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Bakaç C, Kehr HM. Getting to the bargaining table: The role of explicit motives and traits in negotiation initiation. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2023.112099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Bergold S, Hufer-Thamm A, Abad Borger K, Luhmann M, Steinmayr R. Does intelligence predict development of investment traits from mid to late adolescence? Evidence from a 3-year longitudinal study. J Adolesc 2022; 95:553-565. [PMID: 36575834 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Investment theories have claimed reciprocal relations between intelligence and investment traits (i.e., personality traits related to seeking out, and dealing with, cognitive challenges). However, previous research has primarily addressed the effects of investment traits on intellectual development (environmental enrichment hypothesis) and often focused on either childhood or later adulthood. The present study investigated the effects of intelligence on investment traits (environmental success hypothesis) from mid to late adolescence. METHOD In a 3-year longitudinal survey (2008-2011) covering four measurement occasions, the predictive effects of both fluid and crystallized intelligence on intraindividual change in both the achievement motive (i.e., hope for success and fear of failure) and need for cognition were examined. Overall, 476 adolescents (t1 : Mage = 16.43, SD = 0.55; 51.3% girls) from Germany participated. RESULTS Second-order latent growth models indicated that fluid intelligence predicted a steeper growth in hope for success (β = .40), but was unrelated to change in the other investment traits. Crystallized intelligence had no effects on the investment traits under study. CONCLUSIONS The results contribute to the research on the bidirectionality of intelligence and investment traits and add to our understanding of personality development from mid to late adolescence. Specifically, they underline the importance of nurturing hope for success especially in individuals with lower intelligence, but also show that support for the environmental success hypothesis seems to be limited to certain investment traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anke Hufer-Thamm
- Department of Psychology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Maike Luhmann
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Grund A, Galla BM, Fries S. Achievement motivation in students' everyday lives: Its relationship to momentary positive and negative activation and the moderating role of mindfulness. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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The effect of motive-goal congruence on adolescents’ academic goal engagement and disengagement. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09946-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAcademic achievement is an important developmental goal during adolescence. Two independent factors involved in academic motivation are implicit motives and explicit goals. In this study, we examined whether high school students’ (N = 213) implicit achievement motive, explicit achievement goals, and their interactions were associated with academic goal engagement and disengagement. Our findings showed that academic goal engagement and disengagement were associated with explicit achievement goals only, and not with the implicit achievement motive. However, interactions between the implicit achievement motive and grade aspiration (i.e., a specific explicit achievement goal) revealed that individuals with a low implicit achievement motive can still attain high goal engagement if they have a high grade aspiration. We also found that motive-goal congruence was associated with lower goal disengagement. Overall, these findings suggest that explicit achievement goals and specific academic goals play a dominant role in goal engagement behavior in the structured setting of high schools, and may allow youth to overcome the constraints of having a low implicit achievement motive.
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Motivated but not engaged: The implicit achievement motive requires difficult or unclear task difficulty conditions to exert an impact on effort. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Mazeres F, Brinkmann K, Richter M. Explicit achievement motive strength determines effort-related myocardial beta-adrenergic activity if task difficulty is unclear but not if task difficulty is clear. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 169:11-19. [PMID: 34480970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Work on physiological and other behavioral correlates of motives often assumes that motives exert a direct effect on behavior once activated. Motivational intensity theory, however, suggests that this does not always apply. In the context of task engagement, motive strength should exert a direct effect on myocardial beta-adrenergic activity if task difficulty is unclear, but not if task difficulty is known. The presented study tested this prediction for the impact of the explicit achievement motive on myocardial beta-adrenergic activity-assessed as pre-ejection period (PEP) reactivity during task performance. Seventy-eight participants performed one of two versions of a mental arithmetic task. After having completed the achievement motive scale of the Personality Research Form, participants were either informed about the difficulty of the task or not before working on it. Participants' PEP reactivity during task performance provided evidence for the predicted moderating impact of clarity of task difficulty: PEP reactivity increased with increasing achievement motive strength if task difficulty was unclear, but not if it was clear. These findings demonstrate that the explicit achievement motive impact on myocardial beta-adrenergic activity is moderated by clarity of task difficulty and suggest that motive strength does not always translate into direct effects on physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mazeres
- Geneva Motivation Lab, Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, 40 Bd. Du Pont-d'Arve, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Kerstin Brinkmann
- Geneva Motivation Lab, Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, 40 Bd. Du Pont-d'Arve, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Richter
- Effort Lab, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, L3 3AF Liverpool, UK.
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Shi W, DesJardine MR. Under Attack! CEO Implicit Motives and Firm Competitive Responses Following Short Seller Activism. ORGANIZATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2021.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigate how CEOs’ implicit motives can shape firms’ competitive intensity in response to external threats. We examine this phenomenon in the context of short seller activism, which occurs when an activist short seller publicly denounces a firm to drive down its stock price. Implicit motives are motivational dispositions that operate outside of an individual’s conscious awareness. We find that CEOs’ implicit needs for achievement and power are associated with a decrease in competitive intensity following short seller activism, implying that implicit motives can lead CEOs to avoid behaviors that they fear may result in failure or the exposure of weakness in the wake of an external threat. This study contributes to research on external threats and corporate governance by highlighting the role of CEOs’ implicit motives in shaping firms’ responses to activists. We emphasize the importance of integrating implicit motives into upper echelons research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Miami Herbert Business School, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146
| | - Mark R. DesJardine
- Smeal College of Business, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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LeBreton JM, Reichin SL, Nijenhuis J, Cremers M, Heijden‐Lek K. Validity evidence and measurement equivalence for the Dutch translation of the conditional reasoning test for aggression. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/apps.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M. LeBreton
- Department of Psychology Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - Sydney L. Reichin
- Department of Psychology Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - Jan Nijenhuis
- Dutch Ministry of Defense Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Biomedical Department Chosun University Gwangju South Korea
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Xue R, Qian G, Qian Z, Li L. Entrepreneurs’ Implicit and Explicit Achievement Motives and Their Early International Commitment. MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11575-020-00436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Predicting counterproductive work behavior: Do implicit motives have incremental validity beyond explicit traits? JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Peifer C, Schönfeld P, Wolters G, Aust F, Margraf J. Well Done! Effects of Positive Feedback on Perceived Self-Efficacy, Flow and Performance in a Mental Arithmetic Task. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1008. [PMID: 32595553 PMCID: PMC7300320 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-efficacy is a well-known psychological resource, being positively associated with increased performance. Furthermore, results from field studies suggest a positive impact of self-efficacy on flow experience, which has not yet been tested experimentally. In this study, we manipulated self-efficacy by means of positive feedback and investigated whether self-efficacy serves as a mediator in the relationship between positive feedback and flow and in the relationship between positive feedback and performance. Our sample consisted of 102 participants (63 female, 39 male). The experimental group received positive feedback after completing 5 min of mental arithmetic tasks on a computer, whereas the control group received no feedback. A second session of a mental arithmetic task was then completed for 5 min. Mediation analyses confirmed that specific self-efficacy mediated a positive effect of positive feedback on flow as well as on both performance measures (quality and quantity) in a subsequent task. However, direct effects of feedback on flow and on performance were not significant, which suggests the presence of other mechanisms that remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Peifer
- Faculty of Psychology, Applied Psychology in Work, Health, and Development, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Pia Schönfeld
- Faculty of Psychology, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gina Wolters
- Faculty of Psychology, Applied Psychology in Work, Health, and Development, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fabienne Aust
- Faculty of Psychology, Applied Psychology in Work, Health, and Development, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Margraf
- Faculty of Psychology, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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12
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Schütz LM, Schultheiss OC. Implicit Motives, Laterality, Sports Participation and Competition in Gymnasts. Front Psychol 2020; 11:900. [PMID: 32528356 PMCID: PMC7265554 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The implicit motivational needs for power, achievement, and affiliation are relevant for sports performance. Due to their hypothesized association with functions of the right hemisphere (McClelland, 1986), they may influence lateralized perceptual and motor processes. And due to their interactions with motive-specific incentives, they may influence performance conditional on the presence of suitable incentives. This preregistered study, conducted mostly online, examines motivational needs using a standard picture-story exercise (PSE) and their associations with indicators of perceptual and motor laterality and sports performance in gymnasts (N = 67). Further it explores how implicit motives interact with suitable motivational incentives in the prediction of sports performance. Results partly confirm a link between indicators of cerebral rightward laterality and implicit motives: the implicit affiliation and achievement motives are positively associated with an indicator of emotional-perceptional laterality (chimeric-faces task), but not with an indicator of motor laterality (turning bias). Moreover, the implicit achievement motive was positively correlated with training hours. The implicit affiliation motive was negatively associated with the highest attained competition level. The presence of achievement incentives (perceived control, failure) and affiliation incentives (training together or alone) did not interact with corresponding motives to predict sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Marie Schütz
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver C. Schultheiss
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich–Alexander University Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Schüler J, Wolff W. What Brings Out the Best and Worst of People With a Strong Explicit Achievement Motive? The Role of (Lack of) Achievement Incentives for Performance in an Endurance Task. Front Psychol 2020; 11:932. [PMID: 32528364 PMCID: PMC7264412 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An explicit achievement motive is intuitively related to good performance. In contrast, the present paper directs attention to conditions where individuals with a strong explicit achievement motive display poor performance. We hypothesized that participants with a strong achievement motive perform worse in a bicycle ergometer task when task instructions lack achievement incentives than when the instructions include achievement incentives. Furthermore, we expected that, when achievement incentives are lacking, they show even worse performance than participants with a weak achievement motive. For the latter, we assumed that they are relatively unaffected by the achievement incentive content of the instructions. In a within-subject experimental design (N = 55) with two blocks (achievement incentives vs. lack of achievement incentives; each block consisted of three trials), our hypotheses were partly supported. The lack of achievement incentives brought out the worst (regarding performance), but the presence of achievement incentives did not bring out the best of participants with a strong achievement motive. In the discussion, we suggest how to improve future experimental achievement settings and reflect the results within the framework of the differentiation into implicit and explicit motives.
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McAleer JT, Bowler JL, Bowler MC, Schoemann AM. Implicit and explicit creativity: Further evidence of the integrative model. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Mazeres F, Brinkmann K, Richter M. Implicit achievement motive limits the impact of task difficulty on effort-related cardiovascular response. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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McCredie MN, Morey LC. Convergence between Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and self-report: Another look at some old questions. J Clin Psychol 2019; 75:1838-1849. [PMID: 31264717 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study extends upon the investigation of the influence of response format on the convergence between performance-based and self-report assessments of similar mental health constructs, to further examine the role of method variance in poor heteromethod convergence. METHODS An online sample of 455 participants (57% male; mean age = 35.5 years) completed a multiple-choice adaptation of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)-the Iowa Picture Interpretation Test (IPIT)-and two self-report instruments: the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) and the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) representation of the domain traits of the five-factor model. RESULTS Several significant and meaningful interrelationships emerged between the IPIT and the PAI and IPIP five-factor scales. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that TAT methodology can correlate meaningfully with similar constructs assessed using self-report when comparable response formats are utilized, offering further support for the role of method variance in precluding heteromethod relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan N McCredie
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Leslie C Morey
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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17
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Der thematische Apperzeptionstest (TAT; Heckhausen, 1963 ) ist ein bewährtes Verfahren zur Erfassung des impliziten Leistungsmotives. Dabei werden Personen instruiert, zu 6 Bildern Geschichten zu erfinden, welche dann anhand eines spezifischen Kodierschlüssels hinsichtlich der beiden Motivkomponenten Hoffen auf Erfolg und Furcht vor Misserfolg analysiert werden. Die Güte des Verfahrens hängt somit essentiell vom Auswertungskategoriensystem ab. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die Erweiterung des Kodierschlüssels von Heckhausen um die Kategorie Erfolgssicherheit und -gewissheit (ESG) und deren Überprüfung. Die Auswertungsobjektivität, Test-Retest-Reliabilität (Delay: 4 Wochen) und die interne Konsistenz des Verfahrens wurden jeweils mit und ohne Berücksichtigung von ESG erfasst. Diskriminante und konvergente Validität sind durch Übereinstimmung mit konstruktnahen und -fernen Verfahren sowie faktorielle Validität mittels CFA an N = 215 Schülerinnen und Schüler ermittelt worden. Zur Prüfung der experimentellen Validität fand eine gezielte Motivanregung an N = 130 Schülerinnen und Schülern statt. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass durch ESG die Gütekriterien des TAT gesteigert werden können.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Breidebach
- Institut für Rehabilitationswissenschaften, Technische Universität Dortmund
- Zentrum für schulpraktische Lehrerausbildung, Duisburg
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Apers C, Lang JW, Derous E. Who earns more? Explicit traits, implicit motives and income growth trajectories. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Schüler J, Baumann N, Chasiotis A, Bender M, Baum I. Implicit motives and basic psychological needs. J Pers 2018; 87:37-55. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schüler
- Department of Sports Science, Sport Psychology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Nicola Baumann
- Department I - Psychology; University of Trier; Trier Germany
| | | | - Michael Bender
- Department of Social Psychology; Tilburg University; Tilburg Netherlands
- School of Psychology; Gratia Christian College; Shek Kip Mei Hong Kong
| | - Ingrid Baum
- Department I - Psychology; University of Trier; Trier Germany
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Effects of implicit fear of failure on cognitive processing: A diffusion model analysis. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Roch RM, Rösch AG, Schultheiss OC. Enhancing Congruence between Implicit Motives and Explicit Goal Commitments: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1540. [PMID: 28955267 PMCID: PMC5600949 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Theory and research suggest that the pursuit of personal goals that do not fit a person's affect-based implicit motives results in impaired emotional well-being, including increased symptoms of depression. The aim of this study was to evaluate an intervention designed to enhance motive-goal congruence and study its impact on well-being. Method: Seventy-four German students (mean age = 22.91, SD = 3.68; 64.9% female) without current psychopathology, randomly allocated to three groups: motivational feedback (FB; n = 25; participants learned about the fit between their implicit motives and explicit goals), FB + congruence-enhancement training (CET; n = 22; participants also engaged in exercises to increase the fit between their implicit motives and goals), and a no-intervention control group (n = 27), were administered measures of implicit motives, personal goal commitments, happiness, depressive symptoms, and life satisfaction 3 weeks before (T1) and 6 weeks after (T2) treatment. Results: On two types of congruence measures derived from motive and goal assessments, treated participants showed increases in agentic (power and achievement) congruence, with improvements being most consistent in the FB+CET group. Treated participants also showed a trend-level depressive symptom reduction, but no changes on other well-being measures. Although increases in overall and agentic motivational congruence were associated with increases in affective well-being, treatment-based reduction of depressive symptoms was not mediated by treatment-based agentic congruence changes. Conclusion: These findings document that motivational congruence can be effectively enhanced, that changes in motivational congruence are associated with changes in affective well-being, and they suggest that individuals' implicit motives should be considered when personal goals are discussed in the therapeutic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona M Roch
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas G Rösch
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver C Schultheiss
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Erlangen, Germany
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Wielenga-Meijer EGA, Taris TW, Kompier MAJ, Wigboldus DHJ. From task characteristics to learning: A systematic review. Scand J Psychol 2017; 51:363-75. [PMID: 20180922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Although many theoretical approaches propose that job characteristics affect employee learning, the question is why and how job characteristics influence learning. The present study reviews the evidence on the relationships among learning antecedents (i.e., job characteristics: demands, variety, autonomy and feedback), learning processes (including motivational, meta-cognitive, cognitive and behavioral processes) and learning consequences. Building on an integrative heuristic model, we quantitatively reviewed 85 studies published between 1969 and 2005. Our analyses revealed strong evidence for a positive relation between job demands and autonomy on the one hand and motivational and meta-cognitive learning processes on the other. Furthermore, these learning processes were positively related to learning consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty G A Wielenga-Meijer
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the NetherlandsDepartment of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Toon W Taris
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the NetherlandsDepartment of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel A J Kompier
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the NetherlandsDepartment of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniël H J Wigboldus
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the NetherlandsDepartment of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Steinmann B, Ötting SK, Maier GW. Need for Affiliation as a Motivational Add-On for Leadership Behaviors and Managerial Success. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1972. [PMID: 28066295 PMCID: PMC5177659 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a sample of 70 leader-follower dyads, this study examines the separate and interactive effects of the leaders' implicit needs for power, achievement, and affiliation on leadership behaviors and outcomes. Results show that whereas the need for achievement was marginally associated with follower-rated passive leadership, the need for affiliation was significantly related to ratings of the leaders' concern for the needs of their followers. Analyzing motive combinations in terms of interactive effects and accounting for the growing evidence on the value of affiliative concerns in leadership, we assumed the need for affiliation would channel the interplay among the needs for power and achievement in such a way that the leaders would become more effective in leading others. As expected, based on high need for achievement, the followers were more satisfied with their jobs and with their leaders and perceived more transformational leadership behavior if power-motivated leaders equally had a high need for affiliation. Moreover, the leaders indicated higher career success when this was the case. However, in indicators of followers' performance, the three-way interaction among the needs for power, achievement, and affiliation did not account for additional variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Steinmann
- Work and Organizational Psychology, Department of Psychology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
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Rawolle M, Schultheiss OC, Strasser A, Kehr HM. The Motivating Power of Visionary Images: Effects on Motivation, Affect, and Behavior. J Pers 2016; 85:769-781. [PMID: 27716917 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Visionary images are identity-relevant, picture-like mental representations of a desirable and attainable future appearing regularly in a person's stream of thought. Prior research indicates that both mental and real images provide access to implicit motives. We therefore proposed that visionary images motivate people by arousing their implicit motives and tested this hypothesis in two experimental studies. METHOD We used guided visualizations to administer motive-domain-specific visionary images (Study 1: achievement and neutral, Mage = 24.4, 51 participants, 34 women; Study 2: affiliation and power, Mage = 24.01, 51 participants, 28 women) to arouse the respective implicit motive. Motivation was measured via residual changes in affective (i.e., changes in affective arousal), behavioral (i.e., performance on a concentration task, behavioral choices in a prisoner's dilemma), and mental (i.e., motive imagery in the Picture Story Exercise) indicators of motivation. RESULTS The results largely confirmed our hypothesis. Visionary images increased motivation in the targeted domain. Some effects were moderated by participants' implicit motives. CONCLUSIONS The findings underscore the role of implicit motives in understanding the motivational effectiveness of visionary images.
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Dietl E, Meurs JA, Blickle G. Do they know how hard I work? Investigating how implicit/explicit achievement orientation, reputation, and political skill affect occupational status. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2016.1225040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Brandstätter V, Job V, Schulze B. Motivational Incongruence and Well-Being at the Workplace: Person-Job Fit, Job Burnout, and Physical Symptoms. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1153. [PMID: 27570513 PMCID: PMC4981689 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Person-environment fit has been identified as a key prerequisite for employee well-being. We investigated to what extent a misfit between motivational needs and supplies at the workplace affects two key health outcomes: burnout and physical symptoms. Individual needs (implicit affiliation and power motives) and environment supplies (motive specific job characteristics) were assessed in an online survey of full time employees (n = 97), using a picture story exercise measuring implicit motives and a scale listing affiliation and power related job characteristics. Outcomes were assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and a checklist of physical symptoms. We conducted polynomial regressions with response surface analysis. Results reveal that motivational incongruence with respect to the affiliation motive was related to high job burnout, while motivational incongruence concerning the power motive predicted increased physical symptoms. This was true for both those with a strong affiliation or power motive and low corresponding job characteristics and those with a weak affiliation or power motive and job characteristics demanding the respective motive. Results hint at potential interventions toward preventing or remedying a lack of needs-supply fit and reducing the risk of impairments of well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronika Job
- Department of Psychology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Beate Schulze
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
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Stoeckart PF, Strick M, Bijleveld E, Aarts H. The implicit power motive predicts action selection. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 81:560-570. [PMID: 27007872 PMCID: PMC5397432 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that implicit motives can reliably predict which behaviors people select or decide to perform. However, so far, the question of how these motives are able to predict this action selection process has received little attention. Based on ideomotor theory, we argue that implicit motives can predict action selection when an action has become associated with a motive-congruent (dis)incentive through repeated experiences with the action-outcome relationship. This idea was investigated by examining whether the implicit need for power (nPower) would come to predict action selection (i.e., choosing to press either of two buttons) when these actions had repeatedly resulted in motive-congruent (dis)incentives (i.e., submissive or dominant faces). Both Studies 1 and 2 indicated that participants became more likely to select the action predictive of the motive-congruent outcome as their history with the action-outcome relationship increased. Study 2 indicated that this effect stemmed from both an approach towards incentives and an avoidance of disincentives. These results indicate that implicit motives (particularly the power motive) can predict action selection as a result of learning which actions yield motive-congruent (dis)incentives. Our findings therefore offer a model of how implicit motives can come to predict which behaviors people select to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Stoeckart
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 126, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Madelijn Strick
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 126, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Bijleveld
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 126, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Aarts
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 126, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Engeser S, Baumann N, Baum I. Schoolbook Texts: Behavioral Achievement Priming in Math and Language. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150497. [PMID: 26938446 PMCID: PMC4777530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research found reliable and considerably strong effects of semantic achievement primes on subsequent performance. In order to simulate a more natural priming condition to better understand the practical relevance of semantic achievement priming effects, running texts of schoolbook excerpts with and without achievement primes were used as priming stimuli. Additionally, we manipulated the achievement context; some subjects received no feedback about their achievement and others received feedback according to a social or individual reference norm. As expected, we found a reliable (albeit small) positive behavioral priming effect of semantic achievement primes on achievement in math (Experiment 1) and language tasks (Experiment 2). Feedback moderated the behavioral priming effect less consistently than we expected. The implication that achievement primes in schoolbooks can foster performance is discussed along with general theoretical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Engeser
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Nicola Baumann
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Ingrid Baum
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
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Hofer J, Busch H, Raihala C, Poláčková Šolcová I, Tavel P. The Higher Your Implicit Affiliation-Intimacy Motive, the More Loneliness Can Turn You Into a Social Cynic: A Cross-Cultural Study. J Pers 2015; 85:179-191. [PMID: 26453078 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that the strength of the implicit affiliation-intimacy motive moderates the effects of satisfaction and frustration of the need for affiliation-intimacy: Low relatedness was more closely related to envy for people high in the implicit affiliation-intimacy motive. The present study tests a moderating effect of the strength of the implicit affiliation-intimacy motive on the association between low relatedness and social cynicism in samples of elderly people from Germany, the Czech Republic, and Cameroon. A total of 616 participants provided information on their implicit affiliation-intimacy motive, relatedness, and social cynicism. As hypothesized, a moderation effect of the strength of the implicit affiliation-intimacy motive was found that held true regardless of participants' culture of origin: For people high in the implicit affiliation-intimacy motive, a lack of relatedness was associated with higher levels of social cynicism. Our findings complement other theories stating that positive relationships with others are a significant part of successful aging.
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Testing the convergent and discriminant validity of three implicit motive measures: PSE, OMT, and MMG. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-015-9502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yang F, Ramsay JE, Schultheiss OC, Pang JS. Need for achievement moderates the effect of motive-relevant challenge on salivary cortisol changes. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015; 39:321-334. [PMID: 25960584 PMCID: PMC4412424 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-014-9465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in the physiological response to stress, preparing the organism for appropriate action. While some research has examined universally relevant threats, other research has suggested that individual differences may moderate the relationship between stress and cortisol release, such that some individuals exhibit modified reactivity to personally relevant stressors or challenges. In the present study we investigated whether one individual difference-the implicit need for achievement-moderates the effect of motive-relevant challenge on salivary cortisol. Participants' salivary cortisol and felt affect were measured before and after engagement in an achievement task. In the positive- and no-feedback conditions, individuals high in implicit achievement motivation demonstrated increased cortisol response to the task, whereas in the negative feedback condition, individuals high in implicit achievement motivation demonstrated a dampened cortisol response. Furthermore, changes in cortisol were accompanied by changes in felt affect in the same direction, specifically hedonic tone. These results suggest that the HPA axis also responds to non-social-evaluative challenge in a personality-contingent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- School of Sociology and Political Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Joyce S. Pang
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, HSS-04-08, 14 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637332 Singapore
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Smeets-Janssen MMJ, Roelofs K, van Pelt J, Spinhoven P, Zitman FG, Penninx BWJH, Giltay EJ. Salivary Testosterone Is Consistently and Positively Associated with Extraversion: Results from The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Neuropsychobiology 2015; 71:76-84. [PMID: 25871320 DOI: 10.1159/000369024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone has been postulated as a 'social' hormone, but the relationship between testosterone and personality traits linked with socially oriented behaviors such as extraversion remains unclear. The objective of our study was to investigate the association between baseline salivary testosterone levels and the Big Five personality traits. METHODS We studied the relationship between salivary testosterone (morning and evening) and NEO-FFI (Five-Factor Inventory) personality traits in 1,611 participants with lifetime or current depression and/or anxiety and 482 participants without depression/anxiety of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). RESULTS The personality domain of extraversion was independently associated with higher salivary testosterone, both in healthy subjects (β = 0.094; p = 0.04) and in subjects with lifetime or current depression and/or anxiety (β = 0.092; p < 0.001). In multivariable adjusted analyses, extraversion remained the only personality trait that was positively associated with salivary testosterone (β = 0.079; p = 0.006). CONCLUSION We conclude that salivary testosterone is consistently and positively related to extraversion, supporting the notion of a hormonal basis of this personality trait, which may be linked to the tendency to strive for and maintain social status. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Schattke K, Brandstätter V, Taylor G, Kehr HM. Wahrgenommene Leistungsanreize moderieren den positiven Einfluss von Leistungsmotiv-Kongruenz auf das Flow-Erleben beim Hallenklettern. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPORTPSYCHOLOGIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1026/1612-5010/a000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Flow ist ein Zustand der Selbstvergessenheit und des völligen Aufgehens in einer Tätigkeit, welcher oft mit erhöhter Leistung und einem erhöhten Genuss des Tätigkeitsvollzugs einhergeht. Die Passung von Anforderungen und Fähigkeiten scheint eine wichtige, aber nicht ausreichende Vorbedingung des Flow-Erlebens zu sein. Diese Studie geht daher der Frage nach, inwieweit die Kongruenz des impliziten und expliziten Leistungsmotivs mit wahrgenommenen Leistungsanreizen des Kletterns das Flow-Erleben erklären kann. Wir haben das Flow-Erleben von Hallenkletternden während und direkt nach dem Klettern einer intra-individuell einfachen und einer intra-individuell herausfordernden Route untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass Kletternde mehr Flow auf der herausfordernden als auf der einfachen Route erleben und dass dieser Zuwachs bei leistungsmotiv-kongruenten Kletternden größer war, wenn sie das Klettern als stark leistungsthematisch ansahen. Daher erscheint es wünschenswert, Sportlerinnen und Sportler motivational kompetenter zu machen, damit sie ihre impliziten und expliziten Motive mit den eigenen Tätigkeiten in Einklang bringen können.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar Schattke
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal QC, CAN
- Technische Universität München
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Kanfer R. Work Motivation: Identifying Use-Inspired Research Directions. INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY-PERSPECTIVES ON SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.01112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study of work motivation progresses through the inspiration that comes from creating new alignments between scientific understanding and considerations of practical use (cf. D. E. Stokes, 1997). Using the 3 C’s framework for work motivation (Kanfer, Chen, & Pritchard, 2008a, b), I coordinate 5 practical concerns related to work motivation with recent scientific trends in order to encourage the development of new research agendas in the field.
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35
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Neumann ML, Schultheiss OC. Implicit Motives, Explicit Motives, and Motive-Related Life Events in Clinical Depression. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-014-9642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Köllner MG, Schultheiss OC. Meta-analytic evidence of low convergence between implicit and explicit measures of the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power. Front Psychol 2014; 5:826. [PMID: 25152741 PMCID: PMC4126572 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The correlation between implicit and explicit motive measures and potential moderators of this relationship were examined meta-analytically, using Hunter and Schmidt's (2004) approach. Studies from a comprehensive search in PsycINFO, data sets of our research group, a literature list compiled by an expert, and the results of a request for gray literature were examined for relevance and coded. Analyses were based on 49 papers, 56 independent samples, 6151 subjects, and 167 correlations. The correlations (ρ) between implicit and explicit measures were 0.130 (CI: 0.077–0.183) for the overall relationship, 0.116 (CI: 0.050–0.182) for affiliation, 0.139 (CI: 0.080–0.198) for achievement, and 0.038 (CI: −0.055–0.131) for power. Participant age did not moderate the size of these relationships. However, a greater proportion of males in the samples and an earlier publication year were associated with larger effect sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Köllner
- Human Motivation and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver C Schultheiss
- Human Motivation and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen, Germany
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37
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When does self-reported prosocial motivation predict helping? The moderating role of implicit prosocial motivation. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-014-9411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Barnard KD, Lloyd CE, Dyson PA, Davies MJ, O'Neil S, Naresh K, Lawton J, Ziegler R, Holt RIG. Kaleidoscope model of diabetes care: time for a rethink? Diabet Med 2014; 31:522-30. [PMID: 24506524 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
National Audit Data highlight persistent sub-optimum control among increasing numbers of people living with diabetes, with severe consequences for the individual and the NHS. The aim of the present review was to introduce a new cohesive, holistic model of care, tailored to individual needs to support optimum diabetes outcomes. This model of diabetes is necessary in order to understand the driving forces behind behaviour and their impact on diabetes management. Feelings (an emotional state or reaction) and beliefs (an acceptance that something is true or real) are fundamental behavioural drivers and influence diabetes self-management choices. Individually, these explain some of the complexities of behaviour and, collectively, they impact on personal motivation (rationale/desire to act) to achieve a specific outcome. Inevitably, they independently affect diabetes self-management and the environment in which individuals live. A model of care that proposes the encompassing of environment, intrinsic thought and therapy regimens to provide tailored, personalized healthcare should support enhanced diabetes self-management and outcomes from diagnosis. The Kaleidoscope model of care could be deliverable in routine care, incorporating each of the influences on diabetes self-management, and should benefit both individuals with diabetes and healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Barnard
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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39
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Rawolle M, Schultheiss M, Schultheiss OC. Relationships between implicit motives, self-attributed motives, and personal goal commitments. Front Psychol 2013; 4:923. [PMID: 24367351 PMCID: PMC3856393 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This research examined the relationships between measures of the implicit and the explicit motivational systems. We analyzed the relationships between picture-story measures of implicit motives, questionnaire measures of self-attributed motives, and ideographically assessed personal goal commitments within the domains achievement, affiliation, and power through a reanalysis of three data sets from the USA and Germany (total N = 309). No significant positive within-domain correlations of implicit motives with self-attributed motives or personal goal commitments were found, and self-attributed motives correlated substantially and positively with personal goals. Results did not systematically differ between data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maika Rawolle
- Chair of Psychology, TUM School of Management, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Schultheiss
- Chair for Experimental Psychology, Motivation, and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver C Schultheiss
- Chair for Experimental Psychology, Motivation, and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen, Germany
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Schultheiss OC, Wiemers US, Wolf OT. Implicit need for achievement predicts attenuated cortisol responses to difficult tasks. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2013; 48:84-92. [PMID: 34531619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present research tested the hypothesis that the implicit need for achievement (n Achievement) predicts attenuated cortisol (C) responses to difficult tasks, because it represents a propensity to view difficulty as a cue to mastery reward. In two studies, n Achievement was assessed through content-coding of imaginative stories and salivary C was assessed both at baseline and post-task. In Study 1 (N = 108 US students), n Achievement predicted an attenuated C response to a one-on-one competition in the laboratory, regardless of whether participants won or lost. In Study 2 (N = 62 German students), n Achievement predicted an attenuated C response to the Trier Social Stress Test (Kirschbaum, Pirke, & Hellhammer, 1993), but not to a non-stressful control task. In Study 2 only, the attenuating effect of n Achievement was moderated by gender, with only men showing the effect. Across both studies, the average effect size of the association between n Achievement and C responses to difficult tasks was r = -.28. These findings point to a role of n Achievement in emotion regulation.
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Gröpel P, Kehr HM. Motivation and Self-Control: Implicit Motives Moderate the Exertion of Self-Control in Motive-Related Tasks. J Pers 2013; 82:317-28. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Do implicit motives and basic psychological needs interact to predict well-being and flow? Testing a universal hypothesis and a matching hypothesis. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-012-9317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bender M, Woike BA, Burke CT, Dow EAA. The relationship between implicit and explicit motives, goal pursuit, and autobiographical memory content during a diary study. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2012; 46:374-383. [PMID: 22754030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This online diary study investigated how motives interact with goal pursuit to predict daily autobiographical experiences. Participants (N =141) completed measures of implicit and explicit achievement, provided daily memories and reports of their goal pursuit during a three-week diary period. A stronger implicit achievement motive at the onset of the study was associated with more agentic (and fewer communal) autobiographical content. Goal progress was linked with using more agentic words, while goal attainability was related to using more communal words. Interactions between motives and goal pursuit on autobiographical memory suggests a trade-off: Favorable goal pursuit conditions may prompt people not motivated for achievement to shift their focus from agentic to communal themes, while individuals motivated for achievement maintain their priorities.
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Uhlmann EL, Leavitt K, Menges JI, Koopman J, Howe M, Johnson RE. Getting Explicit About the Implicit. ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1094428112442750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joel Koopman
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Michael Howe
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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45
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Bustin GM, Quoidbach J, Hansenne M, Capa RL. Personality modulation of (un)conscious processing: Novelty Seeking and performance following supraliminal and subliminal reward cues. Conscious Cogn 2012; 21:947-52. [PMID: 22475476 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study provides evidence that personality traits associated with responsiveness to conscious reward cues also influence responsiveness to unconscious reward cues. Participants with low and high levels of Novelty Seeking (NS) performed updating tasks in which they could either gain 1 euro or 5 cents. Gains were presented either supraliminally or subliminally at the beginning of each trial. Results showed that low NS participants performed better in the high-reward than in the low-reward condition, whereas high NS participants' performance did not differ between reward conditions. Interestingly, we found that low NS participants performed significantly better when rewards were presented unconsciously, whereas high NS participants' performance did not differ whether reward cues were presented subliminally or supraliminally. Our findings highlight the necessity of taking personality into account in unconscious cognition research. They also suggest that individual differences might determine whether implicit and explicit motives have similar or complementary influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle M Bustin
- Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Belgium.
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PALOMAR-LEVER JOAQUINA, VICTORIO-ESTRADA AMPARO. Factors that influence emotional disturbance in adults living in extreme poverty. Scand J Psychol 2011; 53:158-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Wittchen M, Dick RV, Hertel G. Motivated information processing during intergroup competition. ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/2041386611398166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Group work in organizations usually involves the existence of more than one group, which can lead to intergroup competition either implicitly or based on explicit competitive incentives. In this paper, a model of task-related effort in multigroup settings is developed, relating findings on intergroup competition to current research on motivation and information processing in groups. Increased effort during intergroup competition is explained based on (a) the degree of deliberate and systematic information retrieval and processing, and (b) the degree of collective self-construal within the groups. Implications for using and dealing with intergroup competition in organizations are discussed.
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48
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Achievement Motivation and Adjustment in Members of Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica. PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12646-011-0109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Hopp H, Troy AS, Mauss IB. The unconscious pursuit of emotion regulation: implications for psychological health. Cogn Emot 2011; 25:532-45. [PMID: 21432692 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2010.532606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Because of the central involvement of emotion regulation in psychological health and the role that implicit (largely unconscious) processes appear to play in emotion regulation, implicit emotion-regulatory processes should play a vital role in psychological health. We hypothesised that implicitly valuing emotion regulation translates into better psychological health in individuals who use adaptive emotion-regulation strategies. A community sample of 222 individuals (56% women) who had recently experienced a stressful life event completed an implicit measure of emotion regulation valuing (ER-IAT) and reported on their habitual use of an important adaptive emotion-regulation strategy: cognitive reappraisal. We measured three domains of psychological health: well-being, depressive symptoms, and social adjustment. As hypothesised, individuals who implicitly valued emotion regulation exhibited greater levels of psychological health, but only when they were high in cognitive reappraisal use. These findings suggest that salutary effects of unconscious emotion-regulation processes depend on its interplay with conscious emotion-regulation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hopp
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 S Race St, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Evidence suggests that ideas about parenting are often not directly related to parenting behavior, a phenomenon defined as the belief-behavior dilemma. The present study considers both explicit socialization goals but also implicit motives as predictors for parenting behavior emphasizing close body contact between mother and infant. Mothers with 3-month-old infants were recruited in three cultural contexts that represent different cultural models. Socialization goals and implicit motives of power and affiliation were assessed. Finally, mothers were videotaped during an interaction with their infants. The cultural samples meaningfully differed from each other in socialization goals, implicit motives, and parenting behavior. In line with the belief-behavior dilemma, socialization goals did not predict maternal parenting behavior. However, the implicit motive of power predicted mothers’ level of body contact with their infants across and within cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hofer
- University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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