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Papaioannou TG, Kalantzis C, Katsianos E, Sanoudou D, Vavuranakis M, Tousoulis D. Personalized Assessment of the Coronary Atherosclerotic Arteries by Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging: Hunting the Vulnerable Plaque. J Pers Med 2019; 9:jpm9010008. [PMID: 30682871 PMCID: PMC6463043 DOI: 10.3390/jpm9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The term “vulnerable plaque” is commonly used to refer to an atherosclerotic plaque that is prone to rupture and the formation of thrombosis, which can lead to several cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Coronary artery atherosclerosis has a wide variety of different phenotypes among patients who may have a substantially variable risk for plaque rupture and cardiovascular events. Mounting evidence has proposed three distinctive histopathological mechanisms: plaque rupture, plaque erosion and calcified nodules. Studies have demonstrated the characteristics of plaques with high vulnerability such as the presence of a thin fibrous cap, a necrotic lipid-rich core, abundant infiltrating macrophages and neovascularization. However, traditional coronary angiographic imaging fails to determine plaque vulnerability features, and its ability to individualize treatment strategies is limited. In recent decades, catheter-based intravascular ultrasound imaging (IVUS) modalities have been developed to identify vulnerable plaques and ultimately vulnerable patients. The aim is to individualize prediction, prevention and treatment of acute coronary events based on the identification of specific features of high-risk atherosclerotic plaques, and to identify the most appropriate interventional procedures for their treatment. In this context, the aim of this review is to discuss how personalized assessment of coronary atherosclerotic arteries can be achieved by intravascular ultrasound imaging focusing on vulnerable plaque detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore G Papaioannou
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Charalampos Kalantzis
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Efstratios Katsianos
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, "Attikon" Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece.
| | - Manolis Vavuranakis
- Third Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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Kazuma SM, Sultan D, Zhao Y, Detering L, You M, Luehmann HP, Abdalla DSP, Liu Y. Recent Advances of Radionuclide-Based Molecular Imaging of Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 21:5267-76. [PMID: 26369676 DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666150915104529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease characterized by the development of multifocal plaque lesions within vessel walls and extending into the vascular lumen. The disease takes decades to develop symptomatic lesions, affording opportunities for accurate detection of plaque progression, analysis of risk factors responsible for clinical events, and planning personalized treatment. Of the available molecular imaging modalities, radionuclidebased imaging strategies have been favored due to their sensitivity, quantitative detection and pathways for translational research. This review summarizes recent advances of radiolabeled small molecules, peptides, antibodies and nanoparticles for atherosclerotic plaque imaging during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongjian Liu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States.
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Papaioannou TG, Schizas D, Vavuranakis M, Katsarou O, Soulis D, Stefanadis C. Quantification of new structural features of coronary plaques by computational post-hoc analysis of virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound images. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2012; 17:643-51. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2012.713940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kwon OK, Kim SH, Jacobsen EA, Marks MP. Clinical implications of internal carotid artery flow impairment caused by filter occlusion during carotid artery stenting. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011; 33:494-9. [PMID: 22173773 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Membrane filters are EPDs, which preserve ICA flow during CAS. However, ICA flow arrest may occur with filter use. This report describes the angiographic, clinical, and histopathologic features of the filter occlusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-one consecutive patients with cervical carotid stenosis treated by CAS by using a single type of filter device were evaluated. All patients were on dual antiplatelet treatment and fully heparinized. Prestent dilation was performed in all patients. Poststent dilation was performed in 15 patients. Control angiograms were obtained and evaluated after each step of the CAS procedure. All filters were inspected for debris, and if present, histology was obtained. RESULTS CAS was successfully performed in all cases with <20% residual stenosis. Filter occlusion occurred in 6 patients (9.8%). It developed immediately after stent deployment in 4, and after a second prestent dilation in 2. Five of the 6 had severe carotid stenosis. In all patients, filter withdrawal led to immediate and complete restoration of ICA flow. In 1 patient, acute embolic M1 occlusion occurred immediately after filter withdrawal but was successfully treated with thrombolysis. None of filter-occlusion group had permanent neurologic deficits. Gross and microscopic examinations demonstrated that the pores of the filters were occluded mainly by fibrin. Postoperative diffusion MR imaging revealed no difference between filter-occlusion and non-filter-occlusion groups. CONCLUSIONS ICA flow arrest due to filter occlusion during CAS is relatively common and occurs more frequently in severe stenosis. It resolves rapidly after filter removal and does not appear to worsen outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- O-K Kwon
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, South Korea
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Toutouzas K, Grassos H, Synetos A, Drakopoulou M, Tsiamis E, Moldovan C, Agrogiannis G, Patsouris E, Siores E, Stefanadis C. A new non-invasive method for detection of local inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques: experimental application of microwave radiometry. Atherosclerosis 2010; 215:82-9. [PMID: 21256490 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Toutouzas
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
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Hudson PA, Kim MS, Carroll JD. Coronary ischemia and percutaneous intervention. Cardiovasc Pathol 2009; 19:12-21. [PMID: 19200756 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The interventional treatment of ischemia is a complex issue grounded on an understanding of basic pathophysiology, but translated and implemented in practice by extensive clinical trial data representing patients with a spectrum of ischemia-causing clinical syndromes and anatomical variations of coronary artery disease (CAD). Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has evolved to treat ischemia within this matrix of clinical and anatomical subsets using a wide array of techniques. Initial techniques using balloon angioplasty were promising, but demonstrated significant rates of restenosis due to negative arterial remodeling. The advent of stent technology prevented arterial recoil and provided a viable treatment for flow-limiting coronary dissections, thereby facilitating improved long-term patency of coronary vessels without the need for repeat revascularization. In-stent restenosis has been successfully addressed with drug elution, but late stent thrombosis has emerged as a complex issue involving dual antiplatelet therapy, patient compliance, and reexamination of the delicate balance between reducing restenosis and promoting endothelial proliferation. Finally, complex coronary lesions associated with heavy calcification or extensive plaque/thrombus burden that introduce unique challenges in obtaining ideal angiographic results have led to the development of new debulking devices aimed at optimizing procedural outcomes. This review will describe a variety of percutaneous coronary interventional techniques and technologies that are employed in the invasive treatment of ischemia under the guidance of clinical guidelines and evidence-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Hudson
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado-Denver, 12401 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Kips JG, Segers P, Van Bortel LM. Identifying the vulnerable plaque: A review of invasive and non-invasive imaging modalities. Artery Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Cheruvu PK, Finn AV, Gardner C, Caplan J, Goldstein J, Stone GW, Virmani R, Muller JE. Frequency and Distribution of Thin-Cap Fibroatheroma and Ruptured Plaques in Human Coronary Arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:940-9. [PMID: 17765120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our purpose was to quantify the frequency and distribution of suspected vulnerable lesions, defined as thin-capped fibroatheroma (TCFA) and ruptured plaque, in human coronary artery autopsy specimens. BACKGROUND Most acute coronary events and sudden death are believed to arise from rupture of a TCFA followed by thrombosis. Although there is general agreement that clinical events are usually caused by focal lesions, there is considerable debate over the relative importance of focal versus systemic factors in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. METHODS We longitudinally sectioned coronary arteries from 50 whole hearts taken from patients (mean age 73 years, 64% men) dying of cardiovascular (n = 33), noncardiovascular (n = 13), and unknown (n = 4) causes. A total of 3,639 longitudinal segments of length 3 mm were sectioned from 148 arteries, accounting for 10.9 m of total tissue length. Specimens were classified on the basis of histology and computer-aided morphometry. RESULTS Twenty-three TCFA and 19 ruptured plaques were found (mean +/- SD: 0.46 +/- 0.95 and 0.38 +/- 0.70 per heart, respectively), and these lesions accounted for only 1.6% and 1.2%, respectively, of the total length of the coronary tree examined in patients dying of cardiovascular causes. The majority of TCFA and ruptured plaque localized in the proximal third of the major coronary arteries, and in 92% of cases these lesions clustered within 2 or fewer nonoverlapping 20-mm segments. CONCLUSIONS The suspected precursors of rupture-mediated thrombosis occur in a limited, focal distribution in the coronary arteries.
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Broz P, Marsch S, Hunziker P. Targeting of Vulnerable Plaque Macrophages with Polymer-Based Nanostructures. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2007; 17:190-6. [PMID: 17662913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key cellular elements of atherosclerotic plaque pathogenesis and are a significant risk factor for plaque rupture. Current diagnostic techniques for the detection of plaque macrophages are often limited by insufficient sensitivity and selectivity and have not reached broad clinical practice until now. Supramolecular nanometer-sized structures such as conjugates, nanoparticles, micelles, or vesicles built from novel polymers promise to be useful in cell-specific delivery and may be of particular value for the detection and treatment of vulnerable plaque macrophages. Key properties of polymer-based nanostructures are high stability, improved biocompatibility, long circulation half-lives, defined biodegradation, targeting moieties, and triggerable controlled release. This review gives an insight into several promising research projects with polymer-based nanostructures for macrophage detection or treatment that might enter cardiologic practice in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Broz
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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Sethuraman S, Aglyamov SR, Amirian JH, Smalling RW, Emelianov SY. Intravascular photoacoustic imaging using an IVUS imaging catheter. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2007; 54:978-86. [PMID: 17523562 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2007.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Catheter-based imaging of atherosclerosis with high resolution, albeit invasive, is extremely important for screening and characterization of vulnerable plaques. Currently, there is a need for an imaging technique capable of providing comprehensive morphological and functional information of plaques. In this paper, we present an intravascular photoacoustic imaging technique to characterize vulnerable plaques by using optical absorption contrast between normal tissue and atherosclerotic lesions. Specifically, we investigate the feasibility of obtaining intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) images using a high-frequency intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging catheter. Indeed, the combination of IVPA imaging with clinically available IVUS imaging may provide desired functional and morphological assessment of the plaque. The imaging studies were performed with tissue-mimicking arterial vessel phantoms and excised samples of rabbit artery. The results of our study suggest that catheter-based intravascular photoacoustic imaging is possible, and the combination of IVPA with IVUS has the potential to detect and differentiate atherosclerosis based on both the structure and composition of the plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriram Sethuraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Canyigit M, Arat A, Cil BE, Sahin G, Turkbey B, Elibol B. Management of Vertebral Stenosis Complicated by Presence of Acute Thrombus. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2006; 30:317-20. [PMID: 16988872 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-006-0016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 44-year-old male presented with multiple punctate acute infarcts of the vertebrobasilar circulation and a computed tomographic angiogram showing stenosis of the right vertebral origin. A digital subtraction angiogram demonstrated a new intraluminal filling defect at the origin of the stenotic vertebral artery where antegrade flow was maintained. This filling defect was accepted to be an acute thrombus of the vertebral origin, most likely due to rupture of a vulnerable plaque. The patient was treated with intravenous heparin. A control angiogram revealed dissolution of the acute thrombus under anticoagulation and the patient was treated with stenting with distal protection. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated no additional acute ischemic lesions. We were unable to find a similar report in the English literature documenting successful management of an acute vertebral ostial thrombus with anticoagulation. Anticoagulation might be considered prior to endovascular treatment of symptomatic vertebral stenoses complicated by the presence of acute thrombus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Canyigit
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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Wang JC, Normand SLT, Mauri L, Kuntz RE. Coronary artery spatial distribution of acute myocardial infarction occlusions. Circulation 2004; 110:278-84. [PMID: 15249505 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000135468.67850.f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute coronary occlusions leading to ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMIs) are due primarily to rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. Present "vulnerable plaque" detection technology focuses on identifying individual plaques with no clear therapeutic plan beyond conventional risk factor reduction. We developed a spatial map of the distribution of acute coronary occlusions to test our hypothesis that plaque ruptures do not occur uniformly throughout the coronary tree. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed 208 consecutive patients who presented to the Brigham and Women's Hospital with STEMI and mapped the location of the acute coronary occlusion. These occlusions were not uniformly distributed throughout each of the major epicardial coronary arteries but tended to cluster within the proximal third of each of the vessels (right coronary artery, P=0.001; left anterior descending artery, P=0.003; left circumflex artery, P=0.001). Furthermore, Poisson regression showed that for each 10-mm increase in distance from the ostium, the risk of an acute coronary occlusion was significantly decreased by 13% in the right coronary artery, 30% in the left anterior descending artery, and 26% in the left circumflex artery. CONCLUSIONS Acute coronary occlusions leading to STEMI tend to cluster in predictable "hot spots" within the proximal third of the coronary arteries. Identification of these high-risk zones for acute coronary occlusions will lead to future advances in vulnerable plaque detection technology and potentially locally directed preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Wang
- Division of Clinical Biometrics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02116, USA
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