼60 dpf trials and highlight context-specific anti-predator responses of naïve and experienced lake sturgeon. Elevated basal whole-body cortisol levels and reduced body condition (p < 0.05) were observed with increased predator experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Bjornson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - M. Earhart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - W.G. Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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6
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Delayed mite hatching in response to mechanical stimuli simulating egg predation attempts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13395. [PMID: 31527733 PMCID: PMC6746699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed or induced hatching in response to predation risk has been reported mainly in aquatic systems, where waterborne cues from predators and injured neighbouring eggs are available. Newly emerged larvae of the terrestrial predatory mite Neoseiulus womersleyi are vulnerable to predation by con- and heterospecific predatory mites, whereas their eggs are not. We examined whether N. womersleyi embryos delay hatching in response to artificial mechanical stimuli that simulates egg predation attempts. When embryos near the hatching stage were artificially stimulated every 5 min for 60 min, most stopped hatching for the duration of the 60-min period, whereas unstimulated embryos did not. Stimulated embryos resumed hatching when the treatment was stopped, and the proportion of hatched stimulated embryos caught up with that of unstimulated embryos within 120 min after stimuli stopped. Since hatching did not stop in response to changes in gravity direction, the effect of direct mechanical stimuli on the eggs was considered a proximate factor in delayed hatching. These results suggest that N. womersleyi embryos recognise immediate predation risk via mechanical stimuli, and delay hatching until the predation risk is reduced.
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7
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Morrison KR, Ngo V, Cardullo RA, Reznick DN. How fish eggs are preadapted for the evolution of matrotrophy. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1342. [PMID: 29167357 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost fishes evolved livebearing via egg retention 14 times. Matrotrophy has evolved within 12 of those lineages. By contrast, squamate reptiles evolved livebearing over 115 times, but only two to four of those lineages are known to have evolved matrotrophy. Is the discrepancy between these organisms in the probability of this transition caused by differences in their eggs? We show that the eggs of oviparous species in the superorder Atherinomorpha can acquire small organic molecules from their surrounding environment against a concentration gradient via mechanisms of active transport. Uptake rates were inhibited by competing radiolabelled amino acids against unlabelled versions of themselves. Transport was non-specific as uptake rates were similar for l-leucine and its biologically uncommon enantiomer d-leucine. Eggs are also capable of transporting larger microspheres across the membrane, but transport is inhibited at temperatures below 4°C, suggesting active transport occurs via pinocytosis. Conflict theory predicts that the ability of the egg to acquire maternal resources will facilitate the embryo-parent arms race that leads to the evolution of matrotrophy following the transition to livebearing. The shelled eggs of amniotes lack such access to maternal resources when retained in the evolution of viviparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan R Morrison
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Vyvian Ngo
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Richard A Cardullo
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - David N Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
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8
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Van Buskirk J. A Meta-Analysis on Facultative Responses of Embryonic Amphibians to Predation Risk. COPEIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-15-383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Verdeny-Vilalta O, Fox CW, Wise DH, Moya-Laraño J. Foraging mode affects the evolution of egg size in generalist predators embedded in complex food webs. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1225-33. [PMID: 25882583 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ecological networks incorporate myriad biotic interactions that determine the selection pressures experienced by the embedded populations. We argue that within food webs, the negative scaling of abundance with body mass and foraging theory predict that the selective advantages of larger egg size should be smaller for sit-and-wait than active-hunting generalist predators, leading to the evolution of a difference in egg size between them. Because body mass usually scales negatively with predator abundance and constrains predation rate, slightly increasing egg mass should simultaneously allow offspring to feed on more prey and escape from more predators. However, the benefits of larger offspring would be relatively smaller for sit-and-wait predators because (i) due to their lower mobility, encounters with other predators are less common, and (ii) they usually employ a set of alternative hunting strategies that help to subdue relatively larger prey. On the other hand, for active predators, which need to confront prey as they find them, body-size differences may be more important in subduing prey. This difference in benefits should lead to the evolution of larger egg sizes in active-hunting relative to sit-and-wait predators. This prediction was confirmed by a phylogenetically controlled analysis of 268 spider species, supporting the view that the structure of ecological networks may serve to predict relevant selective pressures acting on key life history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Verdeny-Vilalta
- Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Almería, Spain
| | - C W Fox
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - D H Wise
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Institute for Environmental Science & Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Moya-Laraño
- Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Almería, Spain.,Cantabrian Institute of Biodiversity, Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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10
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Daley JM, Leadley TA, Pitcher TE, Drouillard KG. The effect of food provisioning on persistent organic pollutant bioamplification in Chinook salmon larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:10-15. [PMID: 23597729 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fall spawning pacific salmon provision large amounts of yolk to their eggs to allow survival of larvae during under the ice winter conditions. This yolk provisioning leads to maternal offloading of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to eggs and larvae. Previous research has shown that Chinook salmon larvae exhibit limited capacity to eliminate POPs during the cold water period resulting in bioamplification of POP residues. This study compared POPs bioamplification in Chinook salmon larvae under a high food provisioning treatment and a non-fed treatment to test whether or not food availability attenuates POPs bioamplification via growth dilution. Results demonstrate that larvae in the food provisioning treatment did not gain weight until after day 129. Between hatching and day 129, fed and non-fed treatments exhibited similar decreases in whole body lipid content, negligible POPs elimination and POPs bioamplification factors approaching 1.6. By day 184 of the study, POPs bioamplification factors in the non-fed treatment were as high as 5.3 across chemicals but ranged from non-detectable to approaching 1 in the fed group. This study demonstrates that POPs bioamplification occurs in Chinook salmon larvae even under ideal rearing conditions but peaks after day 129, following which growth dilution can attenuate bioamplification relative to starved individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Daley
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
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11
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Resetarits WJ, Binckley CA. Is the pirate really a ghost? Evidence for generalized chemical camouflage in an aquatic predator, pirate perch Aphredoderus sayanus. Am Nat 2013; 181:690-9. [PMID: 23594551 DOI: 10.1086/670016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Camouflage occupies a central role in arsenals of both predators and prey and invokes visions of organisms possessing specific characteristics or altering their shape, color, or behavior to blend into the visual background or confound identification. However, many organisms use modalities other than vision. Chemical communication is particularly important in aquatic systems, and chemicals cues are used by a broad array of colonizing organisms to recognize and avoid risky habitats. Here we describe a habitat selection experiment with aquatic beetles and summarize results of 11 experiments involving colonizing beetles and ovipositing tree frogs that provide evidence that pirate perch Aphredoderus sayanus are chemically camouflaged with respect to a diverse array of prey organisms. We believe this to be the first example of a predator possessing a generalized chemical camouflage effective against a broad array of prey organisms, and we suggest that it may constitute a novel weapon in the predator-prey arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Resetarits
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA.
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12
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Preisser EL, Orrock JL. The allometry of fear: interspecific relationships between body size and response to predation risk. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00084.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Influence of energetic status on ontogenetic niche shifts: emergence from the redd is linked to metabolic rate in brown trout. Oecologia 2011; 168:371-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Bertrand R, Gégout JC, Bontemps JD. Niches of temperate tree species converge towards nutrient-richer conditions over ontogeny. OIKOS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Ferrari MC, Wisenden BD, Chivers DP. Chemical ecology of predator–prey interactions in aquatic ecosystems: a review and prospectusThe present review is one in the special series of reviews on animal–plant interactions. CAN J ZOOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/z10-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between predator and prey is an evolutionary arms race, for which early detection by either party is often the key to success. In aquatic ecosystems, olfaction is an essential source of information for many prey and predators and a number of cues have been shown to play a key role in trait-mediated indirect interactions in aquatic communities. Here, we review the nature and role of predator kairomones, chemical alarm cues, disturbance cues, and diet cues on the behaviour, morphology, life history, and survival of aquatic prey, focusing primarily on the discoveries from the last decade. Many advances in the field have been accomplished: testing the survival value of those chemicals, providing field validation of laboratory results, understanding the extent to which chemically mediated learning may benefit the prey, understanding the role of these chemicals in mediating morphological and life-history adaptations, and most importantly, the selection pressures leading to the evolution of chemical alarm cues. Although considerable advances have been made, several key questions remain, the most urgent of which is to understand the chemistry behind these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud C.O. Ferrari
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead, 1104 7th Avenue South, Moorhead, MN 56563, USA
| | - Brian D. Wisenden
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead, 1104 7th Avenue South, Moorhead, MN 56563, USA
| | - Douglas P. Chivers
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead, 1104 7th Avenue South, Moorhead, MN 56563, USA
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16
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Bailey MM, Lachapelle KA, Kinnison MT. Ontogenetic selection on hatchery salmon in the wild: natural selection on artificial phenotypes. Evol Appl 2010; 3:340-51. [PMID: 25567929 PMCID: PMC3352472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Captive rearing often alters the phenotypes of organisms that are destined for release into the wild. Natural selection on these unnatural phenotypes could have important consequences for the utility of captive rearing as a restoration approach. We show that normal hatchery practices significantly advance the development of endangered Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry by 30+ days. As a result, hatchery fry might be expected to face strong natural selection resulting from their developmental asynchrony. We investigated patterns of ontogenetic selection acting on hatchery produced salmon fry by experimentally manipulating fry development stage at stocking. Contrary to simple predictions, we found evidence for strong stabilizing selection on the ontogeny of unfed hatchery fry, with weaker evidence for positive directional selection on the ontogeny of fed fry. These selection patterns suggest a seasonally independent tradeoff between abiotic or biotic selection favoring advanced development and physiological selection linked to risk of starvation in unfed fry. We show, through a heuristic exercise, how such selection on ontogeny may exacerbate problems in restoration efforts by impairing fry productivity and reducing effective population sizes by 13-81%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Bailey
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine Orono, ME, USA
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17
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Anderson AL, Brown WD. Plasticity of Hatching in Green Frogs (Rana clamitans) to Both Egg and Tadpole Predators. HERPETOLOGICA 2009. [DOI: 10.1655/08-016r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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19
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Adams RA. Morphogenesis in bat wings: linking development, evolution and ecology. Cells Tissues Organs 2008; 187:13-23. [PMID: 18163246 DOI: 10.1159/000109960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of powered flight in mammals required specific developmental shifts from an ancestral limb morphology to one adapted for flight. Through studies of comparative morphogenesis, investigators have quantified points and rates of divergence providing important insights into how wings evolved in mammals. Herein I compare growth,development and skeletogenesis of forelimbs between bats and the more ancestral state provided by the rat (Rattus norvegicus)and quantify growth trajectories that illustrate morphological divergence both developmentally and evolutionarily. In addition, I discuss how wing shape is controlled during morphogenesis by applying multivariate analyses of wing bones and wing membranes and discuss how flight dynamics are stabilized during flight ontogeny. Further, I discuss the development of flight in bats in relation to the ontogenetic niche and how juveniles effect populational foraging patterns. In addition, I provide a hypothetical ontogenetic landscape model that predicts how and when selection is most intense during juvenile morphogenesis and test this model with data from a population of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick A Adams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA.
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20
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Rudolf VHW, Rödel MO. Phenotypic plasticity and optimal timing of metamorphosis under uncertain time constraints. Evol Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-006-0017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Nicieza AG, Alvarez D, Atienza EMS. Delayed effects of larval predation risk and food quality on anuran juvenile performance. J Evol Biol 2006; 19:1092-103. [PMID: 16780510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Metamorphosis can disrupt the correlation structure between juvenile and adult traits, thus allowing relatively independent evolution in contrasting environments. We used a multiple experimental approach to investigate how diet quality and larval predation risk affected the rates of growth and development in painted frogs (Discoglossus galganoi), and how these changes influence post-metamorphic performance. A high-energy diet entailed growth advantages only if predation risk did not constrain energy acquisition, whereas diet quality affected primarily the extension of the larval period. Predation risk influenced juvenile shape, most likely via the effects on growth and differentiation rates. Juvenile frogs emerging from predator environments had shorter legs and longer bodies than those from the nonpredator tanks. However, these morphological changes did not translate into differences in relative jumping performance. Neither size-adjusted lipid storage nor fluctuating asymmetry was significantly influenced by food quality or predation risk. Our data suggest that the post-metamorphic costs of predator avoidance during the larval phase are mostly a consequence of small size at metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Nicieza
- Unidad de Ecología, Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
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Laurila A, Pakkasmaa S, Merilä J. Population divergence in growth rate and antipredator defences in Rana arvalis. Oecologia 2005; 147:585-95. [PMID: 16323018 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth and development rates often differ among populations of the same species, yet the factors maintaining this differentiation are not well understood. We investigated the antipredator defences and their efficiency in two moor frog Rana arvalis populations differing in growth and development rates by raising tadpoles in outdoor containers in the nonlethal presence and absence of three different predators (newt, fish, dragonfly larva), and by estimating tadpole survival in the presence of free-ranging predators in a laboratory experiment. Young tadpoles in both populations reduced activity in the presence of predators and increased hiding behaviour in the presence of newt and fish. Older tadpoles from the slow-growing Gotland population (G) had stronger hiding behaviour and lower activity in all treatments than tadpoles from the fast-growing Uppland population (U). However, both populations showed a plastic behavioural response in terms of reduced activity. The populations differed in induced morphological defences especially in response to fish. G tadpoles responded with relatively long and deep body, short tail and shallow tail muscle, whereas the responses in U tadpoles were often the opposite and closer to the responses induced by the other predators. U tadpoles metamorphosed earlier, but at a similar size to G tadpoles. There was no evidence that growth rate was affected by predator treatments, but tadpoles metamorphosed later and at larger size in the predator treatments. G tadpoles survived better in the presence of free-ranging predators than U tadpoles. These results suggest that in these two populations, low growth rate was linked with low activity and increased hiding, whereas high growth rate was linked with high activity and less hiding. The differences in behaviour may explain the difference in survival between the populations, but other mechanisms (i.e. differences in swimming speed) may also be involved. There appears to be considerable differentiation in antipredator responses between these two R. arvalis populations, as well as with respect to different predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Laurila
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18d, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Vonesh JR. Egg predation and predator-induced hatching plasticity in the African reed frog,Hyperolius spinigularis. OIKOS 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sundström LF, Löhmus M, Devlin RH. SELECTION ON INCREASED INTRINSIC GROWTH RATES IN COHO SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vonesh JR, Bolker BM. COMPENSATORY LARVAL RESPONSES SHIFT TRADE-OFFS ASSOCIATED WITH PREDATOR-INDUCED HATCHING PLASTICITY. Ecology 2005. [DOI: 10.1890/04-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sundström LF, Lõhmus M, Devlin RH. SELECTION ON INCREASED INTRINSIC GROWTH RATES IN COHO SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1554/04-701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Benard MF. Predator-Induced Phenotypic Plasticity in Organisms with Complex Life Histories. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2004. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021004.112426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Benard
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
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