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Brunsgaard EK, Sanchez B, Grossman D. Electrical Impedance Dermography: Background, Current State, and Emerging Clinical Opportunities. Dermatol Res Pract 2024; 2024:2085098. [PMID: 39184921 PMCID: PMC11343630 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2085098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrical impedance dermography (EID), based on electrical impedance spectroscopy, is a specific technique for the evaluation of skin disorders that relies upon the application and measurement of painless, alternating electrical current. EID assesses pathological changes to the normal composition and architecture of the skin that influence the flow of electrical current, including changes associated with inflammation, keratinocyte and melanocyte carcinogenesis, and scarring. Assessing the electrical properties of the skin across a range of frequencies and in multiple directions of current flow can provide diagnostic information to aid in the identification of pathologic skin conditions. EID holds the promise of serving as a diagnostic biomarker and potential to be used in skin cancer detection and staging. EID may also be useful as a biomarker in monitoring effectiveness of treatment in individual patients and in therapeutic research. This review highlights ongoing efforts to improve mechanistic understanding of skin electrical changes, study of EID in a variety of clinical contexts, and further refine the technology to find greater clinical use in dermatology and dermatologic research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Sanchez
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Douglas Grossman
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Oncological SciencesUniversity of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Lee H, Johnson Z, Denton S, Liu N, Akinwande D, Porter E, Kireev D. A non-invasive approach to skin cancer diagnosis via graphene electrical tattoos and electrical impedance tomography. Physiol Meas 2024; 45:055003. [PMID: 38599226 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad3d26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Objective.Making up one of the largest shares of diagnosed cancers worldwide, skin cancer is also one of the most treatable. However, this is contingent upon early diagnosis and correct skin cancer-type differentiation. Currently, methods for early detection that are accurate, rapid, and non-invasive are limited. However, literature demonstrating the impedance differences between benign and malignant skin cancers, as well as between different types of skin cancer, show that methods based on impedance differentiation may be promising.Approach.In this work, we propose a novel approach to rapid and non-invasive skin cancer diagnosis that leverages the technologies of difference-based electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and graphene electronic tattoos (GETs).Main results.We demonstrate the feasibility of this first-of-its-kind system using both computational numerical and experimental skin phantom models. We considered variations in skin cancer lesion impedance, size, shape, and position relative to the electrodes and evaluated the impact of using individual and multi-electrode GET (mGET) arrays. The results demonstrate that this approach has the potential to differentiate based on lesion impedance, size, and position, but additional techniques are needed to determine shape.Significance.In this way, the system proposed in this work, which combines both EIT and GET technology, exhibits potential as an entirely non-invasive and rapid approach to skin cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Lee
- Chandra Family Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Zane Johnson
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Spencer Denton
- Chandra Family Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Ning Liu
- Chandra Family Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Deji Akinwande
- Chandra Family Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Emily Porter
- Chandra Family Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Chandra Family Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
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Diluiso G, Pozzi M, Liso FG, Mendes VM, Hannouille J, Losco L, Bolletta A, Cigna E, Schettino M. Mind the Gap: A Questionnaire on the Distance between Diagnostic Advances and Clinical Practice in Skin Cancer Treatment. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:155. [PMID: 38256415 PMCID: PMC10819365 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Significant progress has been made in skin cancer diagnosis, with a surge in available technologies in recent years. Despite this, the practical application and integration of these technologies in dermatology and plastic surgery remain uneven. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive 20-question survey was designed and distributed using online survey administration software (Google Forms, 2018, Google, Mountain View, CA, USA) from June 2023 to September 2023. The survey aimed to assess the knowledge and utilization of dermatologic diagnostic advancements among plastic surgeons in various European countries. Results: Data were obtained from 29 plastic surgeons across nine European countries, revealing a notable gap between diagnostic technologies and their routine use in surgical practice. The gap for some technologies was both cognitive and applicative; for electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and multispectral imaging, only 6.9% of the sample knew of the technologies and no surgeons in the sample used them. In the case of other technologies, such as high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS), 72.4% of the sample knew about them but only 34.5% used them, highlighting a more significant application problem. Conclusions: Spotlighting this discrepancy provides a valuable foundation for initiating collaborative efforts between units and facilitating knowledge exchange among diverse specialists. This, in turn, contributes to advancing clinical practice by integrating the innovative opportunities presented by ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Diluiso
- Unit of Plastic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Mirco Pozzi
- Unit of Plastic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.D.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Vanessa Marron Mendes
- Service de Chirurgie Plastique, Hôpital CHIREC (Braine L’Alleud-Waterloo, Belgium), 1420 Braine-L’Alleud, Belgium; (V.M.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Jenna Hannouille
- Hôpital Delta (Bruxelles), ULB—Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium;
| | - Luigi Losco
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy
| | - Alberto Bolletta
- Plastic Surgery and Microsurgery Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Emanuele Cigna
- Plastic Surgery and Microsurgery Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Michela Schettino
- Service de Chirurgie Plastique, Hôpital CHIREC (Braine L’Alleud-Waterloo, Belgium), 1420 Braine-L’Alleud, Belgium; (V.M.M.); (M.S.)
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Kawałkiewicz W, Majewska A, Janus‐Kubiak M, Marcinkowska‐Gapińska A, Urbaniak‐Olejnik M, Hojan‐Jezierska D, Kubisz L. Ulcerated skin evaluation by electrical impedance measurements. Int Wound J 2023; 20:3580-3585. [PMID: 37218406 PMCID: PMC10588364 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presented study, the transdermal results from the areas surrounding the ulcerated skin areas were compared with those obtained from healthy skin tissue. The analysis of electrical parameters, such as the slope of the Nyquist plot, min. IM, min. RE, min. f, Imagine part index, Phase index, Real part index, and Magnitude index were conducted. Electrical parameters have been measured in the group without lower leg ulceration and in the group with lower leg ulcers. On the basis of the statistical analysis, it was determined that these parameters may be effective in the evaluation of the skin. In fact, the skin surrounding the ulceration was characterised by different values of electrical parameters as compared with healthy skin tissue. A statistically significant difference was found in the electrical parameters obtained for the healthy leg skin and the skin surrounding the ulceration. This study was to investigate the applicability of electrical parameters in the evaluation of the skin in lower leg ulcers. The electrical parameters can be used as an effective tool in assessing the condition of the skin, both healthy and surrounding the ulcerations. The most useful parameters in assessing skin condition using electrical parameters include min. IM, min. RE, min. f, Imagine part index, Phase index, and Magnitude index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Kawałkiewicz
- Department of Biophysics, Chair of BiophysicsPoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznańPoland
| | - Anna Majewska
- Department of Hearing Healthcare Profession, Chair of BiophysicsPoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznańPoland
| | - Marta Janus‐Kubiak
- Department of Biophysics, Chair of BiophysicsPoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznańPoland
| | | | - Marta Urbaniak‐Olejnik
- Department of Hearing Healthcare Profession, Chair of BiophysicsPoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznańPoland
| | - Dorota Hojan‐Jezierska
- Department of Hearing Healthcare Profession, Chair of BiophysicsPoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznańPoland
| | - Leszek Kubisz
- Department of Biophysics, Chair of BiophysicsPoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznańPoland
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Impact of Age and Sex on Electrical Impedance Values in Healthy Oral Mucosa. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9100592. [DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Electrical impedance (EI) is a property of all living tissues and represents the resistance to the electric current flow through a living tissue. EI depends on the structure and chemical composition of the tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of age, sex, and electrode pressure on the EI values of healthy oral mucosa. The study involved 101 participants with healthy oral mucosa who were divided into three age groups. EI was measured in seven anatomical regions. Results: Significant differences between different age groups were found. Younger participants (20–40 years) had significantly higher EI values than the older participants (60+). Significantly higher EI values were found in women at all localisations at all measured frequencies, except on the hard palate. EI values measured with higher sub-pressure were significantly lower than values measured with lower sub-pressure at all frequencies and localisations, except the tongue dorsum, tongue border, and sublingual mucosa. Conclusions: This study found that EI values in healthy oral mucosa depend on age and sex and may also depend on the pressure of the measuring device. These factors should be kept in mind when EI is used as a diagnostic method for different oral lesions.
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Anushree U, Shetty S, Kumar R, Bharati S. Adjunctive Diagnostic Methods for Skin Cancer Detection: A Review of Electrical Impedance-Based Techniques. Bioelectromagnetics 2022; 43:193-210. [PMID: 35181899 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer is among the fastest-growing cancers with an excellent prognosis, if detected early. However, the current method of diagnosis by visual inspection has several disadvantages such as overlapping tumor characteristics, subjectivity, low sensitivity, and specificity. Hence, several adjunctive diagnostic techniques such as thermal imaging, optical imaging, ultrasonography, tape stripping methods, and electrical impedance imaging are employed along with visual inspection to improve the diagnosis. Electrical impedance-based skin cancer detection depends upon the variations in electrical impedance characteristics of the transformed cells. The information provided by this technique is fundamentally different from other adjunctive techniques and thus has good prospects. Depending on the stage, type, and location of skin cancer, various impedance-based devices have been developed. These devices when used as an adjunct to visual methods have increased the sensitivity and specificity of skin cancer detection up to 100% and 87%, respectively, thus demonstrating their potential to minimize unnecessary biopsies. In this review, the authors track the advancements and progress made in this technique for the detection of skin cancer, focusing mainly on the advantages and limitations in the clinical setting. © 2022 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Anushree
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sachin Shetty
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjay Bharati
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Pathania YS, Apalla Z, Salerni G, Patil A, Grabbe S, Goldust M. Non-invasive diagnostic techniques in pigmentary skin disorders and skin cancer. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:444-450. [PMID: 34724325 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of pigmentary skin disorders, pre-cancerous and cancerous skin diseases is traditionally relied on visual assessment. The most widely applied invasive diagnostic technique is the skin biopsy. There have been significant technological advances in non-invasive diagnostic methods for skin disorders. OBJECTIVE The objective of this article is to discuss different non-invasive diagnostic modalities, used in the diagnosis of pigmentary skin disorders and cutaneous cancers. METHODS Comprehensive literature search was performed to screen articles related to non-invasive diagnostic techniques in pigmentary skin disorders and cutaneous cancers. Articles published in journals indexed in PubMed were searched along with those in Google Scholar. Clinical trials, review articles, case series, case reports and other relevant articles were considered for review. References of relevant articles were also considered for review. RESULTS Dermoscopy and ultrasonography were the only non-invasive diagnostic and imaging techniques available to dermatologists for many years. The advent of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) augmented the visualization of deeper structures. Confocal laser microscopy (CLM) and reflectance spectrophotometers have showed promising results in the non-invasive detection of pigmented lesions. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), multispectral imaging, high frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) and adhesive patch biopsy aid in the accurate diagnosis of benign, as well as neoplastic skin diseases. CONCLUSION There have been significant advancements in non-invasive methods for diagnosis of dermatological diseases. These techniques can be repeatedly used in a comfort manner for the patient, and may offer an objective way to follow the course of a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashdeep Singh Pathania
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Zoe Apalla
- Second Dermatology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gabriel Salerni
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Provincial del Centenario de Rosario-Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Anant Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. DY Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Clark BC, Rutkove S, Lupton EC, Padilla CJ, Arnold WD. Potential Utility of Electrical Impedance Myography in Evaluating Age-Related Skeletal Muscle Function Deficits. Front Physiol 2021; 12:666964. [PMID: 34025454 PMCID: PMC8138591 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.666964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle function deficits associated with advancing age are due to several physiological and morphological changes including loss of muscle size and quality (conceptualized as a reduction in the intrinsic force-generating capacity of a muscle when adjusted for muscle size). Several factors can contribute to loss of muscle quality, including denervation, excitation-contraction uncoupling, increased fibrosis, and myosteatosis (excessive levels of inter- and intramuscular adipose tissue and intramyocellular lipids). These factors also adversely affect metabolic function. There is a major unmet need for tools to rapidly and easily assess muscle mass and quality in clinical settings with minimal patient and provider burden. Herein, we discuss the potential for electrical impedance myography (EIM) as a tool to evaluate muscle mass and quality in older adults. EIM applies weak, non-detectible (e.g., 400 μA), mutifrequency (e.g., 1 kHz–1 MHz) electrical currents to a muscle (or muscle group) through two excitation electrodes, and resulting voltages are measured via two sense electrodes. Measurements are fast (~5 s/muscle), simple to perform, and unaffected by factors such as hydration that may affect other simple measures of muscle status. After nearly 2 decades of study, EIM has been shown to reflect muscle health status, including the presence of atrophy, fibrosis, and fatty infiltration, in a variety of conditions (e.g., developmental growth and maturation, conditioning/deconditioning, and obesity) and neuromuscular diseases states [e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and muscular dystrophies]. In this article, we describe prior work and current evidence of EIM’s potential utility as a measure of muscle health in aging and geriatric medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Seward Rutkove
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Carlos J Padilla
- Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - W David Arnold
- Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Rutkove SB, Sanchez B. Electrical Impedance Methods in Neuromuscular Assessment: An Overview. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a034405. [PMID: 30291145 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance methods have been used as evaluation tools in biological and medical science for well over 100 years. However, only recently have these techniques been applied specifically to the evaluation of conditions affecting nerve and muscle. This specific application, termed electrical impedance myography (EIM), is finding wide application as it can provide a quantitative index of muscle condition that can assist with diagnosis, track disease progression, and assess the beneficial impact of therapy. Using noninvasive surface methods, EIM has been studied in a number of conditions ranging from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to muscular dystrophy to disuse atrophy. Data support that the technique is sensitive to disease status and can offer the possibility of performing clinical trials with fewer subjects than would otherwise be possible. Recent advances in the field include improved approaches for using EIM as a "virtual biopsy" and the development of combined needle impedance-electromyography technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seward B Rutkove
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Benjamin Sanchez
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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Concentric Ring Probe for Bioimpedance Spectroscopic Measurements: Design and Ex Vivo Feasibility Testing on Pork Oral Tissues. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18103378. [PMID: 30308986 PMCID: PMC6210762 DOI: 10.3390/s18103378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many oral diseases, such as oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia, which have a high potential for malignant transformations, cause abnormal structural changes in the oral mucosa. These changes are clinically assessed by visual inspection and palpation despite their poor accuracy and subjective nature. We hypothesized that non-invasive bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) might be a viable option to improve the diagnostics of potentially malignant lesions. In this study, we aimed to design and optimize the measurement setup and to conduct feasibility testing on pork oral tissues. The contact pressure between a custom-made concentric ring probe and tissue was experimentally optimized. The effects of loading time and inter-electrode spacing on BIS spectra were also clarified. Tissue differentiation testing was performed for ex vivo pork oral tissues including palatinum, buccal mucosa, fat, and muscle tissue samples. We observed that the most reproducible results were obtained by using a loading weight of 200 g and a fixed time period under press, which was necessary to allow meaningful quantitative comparison. All studied tissues showed their own unique spectra, accompanied by significant differences in both impedance magnitude and phase (p ≤ 0.014, Kruskal-Wallis test). BIS shows promise, and further studies are warranted to clarify its potential to detect specific pathological tissue alterations.
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Mayrovitz HN, Gildenberg SR, Spagna P, Killpack L, Altman DA. Characterizing the tissue dielectric constant of skin basal cell cancer lesions. Skin Res Technol 2018; 24:686-691. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. N. Mayrovitz
- College of Medical Sciences; Nova Southeastern University; Fort Lauderdale Florida
| | - S. R. Gildenberg
- St. Joseph Mercy Livingston Dermatology Residency Program; Detroit Michigan
| | - P. Spagna
- College of Osteopathic Medicine; Nova Southeastern University; Fort Lauderdale Florida
| | - L. Killpack
- St. Joseph Mercy Livingston Dermatology Residency Program; Detroit Michigan
| | - D. A. Altman
- St. Joseph Mercy Livingston Dermatology Residency Program; Detroit Michigan
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12
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Richter I, Alajbeg I, Boras VV, Rogulj AA, Brailo V. Mapping Electrical Impedance Spectra of the Healthy Oral Mucosa: a Pilot Study. Acta Stomatol Croat 2016; 49:331-9. [PMID: 27688418 DOI: 10.15644/asc49/4/9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electrical impedance is the resistance to the electric current flow through a tissue and depends on the tissue's structure and chemical composition. The aim of this study was to map electrical impedance spectra for each region of the healthy oral mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electrical impedance was measured in 30 participants with healthy oral mucosa. Measurements were performed in 14 points on the right and the left side of the oral cavity, and repeated after 7 and 14 days respectively. RESULTS The lowest values were measured on the tongue dorsum and the highest values were measured on the hard palate. No significant differences were found between the right and the left side. Significantly higher values were found in females on the upper labial mucosa, tongue dorsum and the ventral tongue. Significant difference between smokers and non-smokers on the lower labial mucosa and floor of the mouth was found. Electrical impedance was negatively correlated with salivary flow on the upper labial mucosa, hard palate, tongue dorsum and sublingual mucosa. Higher variability of measurements was found at low frequencies. CONCLUSIONS Electrical impedance mostly depends on the degree of mucosal keratinization. Demographic and clinical factors probably affect its values. Further studies with bigger number of participants are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Richter
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Alajbeg
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vanja Vučićević Boras
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Andabak Rogulj
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vlaho Brailo
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
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Nagaoka T. Recent Advances in Diagnostic Technologies for Melanoma. ADVANCED BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.14326/abe.5.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagaoka
- Department of Computational System Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University
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Hung CY, Sun PL, Chiang SJ, Jaw FS. In vitro differential diagnosis of clavus and verruca by a predictive model generated from electrical impedance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93647. [PMID: 24705282 PMCID: PMC3976310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Similar clinical appearances prevent accurate diagnosis of two common skin diseases, clavus and verruca. In this study, electrical impedance is employed as a novel tool to generate a predictive model for differentiating these two diseases. Materials and Methods We used 29 clavus and 28 verruca lesions. To obtain impedance parameters, a LCR-meter system was applied to measure capacitance (C), resistance (Re), impedance magnitude (Z), and phase angle (θ). These values were combined with lesion thickness (d) to characterize the tissue specimens. The results from clavus and verruca were then fitted to a univariate logistic regression model with the generalized estimating equations (GEE) method. In model generation, log ZSD and θSD were formulated as predictors by fitting a multiple logistic regression model with the same GEE method. The potential nonlinear effects of covariates were detected by fitting generalized additive models (GAM). Moreover, the model was validated by the goodness-of-fit (GOF) assessments. Results Significant mean differences of the index d, Re, Z, and θ are found between clavus and verruca (p<0.001). A final predictive model is established with Z and θ indices. The model fits the observed data quite well. In GOF evaluation, the area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve is 0.875 (>0.7), the adjusted generalized R2 is 0.512 (>0.3), and the p value of the Hosmer-Lemeshow GOF test is 0.350 (>0.05). Conclusions This technique promises to provide an approved model for differential diagnosis of clavus and verruca. It could provide a rapid, relatively low-cost, safe and non-invasive screening tool in clinic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ya Hung
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jen Chiang
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Shan Jaw
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Sanchez B, Bandarenka AS, Vandersteen G, Schoukens J, Bragos R. Novel approach of processing electrical bioimpedance data using differential impedance analysis. Med Eng Phys 2013; 35:1349-57. [PMID: 23601379 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this manuscript is to present a new methodology for real time analysis of time-varying electrical bioimpedance data. The approach assumes that the Fricke-Morse model of living tissues is meaningful and valid within the measured frequency range (10 kHz to 1 MHz). The parameters of this model are estimated in the whole frequency range with the presented method based on differential impedance analysis (DIA). The numerical accuracy of the developed approach has been validated and compared to complex nonlinear least square (CNLS) approach through simulations and also with experimental data from in vivo time-varying human lung tissue bioimpedance. The new developed method has demonstrated a promising performance for fast and easily interpretable information in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sanchez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electronica, Universitat Politecnica Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona 08034, Spain.
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16
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Habibi M, Olasz EB, Klemer DP. Two-dimensional dielectric imaging for dermatologic screening: a feasibility study. Skin Res Technol 2011; 18:324-31. [PMID: 22092364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The diagnosis of skin neoplasia can be very challenging, given the low sensitivity and specificity of traditional methods of diagnosis which are based on visual appearance. Techniques which are based on the dielectric properties of cells can improve the diagnostic accuracy of screening techniques; as an example, point-contact coaxial probes for dielectric measurement can improve diagnostic accuracy. Unfortunately, these probes are not well suited for two-dimensional spatial imaging of the skin surface, given that they must be manually scanned over the skin surface. METHODS/RESULTS An electronic scanning probe was developed and fabricated to simulate an open-ended coaxial probe suitable for two-dimensional dielectric imaging of human skin in real time. A clinical study was undertaken to demonstrate proof-of-concept for the instrumentation. A select group of normal healthy subjects as well as a subject with diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma participated in this study. The electronic scanning probe was found to be a potentially useful tool for providing two-dimensional images from diseased skin. CONCLUSION The electronic scanning probe used for the present study addresses existing limitations with current coaxial probes. Measurements of healthy and diseased areas of skin are provided to illustrate the feasibility of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Habibi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
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17
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Aberg P, Birgersson U, Elsner P, Mohr P, Ollmar S. Electrical impedance spectroscopy and the diagnostic accuracy for malignant melanoma. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:648-52. [PMID: 21539620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accuracy of diagnosis of skin cancer and especially of early malignant melanoma is most important to reduce its morbidity and mortality. Previous pilot studies using electrical impedance measurements indicate statistically significant accuracies for the detection of skin cancer. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to investigate the accuracy of electrical impedance spectra to distinguish between malignant melanoma and benign skin lesions using an automated classification algorithm. PATIENTS/METHODS Electrical impedance spectra were measured in a multi-centre study at 12 clinics around Europe. Data from 285 histologically analysed lesions were used to train an algorithm to sort out lesions for automatic detection of melanoma. Another data cohort of 210 blinded lesions (148 various benign lesions and 62 malignant melanomas where 38 being from Breslow thickness ≤1 mm) from 183 patients was thereafter used to estimate the accuracy of the technique. RESULTS Observed sensitivity to malignant melanoma is 95% (59/62) and observed specificity 49% (72/148). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that electrical impedance spectra can distinguish between malignant melanoma and benign skin lesions. Although it is indicated that the accuracy of the device is clinically promising, the overall performance, and the sensitivity to thin malignant melanomas, must be improved and thoroughly validated before the instrument can be used as a routine stand-alone diagnostic decision support tool. The technique is under revision to further improve the reproducibility, specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aberg
- Division of Imaging and Technology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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18
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Mogensen M, Jemec GBE. Diagnosis of nonmelanoma skin cancer/keratinocyte carcinoma: a review of diagnostic accuracy of nonmelanoma skin cancer diagnostic tests and technologies. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33:1158-74. [PMID: 17903149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.33251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most prevalent cancer in the light-skinned population. Noninvasive treatment is increasingly used for NMSC patients with superficial lesions, making the development of noninvasive diagnostic technologies highly relevant. OBJECTIVE The scope of this review is to present data on the current state-of-the-art diagnostic methods for keratinocyte carcinoma: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis. METHODS AND MATERIALS MEDLINE, BIOSIS, and EMBASE searches on NMSC and physical and clinical examination, biopsy, molecular marker, ultrasonography, Doppler, optical coherence tomography, dermoscopy, spectroscopy, fluorescence imaging, confocal microscopy, positron emission tomography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, terahertz imaging, electrical impedance and sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS State-of-the-art diagnostic research has been limited in this field, but encouraging results from the reviewed diagnostic trials have suggested a high diagnostic accuracy for many of the technologies. Most of the studies, however, were pilot or small studies and the results would need to be validated in larger trials. CONCLUSIONS Some of these new imaging technologies have the capability of providing new, three-dimensional in vivo, in situ understanding of NMSC development over time. Some of the new technologies described here have the potential to make it from the bench to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Mogensen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.
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19
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20
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Huber D, Talary M, Dewarrat F, Caduff A. The compensation of perturbing temperature fluctuation in glucose monitoring technologies based on impedance spectroscopy. Med Biol Eng Comput 2007; 45:863-76. [PMID: 17661101 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-007-0229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive glucose monitoring techniques based on impedance spectroscopy are affected by a variety of perturbing effects. In order to use the impedance as a glucose measure, these perturbing effects need to be quantified and compensated. Since effects induced by temperature fluctuations certainly rank among the severest perturbations, a clinical study was carried out to establish whether temperature, as a perturbing factor, could be compensated for in impedance spectroscopy. The results as well as a concept allowing for the compensation of perturbing temperature fluctuations are presented here. The compensation technique described is a generic approach that, in principle, can be applied to compensate most perturbation effects provided that there are now multiplicative interactions between the variable of interest (in our case the glucose) and the perturbations. The results allow for the determination of the minimum required sensitivity of an impedance spectrometer to glucose in order to be operational in home-use conditions. Furthermore, the data can be used to estimate if a universal temperature compensation can be applied or if an individual calibration is necessary. For instance, applying a universal temperature compensation and requiring an application range of +/-5 degrees C, the minimum required sensitivity of the minimum impedance and frequency in a sensor-skin RLC circuit to resolve glucose variations equivalent to 10 mg/dl is 0.85 Omega/mg/dl and 0.14 MHz/mg/dl, respectively. The sensitivity requirements reduce by about a factor 1.6, if for each subject an individual calibration is carried out. Depending on the measure and the calibration procedure, the required sensitivities are a factor 3-50 greater than those reported in the literature. Thus, in order to be operational in home-use conditions, the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of existing impedance-based monitoring platforms using RLC circuits need to be improved by about one order of magnitude. In order to make non-invasive glucose monitoring possible we, therefore, suggest some measures that may improve the S/N by the required factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Huber
- Solianis Monitoring AG, Leutschenbachstrasse 46, 8050 Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Brown BH, Gonzalez-Correa CA, Bremner J, Tidy JA. Impedance spectral measurements made through a membrane infection barrier. Med Biol Eng Comput 2006; 44:1085-91. [PMID: 17093953 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-006-0126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Impedance spectra of superficial tissues can be used to detect pre-malignant changes in the cervix but require electrical contact to be made between a probe and the tissue. Using a membrane which is permeable to ions but forms a barrier to agents of infection should enable impedance spectra to be measured without causing an infection risk to the patient. The properties required of such a membrane are considered and measurements on two suitable membranes are presented. It is shown that impedance spectra can be measured through a thin natural cellulose based membrane (Cuprophan) and that these are not significantly different from directly measured spectra. The ability of the membranes to block a virus is tested using expired polio virus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Brown
- Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S102JF, UK.
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Har-Shai Y, Glickman YA, Siller G, McLeod R, Topaz M, Howe C, Ginzburg A, Zamir B, Filo O, Kenan G, Ullmann Y. Electrical impedance scanning for melanoma diagnosis: a validation study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 116:782-90. [PMID: 16141816 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000176258.52201.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multicenter study was conducted to test the ability of electrical impedance scanning to differentiate between benign and malignant skin lesions. The performance of a dual electrical impedance scanning/image analysis device was also assessed. METHODS Electrical impedance scanning measurements of 449 preoperative lesions found on 382 patients and including 53 melanomas from the trunk and extremities were performed. Results were correlated with histopathologic findings. In addition, ABCD parameters for the lesions were automatically calculated by the system. RESULTS Electrical impedance scanning detected melanomas of the trunk and extremities with 91 percent sensitivity and 64 percent specificity. Moreover, sensitivity of electrical impedance scanning was increased to 100 percent for in situ and thin melanomas of smaller size (n = 27). Visual examination identified as malignant only 67 percent of these early tumors (p = 0.002). Clinical examination detected 96 percent of the larger or thicker melanomas (n = 26), whereas electrical impedance scanning detected only 81 percent of them. Combined electrical impedance scanning and image analysis detected 100 percent of the melanomas, independent of their thickness, and with no significant decrease of specificity. Because of electrical differences between the head/neck and the rest of the body, the assessed electrical impedance scanning parameters were not adequate for the diagnosis of melanomas from the head and neck. CONCLUSIONS A validation study proved the value of electrical impedance scanning as a noninvasive technique for detection of melanoma lesions of the trunk and extremities, specifically, of in situ and thin type. In addition, image analysis was shown to be a valuable, complementary procedure. New parameters should be designed to optimize the performance of electrical impedance scanning for melanomas of the head and neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Har-Shai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Linn Medical Center, TransScan Medical Ltd., Haifa, Israel.
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Aberg P, Geladi P, Nicander I, Hansson J, Holmgren U, Ollmar S. Non-invasive and microinvasive electrical impedance spectra of skin cancer - a comparison between two techniques. Skin Res Technol 2006; 11:281-6. [PMID: 16221145 DOI: 10.1111/j.0909-725x.2005.00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Bio-electrical impedance spectra of skin cancer and other lesions can be assessed using both regular non-invasive probes and a novel type of microinvasive electrode system with a surface furnished with tiny spikes that penetrate stratum corneum. The aim of the study was to compare the accuracy of detection for various types of skin cancer using impedance spectra measured with these two different electrode systems in an objective way without optimising the power of discrimination. METHODS Impedance spectra of 99 benign nevi, 28 basal cell carcinomas (BCC), and 13 malignant melanomas (MM) were measured using the two electrode systems. Classification of the lesions was made using Fisher's linear discriminant, and the sensitivities and specificities of the techniques were estimated using cross-validation. RESULTS The best separation between nevi and BCC was achieved using the regular non-invasive probe (96% sensitivity and 86% specificity), whereas the best separation between nevi and MM was achieved using the microinvasive electrodes (92% sensitivity and 80% specificity). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the choice of electrode system is application dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aberg
- Division of Medical Engineering, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Kuzmina N, Talme T, Lapins J, Emtestam L. Non-invasive preoperative assessment of basal cell carcinoma of nodular and superficial types. Skin Res Technol 2005; 11:196-200. [PMID: 15998331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2005.00120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Although various biophysical properties can be used to distinguish basal cell carcinoma (BCC) tissue from normal skin, none permits typing of the tumour. In this study, we assessed nodular (NBCC) and superficial (SBCC) types of BCC using three different non-invasive instruments and placed special emphasis on their clinical value as diagnostic tools. METHODS We included 35 patients with 35 tumours (15 NBCC and 20 SBCC), which had been diagnosed clinically. All lesions were evaluated preoperatively with an instrument measuring electrical impedance (IMP). Methods for determining transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and laser Doppler (LD) were also used. Measurements were also made in healthy skin on the contralateral side as reference. The diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination. RESULTS We found clear differences between the lesions and their reference values, using all three bioengineering techniques for NBCC and SBCC. The biophysical parameters of all types vary with anatomical location. Since most of the NBCC were located on the face and most SBCC on the trunk, their baseline impedance characteristics (i.e., impedance indices magnitude index (MIX) and imaginary part index (IMIX)) differed significantly. We therefore compared delta (a difference between the reference and tumour) MIX and IMIX of NBCC and SBCC instead of the absolute figures. We found no significant differences in TEWL, blood flow and IMP between the two types of BCC and attribute this to biological variation and electromagnetic noise. CONCLUSIONS As with LD and TEWL, definite differences in IMP were detected between healthy skin and BCC lesions. However, at this stage of development of the bioimpedance technique, we were unable to distinguish between the two types of BCC. An improved IMP device with semi- invasive probes or a more sophisticated type of data analysis may increase the diagnostic usefulness of the IMP method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kuzmina
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Aberg P, Nicander I, Hansson J, Geladi P, Holmgren U, Ollmar S. Skin cancer identification using multifrequency electrical impedance--a potential screening tool. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2005; 51:2097-102. [PMID: 15605856 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2004.836523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Electrical bio-impedance can be used to assess skin cancers and other cutaneous lesions. The aim of this study was to distinguish skin cancer from benign nevi using multifrequency impedance spectra. Electrical impedance spectra of about 100 skin cancers and 511 benign nevi were measured. Impedance of reference skin was measured ipsi-laterally to the lesions. The impedance relation between lesion and reference skin was used to distinguish the cancers from the nevi. It was found that it is possible to separate malignant melanoma from benign nevi with 75% specificity at 100% sensitivity, and to distinguish nonmelanoma skin cancer from benign nevi with 87% specificity at 100% sensitivity. The power of skin cancer detection using electrical impedance is as good as, or better than, conventional visual screening made by general practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aberg
- Division of Medical Engineering, Karolinska Institutet, Novum Research Park, SE-14186 Huddinge, Sweden.
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