Aprendizaje situado: creación y modificación de prácticas sociales en el espacio público urbano

Este artículo analiza el papel que juega el espacio público urbano como escenario para la implementación de contingencias sociales orientadas a la creación y sostenimiento en el tiempo de prácticas culturales que contribuyan a la convivencia entre los ciudadanos. Se analiza el efecto conjunto de las ocasiones, las consecuencias al comportamiento y el aprendizaje por reglas como elementos importantes de las metacontingencias haciendo énfasis principal en la programación de contingencias interdependientes para garantizar el sostenimiento de las prácticas socialmente deseables en el espacio público urbano. A partir de este análisis se dan recomendaciones orientadas al diseño de las metacontingencias a ser implementadas en el espacio público.

Comportamento social, produção agregada e prática cultural: uma Análise Comportamental de fenômenos sociais

A Análise do Comportamento deve e tem lidado com os fenômenos sociais: fatos ou eventos envolvendo as ações de mais de uma pessoa. A partir da literatura, buscou-se distinguir três eventos rotulados como fenômenos sociais: comportamento social - contingência tríplice cujas consequências são mediadas pelo comportamento operante de outro(s) indivíduo(s); produção agregada - conjunto de comportamentos de mais de um indivíduo que geram um produto agregado; e prática cultural - comportamentos aprendidos similares propagados por sucessivos indivíduos. Características e complexidades destes três fenômenos são discutidas. Possibilidades de diálogo com as Ciências Sociais são ressaltadas.

Language use as Social Strategy: A Review and an Analytic Framework for the Social Sciences

Language use as a social strategy is reviewed and a new interdisciplinary taxonomy developed. Four categories are suggested for using language: to get people to do things, to get people to say things, to keep people's attention, and to maintain social relationships. Within these categories, all of the discourse and conversational analysis literatures are reviewed, allowing a common framework within which to make more systematic analyses. Reinterpretations of psychological theories are suggested, and fresh avenues for interdisciplinary research are created. A major imperative from the review is that some form of ethnographic data collection is needed for all analyses of conversations and texts to incorporate more of the social, economic, historical, and cultural contexts into both our observations and theorizing.

Social behaviors as determined by different arrangements of social consequences: diffusion of responsibility effects with competition

According to a recently proposed synthesis, social loafing, social facilitation, and deindividuation can be viewed as different ways of arranging social consequences (B. Guerin, 1999). The effects of such arrangements have been measured in past research as productive output (social loafing and social facilitation) or as antinormative behaviors (deindividuation), but all 3 effects are manipulable by changing individual identifiability, evaluation, social identity, task difficulty, and presence in a group. The synthesis also predicted that these same variables would apply to other measures and other arrangements of social consequences. To this end, in the present 2 experiments, the author varied the arrangements for consequence diffusion in a competition situation by varying small and large competing groups and measured productive output and antinormative behaviors simultaneously. The 2 experiments showed social-consequence effects in competition situations with college students, giving further support for the social-consequence synthesis and the idea that the verbal naming of phenomena in social psychology is arbitrary.