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Deck SL, Paterson HM. Credibility and Event Frequency: Assessing the Credibility of Adults Who Recall a Repeated Event Using Reality Monitoring. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Deck SL, Paterson HM. Liars are perceived as more credible than truth‐tellers who recall a repeated event. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Deck
- The University of Sydney, The School of Psychology Camperdown New South Wales Australia
| | - Helen M. Paterson
- The University of Sydney, The School of Psychology Camperdown New South Wales Australia
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Wojciechowski BW, Gräns M, Lidén M. A true denial or a false confession? Assessing veracity of suspects' statements using MASAM and SVA. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198211. [PMID: 29856813 PMCID: PMC5983565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research on statement analysis has mainly concerned accounts by witnesses and plaintiffs. In our studies we examined true and false statements as told by offenders. It was hypothesized that SVA and MASAM techniques would enhance the ability to discriminate between true and false offenders' statements. Truthful and deceptive statements (confessions and denials) were collected from Swedish and Polish criminal case files. In Experiment 1, Swedish law students (N = 39) were asked to assess the veracity of statements either after training in and usage of MASAM or without any training and using their own judgements. In Experiment 2, Polish psychology students (N = 34) assessed veracity after training in and usage of either MASAM or SVA or without prior training using their own judgements. The veracity assessments of participants who used MASAM and SVA were significantly more correct than the assessments of participants that used their own judgements. Results show, that trained coders are much better at distinguishing between truths and lies than lay evaluators. There were significant difference between total scores of truthful and false statements for both total SVA and MASAM and it can be concluded that both veracity assessment techniques are useful in assessing veracity. It was also found, that the content criteria most strongly associated with correct assessments were: logical structure, contextual embedding, self-depreciation, volume of statement, contextual setting and descriptions of relations. The results are discussed in relation to statement analysis of offenders' accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minna Gräns
- Faculty of Law, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Moa Lidén
- Faculty of Law, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Weinsheimer CC, Coburn PI, Chong K, MacLean CL, Connolly DA. Perceptions of Credibility for a Memory Report of a Single Versus Repeated Event. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristin Chong
- Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Carla L. MacLean
- Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- Kwantlen Polytechnic University; Surrey British Columbia Canada
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Morales C, Manzanero AL, Wong A, Gómez-Gutiérrez M, Iglesias AM, Barón S, Álvarez M. Stability of autobiographical memory in young people with intellectual disabilities. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA JURÍDICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apj.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Anderson L, Gross J, Sonne T, Zajac R, Hayne H. Where There's Smoke, There's Fire: the Effect of Truncated Testimony on Juror Decision-making. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2016; 34:200-217. [PMID: 26879737 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In countries that allow child complainants of abuse to present their direct evidence via pre-recorded videotape, the recording is sometimes truncated for relevance or admissibility purposes before it is presented to the jury. In two experiments, we investigated how this practice affects mock jurors' judgments of child credibility and defendant culpability when truncation omitted the child's less plausible allegations. Mock jurors read a transcript of a 6-year-old girl making an abuse allegation against the janitor at her school. Some jurors read this allegation only (truncated version), while others also read either one or two additional - but less plausible - allegations by the same child. Contrary to what we predicted, the presence of these additional allegations did not decrease jurors' belief in the core allegation, nor did it influence their judgments about the child complainant's honesty or cognitive competence. In fact, under at least one condition, reading additional, less plausible allegations made jurors more likely to pronounce the defendant guilty of the core allegation - even when jurors did not believe the additional allegations. This finding stands in stark contrast to prior research on jurors' evaluation of adults' testimony that includes implausible details. Future research in this area will help to elucidate the conditions under which the presentation of truncated testimony may or may not influence juror decision-making. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakin Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Julien Gross
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Trine Sonne
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rachel Zajac
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Harlene Hayne
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Warren KL, Bakhtiar A, Mulrooney B, Raynor G, Dodd E, Peterson C. Adults' Detection of Deception in Children: Effect of Coaching and Age for Children's True and Fabricated Reports of Injuries. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2015; 33:784-800. [PMID: 26549017 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A total of 1,074 undergraduates judged the truthfulness of children's interviews (from verbatim transcripts) about experiencing injuries serious enough to require hospital emergency room treatment. Ninety-six children (three age groups: 5-7, 8-10, and 11-14 years, 50% girls) were interviewed. At each age, 16 children told truthful accounts of actual injury experiences and 16 fabricated their reports, with half of each group coached by parents for the previous 4 days. Lies by 5- to 7-year-olds, whether coached or not, were detected at above-chance levels. In contrast, 8- to 10-year-olds' accounts that were coached, whether true or not, were more likely to be believed. For 11- to 14-year-olds, adults were less likely to accurately judge lies if they were coached. The believability of children aged 8 or above who were coached to lie is particularly disturbing in light of the finding that participants were more confident in the accuracy of their veracity decisions when judging coached reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Warren
- Psychology Program, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 20 University Drive, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada
| | | | | | - Graham Raynor
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Elyse Dodd
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Abstract
In 1989, Steller and Köhnken presented a systematic compilation of content characteristics for distinguishing between truthful and fabricated testimonies (criteria-based content analysis – CBCA) designed to be applied within a more comprehensive overall diagnostic procedure known as statement validity assessment (SVA; Steller, 1989 ). The subsequent 25 years have seen a marked increase in knowledge about the distinction between experience-based and non-experience-based statements. This supports the SVA approach and permits a better explanation of the underlying processes. The rationale of CBCA is that a true statement differs in content quality from a fabricated account because (a) a truth teller can draw on an episodic autobiographical representation containing a multitude of details, whereas a liar has to relate to scripts containing only general details of an event; and (b) a liar is busier with strategic self-presentation than a truth teller. The present article proposes a modified model of content characteristics that pays greater attention than before to these underlying processes. SVA takes into account that content quality is influenced not only by the veracity of a statement but also by other (personal and contextual) variables that need to be considered in the individual credibility assessment. Theoretical analyses and empirical research do not indicate comparable qualitative differences between true statements and those based on false memories. Witnesses giving testimony based on false memories do not fabricate false statements actively, and they make no effort to conceal a deception; they are not deceiving but mistaken. In these cases, a noncritical application of content criteria can lead to false results. To examine the hypothesis that a statement is based on a false memory, it is necessary to focus on the way in which the statement has emerged and evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Volbert
- Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Steller
- Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, Charité, Berlin, Germany
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Brunet MK, Evans AD, Talwar V, Bala N, Lindsay RCL, Lee K. How Children Report True and Fabricated Stressful and Non-Stressful Events. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2013; 20:867-881. [PMID: 24659903 PMCID: PMC3961750 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2012.750896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As children can be victims or witnesses to crimes and may be required to testify about their experiences in court, the ability to differentiate between children's true and fabricated accounts of victimization is an important issue. This study used automated linguistic analysis software to detect linguistic patterns in order to differentiate between children's true and false stressful bullying reports and reports of non-stressful events. Results revealed that children displayed different linguistic patterns when reporting true and false stressful and non-stressful stories, with non-stressful stories being more accurately discriminated based on linguistic patterns. Results suggest that it is difficult to discriminate accurately and consistently between children's true and false stories of victimization.
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Salmon K, Brown DA. Medical Settings as a Context for Research on Cognitive Development. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2013.772514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Warren KL, Dodd E, Raynor G, Peterson C. Detecting children's lies: comparing true accounts about highly stressful injuries with unprepared, prepared, and coached lies. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2012; 30:329-341. [PMID: 22566366 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, 514 university students judged whether children were telling the truth about highly emotional events. Eight children (half female, half 8-9 and the remainder 12-14 years old) had been injured seriously enough to require emergency room treatment and were interviewed a few days later. Each was yoked to three other children matched in age and gender who fabricated accounts under one of three conditions: lies that were unprepared, prepared (24 hours to prepare), and coached by parents. Participants were at chance when judging true accounts as well as unprepared and prepared lies. However, 74% of the coached lies were judged as true. Participants' confidence in their judgments, age, experience with children, and relevant coursework/training did not improve judgments.
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Feltis BB, Powell MB, Roberts KP. The effect of event repetition on the production of story grammar in children's event narratives. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2011; 35:180-187. [PMID: 21481456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the effect of event repetition on the amount and nature of story-grammar produced by children when recalling the event. METHOD Children aged 4 years (N=50) and 7 years (N=56) participated in either 1 or 6 occurrences of a highly similar event where details varied across the occurrences. Half the children in each age and event group recalled the last/single occurrence 5-6 days later and the other half recalled the last/single occurrence after 5-6 weeks (the final and single occurrence was the same). Children's free recall responses were classified according to the number and proportion of story-grammar elements (Stein & Glenn, 1979-setting, initiating event, internal response, plan, attempt, direct consequence, and resolution) as well as the prevalence of causal links between the individual story-grammar elements. RESULTS More story-grammar detail and more links between individual story-grammar elements were reported about the final compared to single occurrence. The amount of story-grammar increased with age and decreased over time. Further, an interaction was revealed such that the effect of retention interval on the production of story-grammar was negligible for older children who experienced the repeated event. CONCLUSIONS Event repetition has a beneficial effect on the production of children's story-grammar content in situations where event details varied from occasion to occasion. This study highlights the importance of eliciting free recall when conducting evidential interviews with child witnesses about repeated events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke B Feltis
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
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Blandón-Gitlin I, Pezdek K, Lindsay DS, Hagen L. Criteria-based content analysis of true and suggested accounts of events. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Connolly DA, Price HL, Lavoie JAA, Gordon HM. Perceptions and predictors of children's credibility of a unique event and an instance of a repeated event. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2008; 32:92-112. [PMID: 17253152 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-006-9083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Perceptions of children's credibility were studied in two experiments wherein participants watched a videotape of a 4- to 5- or a 6- to 7-year old child report details of a play session that had been experienced once (single-event) or was the last in a series of four similar play sessions (repeat-event). The child's report was classified as high or low accurate. In Experiments 1 and 2, reports of repeat-event children were judged to be less believable on several measures. In Experiment 1, younger children were viewed as less credible than older children. In both experiments, neither undergraduates nor community members correctly discriminated between high- and low-accurate reports. Content analysis in Study 3 revealed the relationship between age and event frequency and children's credibility ratings was mediated by the internal consistency of children's reports. Recent research on children's reports of instances of repeated events has identified several challenges facing children who report repeated abuse. These data bring to light another potential difficulty for these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Connolly
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes advances in our understanding of child maltreatment and the implications thereof for physical, psychological and social development, with special emphasis on mental health aspects. RECENT FINDINGS Methodological problems persist. These may be related in part to an over-emphasis on type of maltreatment, to the detriment of consideration of degree and extent of maltreatment. They may also be related to inadequate application of a comprehensive model of maltreatment and its consequences. Recent studies underline the inter-relatedness and cross-over between different types of child maltreatment and family violence. Research also underlines the extent to which child maltreatment is a major public health crisis internationally. Effects are seen on physical health and development as well as mental health, and it is becoming increasingly evident that these outcomes are inextricably linked to one another. There are encouraging signs that certain interventions are effective. SUMMARY There is a need for a more sophisticated model of child maltreatment that includes not only degree but also the extent to which basic developmental needs are overridden when children are maltreated, and that includes children's responses to maltreatment as a mediating influence. More studies are needed of samples of children who have been maltreated in order to gain a better understanding of how maltreatment distorts the trajectory of normal development. Crucially, we need more research on intervention, including both case management and psychological treatment approaches.
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Blandon-Gitlin I, Pezdek K, Rogers M, Brodie L. Detecting deception in children: an experimental study of the effect of event familiarity on CBCA ratings. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2005; 29:187-97. [PMID: 15912723 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-005-2417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The CBCA is the most commonly used deception detection. technique worldwide. Pezdek et al. (2004) used a quasi-experimental design to assess children's accounts of a traumatic medical procedure; CBCA ratings were higher for descriptions of familiar than unfamiliar events. This study tested this effect using an experimental design and assessed the joint effect of familiarity and veracity on CBCA ratings. Children described a true or a fabricated event. Half described a familiar event; half described an unfamiliar event. Two CBCA-trained judges rated transcripts of the descriptions. CBCA scores were more strongly influenced by the familiarity than the actual veracity of the event, and CBCA scores were significantly correlated with age. CBCA results were compared with results from other measures. Together with the results of K. Pezdek et al. (2004) these findings suggest that in its current form, CBCA is of limited utility as a credibility assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Blandon-Gitlin
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California 91711, USA.
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Larsson AS, Granhag PA. Interviewing children with the cognitive interview: Assessing the reliability of statements based on observed and imagined events. Scand J Psychol 2005; 46:49-57. [PMID: 15660633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigated whether criteria stemming from the Reality Monitoring (RM) framework could be trusted to assess the reliability of statements obtained by the use of a cognitive interview (CI). Fifty-eight children, aged 10-11, participated. One-third watched a film about a fakir and were then interviewed according to a CI (n= 19). The remaining two-thirds made up a story about a fakir and were then interviewed according to either a CI (n= 21), or a structured interview (SI) (n= 18). The CI statements based on observed events contained more visual, affective, spatial and temporal information compared to CI statements based on imagined events. The CI statements based on imagined events did not differ from the SI statements based on imagined events. Considerable developmental work is recommended to turn the RM technique to a reliable test that could be used by practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli S Larsson
- Department of Psychology, Göteborg University, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Barnier AJ, Sharman SJ, McKay L, Sporer SL. Discriminating adults' genuine, imagined, and deceptive accounts of positive and negative childhood events. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Niehaus S, Krause A, Schmidke J. Täuschungsstrategien bei der Schilderung von Sexualstraftaten. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1024/0044-3514.36.4.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Eine wesentliche Basis für die Anwendung der merkmalsorientierten Inhaltsanalyse ( Steller & Köhnken, 1989 ) zur Beurteilung der Glaubhaftigkeit von Zeugenaussagen bildet die Annahme, dass Falschaussagende bestimmte Inhalte meiden, weil diese einer positiven Selbstpräsentation zuwiderlaufen. Ergebnisse neuerer Untersuchungen zu Täuschungsstrategien von Kindern und Erwachsenen stützten diese Annahme weitgehend, führten hinsichtlich einzelner motivationsbezogener Merkmale (Selbstbelastungen, Inschutznahme des Beschuldigten) jedoch zu Ergebnissen, die im Widerspruch zu aussagepsychologischen Annahmen standen. In bisherigen Studien wurden Szenarien verwendet, deren Übertragbarkeit auf spezifisch rechtspsychologische Inhalte wie Sexualstraftaten als begrenzt zu betrachten war. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, Aussagen über die Bedeutung spezifischer inhaltlicher Merkmale im Zusammenhang mit berichteten sexuellen Übergriffen treffen zu können. Eine nicht-studentische Stichprobe von Frauen (N = 120) gab in einem standardisierten Fragebogen Auskunft über eigene inhaltsbezogene Täuschungsstrategien. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die unterschiedliche strategische Bedeutsamkeit inhaltlicher Glaubhaftigkeitsmerkmale und belegen die Kontextabhängigkeit von Täuschungsstrategien.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Krause
- Institut für Psychologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
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