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Cavadini T, Riviere E, Gentaz E. An Eye-Tracking Study on Six Early Social-Emotional Abilities in Children Aged 1 to 3 Years. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:1031. [PMID: 39201965 PMCID: PMC11352975 DOI: 10.3390/children11081031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The experimental evaluation of young children's socio-emotional abilities is limited by the lack of existing specific measures to assess this population and by the relative difficulty for researchers to adapt measures designed for the general population. METHODS This study examined six early social-emotional abilities in 86 typically developing children aged 1 to 3 years using an eye-tracking-based experimental paradigm that combined visual preference tasks adapted from pre-existing infant studies. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to obtain developmental norms in six early social-emotional abilities in typical children aged 1 to 3 years that would be promising for an understanding of disorders of mental development. These developmental standards are essential to enable comparative assessments with children with atypical development, such as children with Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities (PIMD). RESULTS The participants had greater spontaneous visual preferences for biological (vs. non-biological) motion, socially salient (vs. non-social) stimuli, the eye (vs. mouth) area of emotional expressions, angry (vs. happy) faces, and objects of joint attention (vs. non-looked-at ones). Interestingly, although the prosocial (vs. antisocial) scene of the socio-moral task was preferred, both the helper and hinderer characters were equally gazed at. Finally, correlational analyses revealed that performance was neither related to participants' age nor to each other (dismissing the hypothesis of a common underpinning process). CONCLUSION Our revised experimental paradigm is possible in infants aged 1 to 3 years and thus provides additional scientific proof on the direct assessment of these six socio-emotional abilities in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia Cavadini
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Elliot Riviere
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.C.); (E.R.)
- Univ. Lille, ULR 4072–PSITEC–Psychologie: Interactions Temps Emotions Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Edouard Gentaz
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.C.); (E.R.)
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-38400 Grenoble, France
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Alt NP, Phillips LT. Person Perception, Meet People Perception: Exploring the Social Vision of Groups. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 17:768-787. [PMID: 34797731 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211017858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Groups, teams, and collectives-people-are incredibly important to human behavior. People live in families, work in teams, and celebrate and mourn together in groups. Despite the huge variety of human group activity and its fundamental importance to human life, social-psychological research on person perception has overwhelmingly focused on its namesake, the person, rather than expanding to consider people perception. By looking to two unexpected partners, the vision sciences and organization behavior, we find emerging work that presents a path forward, building a foundation for understanding how people perceive other people. And yet this nascent field is missing critical insights that scholars of social vision might offer: specifically, for example, the chance to connect perception to behavior through the mediators of cognition and motivational processes. Here, we review emerging work across the vision and social sciences to extract core principles of people perception: efficiency, capacity, and complexity. We then consider complexity in more detail, focusing on how people perception modifies person-perception processes and enables the perception of group emergent properties as well as group dynamics. Finally, we use these principles to discuss findings and outline areas fruitful for future work. We hope that fellow scholars take up this people-perception call.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Alt
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach
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O’Mara S. Biopsychosocial Functions of Human Walking and Adherence to Behaviourally Demanding Belief Systems: A Narrative Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:654122. [PMID: 34421710 PMCID: PMC8371042 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.654122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human walking is a socially embedded and shaped biological adaptation: it frees our hands, makes our minds mobile, and is deeply health promoting. Yet, today, physical inactivity is an unsolved, major public health problem. However, globally, tens of millions of people annually undertake ancient, significant and enduring traditions of physiologically and psychologically arduous walks (pilgrimages) of days-to-weeks extent. Pilgrim walking is a significant human activity requiring weighty commitments of time, action and belief, as well as community support. Paradoxically, human walking is most studied on treadmills, not 'in the wild', while mechanistically vital, treadmill studies of walking cannot, in principle, address why humans walk extraordinary distances together to demonstrate their adherence to a behaviourally demanding belief system. Pilgrim walkers provide a rich 'living laboratory' bridging humanistic inquiries, to progressive theoretical and empirical investigations of human walking arising from a behaviourally demanding belief system. Pilgrims vary demographically and undertake arduous journeys on precisely mapped routes of tracked, titrated doses and durations on terrain of varying difficulty, allowing investigations from molecular to cultural levels of analysis. Using the reciprocal perspectives of 'inside→out' (where processes within brain and body initiate, support and entrain movement) and 'outside→in' (where processes in the world beyond brain and body drive activity within brain and body), we examine how pilgrim walking might shape personal, social and transcendental processes, revealing potential mechanisms supporting the body and brain in motion, to how pilgrim walking might offer policy solutions for physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane O’Mara
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Yu Y, Ji H, Wang L, Jiang Y. Cross-modal social attention triggered by biological motion cues. J Vis 2020; 20:21. [PMID: 33112938 PMCID: PMC7594627 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.10.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that biological motion (BM) cues can induce reflexive attentional orienting. This BM-triggered social attention has hitherto only been investigated within visual modality. It remains unknown whether and to what extent social attention induced by BM cues can occur across different sensory modalities. By introducing auditory stimuli to a modified central cueing paradigm, we showed that observers responded significantly faster to auditory targets presented in the walking direction of BM than in the opposite direction, reflecting the notion that BM cues can trigger cross-modal social attention. This effect was not due to the viewpoint effect of the global configuration and could be extended to local BM cues without any global configuration. Critically, such cross-modal social attention was sensitive to the orientation of BM cues and completely disappeared when critical biological characteristics were removed. Our findings, taken together, support the existence of a special multimodal attention mechanism tuned to life motion signals and shed new light on the unique and cross-modal nature of social attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,
| | - Haoyue Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China.,
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Abstract
The primary visual cortex (V1) is the first cortical area that processes visual information. Normal development of V1 depends on binocular vision during the critical period, and age-related losses of vision are linked with neurobiological changes in V1. Animal studies have provided important details about the neurobiological mechanisms in V1 that support normal vision or are changed by visual diseases. There is very little information, however, about those neurobiological mechanisms in human V1. That lack of information has hampered the translation of biologically inspired treatments from preclinical models to effective clinical treatments. We have studied human V1 to characterize the expression of neurobiological mechanisms that regulate visual perception and neuroplasticity. We have identified five stages of development for human V1 that start in infancy and continue across the life span. Here, we describe these stages, compare them with visual and anatomical milestones, and discuss implications for translating treatments for visual disorders that depend on neuroplasticity of V1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Siu
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study (MiNDS) Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kathryn M Murphy
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study (MiNDS) Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Backward-walking biological motion orients attention to moving away instead of moving toward. Psychon Bull Rev 2017; 24:447-452. [PMID: 27368634 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-016-1083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Walking direction is an important attribute of biological motion because it carries key information, such as the specific intention of the walker. Although it is known that spatial attention is guided by walking direction, it remains unclear whether this attentional shift is reflexive (i.e., constantly shifts to the walking direction) or not. A richer interpretation of this effect is that attention is guided to seek the information that is necessary to understand the motion. To investigate this issue, we examined how backward-walking biological motion orients attention because the intention of walking backward is usually to avoid something that walking forward would encounter. The results showed that attention was oriented to the walking-away direction of biological motion instead of the walking-toward direction (Experiment 1), and this effect was not due to the gaze direction of biological motion (Experiment 2). Our findings suggest that the attentional shift triggered by walking direction is not reflexive, thus providing support for the rich interpretation of these attentional effects.
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Tinelli F, Cioni G, Sandini G, Turi M, Morrone MC. Visual information from observing grasping movement in allocentric and egocentric perspectives: development in typical children. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:2039-2047. [PMID: 28352948 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Development of the motor system lags behind that of the visual system and might delay some visual properties more closely linked to action. We measured the developmental trajectory of the discrimination of object size from observation of the biological motion of a grasping action in egocentric and allocentric viewpoints (observing action of others or self), in children and adolescents from 5 to 18 years of age. Children of 5-7 years of age performed the task at chance, indicating a delayed ability to understand the goal of the action. We found a progressive improvement in the ability of discrimination from 9 to 18 years, which parallels the development of fine motor control. Only after 9 years of age did we observe an advantage for the egocentric view, as previously reported for adults. Given that visual and haptic sensitivity of size discrimination, as well as biological motion, are mature in early adolescence, we interpret our results as reflecting immaturity of the influence of the motor system on visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tinelli
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Stella Maris Scientific Institute, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Stella Maris Scientific Institute, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Sandini
- Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Turi
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Stella Maris Mediterraneo, Chiaromonte, Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Morrone
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Stella Maris Scientific Institute, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Hadad B, Schwartz S, Maurer D, Lewis TL. Motion perception: a review of developmental changes and the role of early visual experience. Front Integr Neurosci 2015; 9:49. [PMID: 26441564 PMCID: PMC4569849 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant controversies have arisen over the developmental trajectory for the perception of global motion. Studies diverge on the age at which it becomes adult-like, with estimates ranging from as young as 3 years to as old as 16. In this article, we review these apparently conflicting results and suggest a potentially unifying hypothesis that may also account for the contradictory literature in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We also discuss the extent to which patterned visual input during this period is necessary for the later development of motion perception. We conclude by addressing recent studies directly comparing different types of motion integration, both in typical and atypical development, and suggest areas ripe for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batsheva Hadad
- Department of Special Education, University of HaifaHaifa, Israel
- Department of Special Education, Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center, University of HaifaMount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sivan Schwartz
- Department of Special Education, University of HaifaHaifa, Israel
| | - Daphne Maurer
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Terri L. Lewis
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada
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Yamanashi Leib A, Fischer J, Liu Y, Qiu S, Robertson L, Whitney D. Ensemble crowd perception: a viewpoint-invariant mechanism to represent average crowd identity. J Vis 2014; 14:26. [PMID: 25074904 DOI: 10.1167/14.8.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals can rapidly and precisely judge the average of a set of similar items, including both low-level (Ariely, 2001) and high-level objects (Haberman & Whitney, 2007). However, to date, it is unclear whether ensemble perception is based on viewpoint-invariant object representations. Here, we tested this question by presenting participants with crowds of sequentially presented faces. The number of faces in each crowd and the viewpoint of each face varied from trial to trial. This design required participants to integrate information from multiple viewpoints into one ensemble percept. Participants reported the mean identity of crowds (e.g., family resemblance) using an adjustable, forward-oriented test face. Our results showed that participants accurately perceived the mean crowd identity even when required to incorporate information across multiple face orientations. Control experiments showed that the precision of ensemble coding was not solely dependent on the length of time participants viewed the crowd. Moreover, control analyses demonstrated that observers did not simply sample a subset of faces in the crowd but rather integrated many faces into their estimates of average crowd identity. These results demonstrate that ensemble perception can operate at the highest levels of object recognition after 3-D viewpoint-invariant faces are represented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Fischer
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USAMassachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sang Qiu
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - David Whitney
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Zhao J, Wang L, Wang Y, Weng X, Li S, Jiang Y. Developmental tuning of reflexive attentional effect to biological motion cues. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5558. [PMID: 24990449 PMCID: PMC4080220 DOI: 10.1038/srep05558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The human visual system is extremely sensitive to the direction information retrieved from biological motion. In the current study, we investigate the functional impact of this sensitivity on attentional orienting in young children. We found that children as early as 4 years old, like adults, showed a robust reflexive attentional orienting effect to the walking direction of an upright point-light walker, indicating that biological motion signals can automatically direct spatial attention at an early age. More importantly, the inversion effect associated with attentional orienting emerges by 4 years old and gradually develops into a similar pattern found in adults. These results provide strong evidence that biological motion cues can guide the distribution of spatial attention in young children, and highlight a critical development from a broadly- to finely-tuned process of utilizing biological motion cues in the human social brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- 1] Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China [2] Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China, 310000 [3] Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China, 310000 [4]
| | - Li Wang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China [2]
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuchu Weng
- 1] Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China, 310000 [2] Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China, 310000
| | - Su Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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