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Sebri V, Triberti S, Granic GD, Pravettoni G. Reward-dependent dynamics and changes in risk taking in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2181065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sebri
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Triberti
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Georg D. Granic
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Marketing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Weller JA, Vineyard J, Klein WMP. Self‐affirmation
reduces uncertainty aversion for potential gains. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 52:277-286. [PMID: 35937756 PMCID: PMC9355230 DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Decisions about one's health are often accompanied by uncertain outcomes, which may be either positively or negatively valenced. The presence of this uncertainty, which can range along a continuum from risk to ambiguity (i.e., decisions in which the outcome probabilities are known or unknown), can be perceived as threatening, and individuals tend to be averse to uncertain outcomes, and will attempt to avoid uncertainty when possible. We proposed that one way to reduce uncertainty aversion could be to provide opportunities to affirm one's core values, or "self-affirmation." Prior research has suggested that self-affirmation promotes health behaviour by providing a buffer against potential threats to the self. However, the degree to which self-affirmation affects decision-making is still unclear. Across two studies, we tested the effects of a self-affirmation manipulation on risk (Study 1) and ambiguity (Study 2) preferences for both potential gains and losses. In both studies, we found that, compared to the non-affirmed group, affirmed individuals were more accepting of uncertainty when the decision involved potential gains, but not for potential losses. Further, for risky decisions, the increased acceptance of uncertainty came at the expense of making choices consistent with expected value, such that self-affirmed individuals made more disadvantageous choices than non-affirmed individuals. Our results suggest both benefits and costs of self-affirmation in the context of risky choice, an important finding given the many applications of self-affirmation in behavioral decision making contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jared Vineyard
- Department of Psychology Idaho State University Pocatello Idaho USA
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Armstrong-Carter E, Telzer EH. Adolescents take more risks on days they have high diurnal cortisol or emotional distress. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2022; 9:100106. [PMID: 35755929 PMCID: PMC9216436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Armstrong-Carter
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, USA
- Corresponding author. Stanford University Graduate School of Education, 520 Galvez Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Eva H. Telzer
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Sharifian N, Kraal AZ, Zaheed AB, Sol K, Morris EP, Zahodne LB. Measurement Invariance of Social Media Use in Younger and Older Adults and Links to Socioemotional Health. Innov Aging 2021; 5:igab009. [PMID: 33928196 PMCID: PMC8057130 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Social media use has been linked to socioemotional health; however, less is known regarding whether these associations are moderated by age. Additionally, as the use of social media in older adult populations is rapidly increasing, there is a greater need for the investigation of psychometric properties of social media usage scales before determining age differences in the impact of social media on socioemotional health outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using an online adult life-span sample (n = 592), the current cross-sectional study tested the measurement invariance of the general social media usage subscale of the Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale across younger (aged 19-54) versus older (aged 55-81) adults and whether age moderated associations between social media use and socioemotional health (depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and envy). RESULTS Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that posting-related and checking-related items were noninvariant across age groups. In multigroup structural equation models accounting for differential item functioning, higher social media use was associated with more depressive symptoms in younger adults, but not in older adults. While higher social media use was associated with higher envy in both age groups, this association was stronger in younger adults. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Findings suggest younger adults may be more susceptible to the detrimental effects of social media use on socioemotional health. Future directions regarding the measurement of social media use and the salience of social media use across the life span are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neika Sharifian
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - A Zarina Kraal
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Afsara B Zaheed
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ketlyne Sol
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily P Morris
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Laura B Zahodne
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Ajayi PT, Garavito DM, Reyna VF. Socioeconomic status and concussion reporting: The distinct and mediating roles of gist processing, knowledge, and attitudes. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Ajayi
- Department of Human Development, Human Neuroscience Institute Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - David M.N. Garavito
- Department of Human Development, Human Neuroscience Institute Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Valerie F. Reyna
- Department of Human Development, Human Neuroscience Institute Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
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Marcolini EG, Albrecht JS, Sethuraman KN, Napolitano LM. Gender Disparities in Trauma Care: How Sex Determines Treatment, Behavior, and Outcome. Anesthesiol Clin 2018; 37:107-117. [PMID: 30711224 DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trauma data bank and other research reveal sex disparities in trauma care. Risk-taking behaviors leading to traumatic injury have been associated with sex, menstrual cycle timing, and cortisol levels. Trauma patient treatment stratified by sex reveals differences in access to services at trauma centers as well as specific treatments, such as venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and massive transfusion component ratios. Trauma patient outcomes, such as in-hospital mortality, multiple organ failure, pneumonia, and sepsis are associated with sex disparities in the general trauma patient. Outcome after general trauma and specifically traumatic brain injury show mixed results with respect to sex disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evie G Marcolini
- Department of Surgery, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 111 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
| | - Jennifer S Albrecht
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MSTF 334C, 10. South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kinjal N Sethuraman
- Hyperbaric Medicine-Shock Trauma, University of Maryland, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lena M Napolitano
- Acute Care Surgery [Trauma, Burn, Critical Care, Emergency Surgery], Department of Surgery, Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, University of Michigan Health System, University Hospital, Room 1C340, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5033, USA
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Buchanan TW, Lovallo WR. The role of genetics in stress effects on health and addiction. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 27:72-76. [PMID: 30292777 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Advances in stress research have yielded new insights into how stress exposure, in combination with genetics, can contribute to poor health outcomes. We review these topics with a special emphasis on early life stress and vulnerability to addiction. The direct effects of stress and our compensatory responses can modify our physiology and behavior during future stress episodes. These consequences can influence health, including an increased propensity for addiction. The relation between stress and health is not uniform across individuals. Some people succumb to stress-related disorders while others are resilient. Specific genetic polymorphisms affect how an individual appraises and responds to stress, potentially mediating the impact of stress on health. These genetic vulnerabilities can influence responses to the external environment, shape motivated behavior, and have an impact on health throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W Buchanan
- Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, 3700 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
| | - William R Lovallo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and VA Medical Center, 755 Research Parkway, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Kurath J, Mata R. Individual differences in risk taking and endogeneous levels of testosterone, estradiol, and cortisol: A systematic literature search and three independent meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:428-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Eygelshoven S, van den Hout A, Tucha L, Fuermaier ABM, Bangma DF, Thome J, Lobbestael J, Tucha O, Koerts J. Are non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease able to decide about their own treatment? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 38:48-53. [PMID: 28262511 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are often confronted with difficult medical decisions, which might be hampered by cognitive impairment or chronic stress. Little is known, however, about the capacity to make medical decisions and the influence of cognition and stress on this ability. This study determined whether non-demented Parkinson's disease patients are able to make medical decisions and whether this capacity is influenced by cognition and stress. METHODS Forty-six Parkinson's disease patients and 94 healthy controls were assessed with the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment during which participants were presented with deep brain stimulation as a treatment option for a fictional Parkinson's disease patient. Furthermore, all participants were examined with a stress questionnaire and a neuropsychological test battery. RESULTS Parkinson's disease patients performed better on the total scale and 'Understanding' subscale of the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment than healthy controls. Lower performance on the Concept Shifting Test in the Parkinson's disease group and lower performance on Letter Digit Substitution Test in the healthy control group predicted lower medical decision-making capacity. No association was found between stress and medical decision-making. CONCLUSION Non-demented Parkinson's disease patients show no impairments in medical decision-making compared to healthy controls. In fact, Parkinson's disease patients have a better understanding of their disease and the benefits and risks of treatment options than healthy controls. Psychomotor speed and attention were negatively associated with medical decision-making in both groups. This implies that when these cognitive functions decline, the capacity to make medical decisions also declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Eygelshoven
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Zuyderland Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Anja van den Hout
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Zuyderland Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anselm B M Fuermaier
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien F Bangma
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Thome
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Jill Lobbestael
- RINO Zuid, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Faculty of Psychology and Neuropsychology, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Koerts
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Petrova D, Garcia-Retamero R. Commentary: Risky decision-making is associated with residential choice in healthy older adults. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1304. [PMID: 27628904 PMCID: PMC5006217 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dafina Petrova
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada Granada, Spain
| | - Rocio Garcia-Retamero
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of GranadaGranada, Spain; Max Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlin, Germany
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Sundararajan K, Flabouris A, Thompson C. Diurnal variation in the performance of rapid response systems: the role of critical care services-a review article. J Intensive Care 2016; 4:15. [PMID: 26913199 PMCID: PMC4765019 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-016-0136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The type of medical review before an adverse event influences patient outcome. Delays in the up-transfer of patients requiring intensive care are associated with higher mortality rates. Timely detection and response to a deteriorating patient constitute an important function of the rapid response system (RRS). The activation of the RRS for at-risk patients constitutes the system’s afferent limb. Afferent limb failure (ALF), an important performance measure of rapid response systems, constitutes a failure to activate a rapid response team (RRT) despite criteria for calling an RRT. There are diurnal variations in hospital staffing levels, the performance of rapid response systems and patient outcomes. Fewer ward-based nursing staff at night may contribute to ALF. The diurnal variability in RRS activity is greater in unmonitored units than it is in monitored units for events that should result in a call for an RRT. RRT events include a significant abnormality in either the pulse rate, blood pressure, conscious state or respiratory rate. There is also diurnal variation in RRT summoning rates, with most activations occurring during the day. The reasons for this variation are mostly speculative, but the failure of the afferent limb of RRT activation, particularly at night, may be a factor. The term “circadian variation/rhythm” applies to physiological variations over a 24-h cycle. In contrast, diurnal variation applies more accurately to extrinsic systems. Circadian rhythm has been demonstrated in a multitude of bodily functions and disease states. For example, there is an association between disrupted circadian rhythms and abnormal vital parameters such as anomalous blood pressure, irregular pulse rate, aberrant endothelial function, myocardial infarction, stroke, sleep-disordered breathing and its long-term consequences of hypertension, heart failure and cognitive impairment. Therefore, diurnal variation in patient outcomes may be extrinsic, and more easily modifiable, or related to the circadian variation inherent in human physiology. Importantly, diurnal variations in the implementation and performance of the RRS, as gauged by ALF, the RRT response to clinical deterioration and any variations in quality and quantity of patient monitoring have not been fully explored across a diverse group of hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaswamy Sundararajan
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital and Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Level 4, ICU, Robert Gerard Wing, Adelaide, 5000 South Australia Australia
| | - Arthas Flabouris
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital and Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Level 4, ICU, Robert Gerard Wing, Adelaide, 5000 South Australia Australia
| | - Campbell Thompson
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide and the Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, 5000 South Australia Australia
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Parker AM, Weller JA. Greater decision-making competence is associated with greater expected-value sensitivity, but not overall risk taking: an examination of concurrent validity. Front Psychol 2015; 6:717. [PMID: 26074857 PMCID: PMC4446538 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision-making competence reflects individual differences in the susceptibility to committing decision-making errors, measured using tasks common from behavioral decision research (e.g., framing effects, under/overconfidence, following decision rules). Prior research demonstrates that those with higher decision-making competence report lower incidence of health-risking and antisocial behaviors, but there has been less focus on intermediate processes that may impact real-world decisions, and, in particular, those implicated by normative models. Here we test the associations between measures of youth decision-making competence (Y-DMC) and one such process, the degree to which individuals make choices consistent with maximizing expected value (EV). Using a task involving hypothetical gambles, we find that greater EV sensitivity is associated with greater Y-DMC. Higher Y-DMC scores are associated with (a) choosing risky options when EV favors those options and (b) avoiding risky options when EV favors a certain option. This relationship is stronger for gambles that involved potential losses. The results suggest that Y-DMC captures decision processes consistent with standard normative evaluations of risky decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua A Weller
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA ; Decision Research Eugene, OR, USA
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