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Effects of lesions in the basal ganglia on the retention of two-way active avoidance performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03326961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dividing up aggression and considerations in studying the physiological substrates of these phenomena. Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00061987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractA preliminary attempt is made to analyze the intraspecific aggressive behavior of mammals in terms of specific neural circuitry. The results of stimulation, lesion, and recording studies of aggressive behavior in cats and rats are reviewed and analyzed in terms of three hypothetical motivational systems: offense, defense, and submission. A critical distinction, derived from ethological theory, is made between motivating stimuli that simultaneously activate functional groupings of motor patterning mechanisms, and releasing and directing stimuli that are necessary for the activation of discrete motor patterning mechanisms. It is suggested that motivating stimuli activate pathways that converge upon sets of homogeneous neurons, called motivational mechanisms, whose activity determines the motivational state of the animal.A defense motivational mechanism is hypothesized to be located in the midbrain central gray. In addition to tactile, auditory, and visual inputs from the paleospinothalamic tract, lateral lemniscus, and (perhaps) from the pretectum, it may receive inputs from a major forebrain pathway whose functional significance is not yet understood.A submission motivational mechanism is also thought to be located in the central gray. In addition to inputs for defense, it is thought to receive a necessary input from a “consociate (social familiarity cue) modulator” located in the ventromedial hypothalamus, which can switch behavior from defense to submission. The location of the hypothetical offense motivational mechanism is not known, although the pathways by which it is activated are traced in some detail.Brain mechanisms of aggression in primitive mammals and in primates are apparently similar to those in rats and cats.
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Quiroz-Padilla MF, Guillazo-Blanch G, Vale-Martínez A, Torras-García M, Martí-Nicolovius M. Effects of parafascicular excitotoxic lesions on two-way active avoidance and odor-discrimination. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 88:198-207. [PMID: 17631394 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether the parafascicular (PF) nucleus of the thalamus is involved in different learning and memory tasks, two experiments were carried out in adult male Wistar rats that were submitted to pre-training bilateral N-methyl-d-aspartate PF infusions (0.15M, pH 7.4; 1.2 microl/side, 0.2 microl/min). In Experiment 1, we evaluated the effects of PF lesions in two identical 30-trial training sessions, separated by a 24-h interval, of a two-way active avoidance conditioning. PF-lesioned rats exhibited impaired performance in both sessions, measured by number of avoidance responses. In Experiment 2, the effects of PF lesions were assessed in a training session (5 trials) and a 24-h retention test (2 retention trials and 2 relearning trials) of an odor-discrimination task. PF lesions did not significantly disrupt the acquisition or the first retention trial, which was not rewarded. However, lesioned animals' performance was clearly affected in subsequent trials, following the introduction of the single non-rewarded trial. Current data are discussed considering evidence that lesions of the PF nucleus affect learning and memory functions mediated by anatomically related areas of the frontal cortex and striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Quiroz-Padilla
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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Mauderli AP, Acosta-Rua A, Vierck CJ. An operant assay of thermal pain in conscious, unrestrained rats. J Neurosci Methods 2000; 97:19-29. [PMID: 10771071 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Methods are described which provide quantification of learned operant and innate reflex responses to a thermal stimulus (heat or cold) and provide matched motor controls. The apparati and procedures consist of (1) an 'Escapetest' which measures latencies and durations of escape from a compartment where the floor is heated or cooled to a platform at neutral temperature in an adjacent compartment; (2) a motor and motivational control for the Escapetest, the 'Darkboxtest', which measures escape latency from bright light in a shuttle box; and (3) assessment of latencies and durations of licking or guarding responses to thermal stimulation in the absence of the escape option. Avoidance responses in the Escapetest (retreating to the escape platform in the absence of an experience of pain) are discouraged by bright illumination of the compartment containing the escape platform (brightly lit areas are aversive to rodents). Stimulus-response functions for escape from heat and cold are compared to stimulus response functions for innate lick/guard responses to the same temperatures. Substantial differences in the relationships between learned or innate responses and temperature attest to a need for methods which evaluate operant responses to nociceptive stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Mauderli
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Florida College of Dentistry, PO Box 10244, Gainesville, FL 32610-0435, USA
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Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the thalamic nucleus submedius (SM) contains nociceptive neurons and is interconnected with spinal, brain-stem and cortical regions associated with nociception. The present study was performed to examine the role of the SM in nociceptive-related behaviors. The effect of SM lesions on nociceptive responding in rats was assessed using both the radiant-heat tail-flick (TF) and the tail-shock 'pain-induced' vocalization (PIV) tests. The results of Exp. 1 indicated that the intensity of electrical shock required for vocalization responses was significantly decreased following SM lesions. No changes in vocalization responses were present in the sham-lesion group. In contrast, both the sham- and SM-lesion groups exhibited a significant post-lesion increase in TF latencies. A second experiment was performed to determine whether the effects of SM lesion on the tail flick may have been masked by conditioned antinociception associated with noxious electrical stimulation of the tail to produce PIV. The results indicated that there was no post-lesion change in TF latencies in either the SM- or sham-lesion group when the antecedent PIV test was omitted. The results suggest that the SM may play a role in supraspinally mediated inhibition of nociceptive input but not in spinally mediated responses to noxious stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki J Roberts
- Department of Anesthesiology and Multidisciplinary Pain Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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Abstract
Alterations in nociceptive behaviors evoked by stimulation of the nucleus gigantocellularis (NGC) were observed following lesions of the dorsal central gray (DCG) or parafascicularis nucleus (PF) in rats. Lesions of the DCG decreased affective responses and facilitated extinction of avoidance responding associated with NGC stimulation. Lesions of the PF disrupted escape and avoidance responding to NGC stimulation, although postlesion training improved avoidance but not escape performance. The NGC, without its rostral connections to the DCG or PF, does not generate sufficient information for either aversive affective responses or locomotor escape responses that are associated with stimulation of this structure. In contrast, the elicited motor reactions do not depend upon these rostral structures. This supports a role for NGC neurons in functions related to motor, rather than to affective or complex behavioral components of nociception. The differential disruption of the more complex behaviors by DCG and PF lesions provides behavioral evidence for functional differentiation of a nociceptive system involving the relay of information from the NGC to these rostral areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Arlington 76019
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Rogers OL, Jackson WJ. The effect of hypophysectomy, ACTH fragments and thalamic lesions upon kindled epilepsy. Brain Res 1987; 403:96-104. [PMID: 3030503 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypophysectomized rats showed aberrant and retarded rates of kindled epilepsy. In hypophysectomized rats administered adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) subunits ACTH4-10 and ACTH1-24, the normal kindling pattern was restored. However, in hypophysectomized animals which also had lesions of the thalamus (nucleus parafascicularis), ACTH4-10 did not restore the normal pattern of kindling. There have been many conjectures that kindling may be a subcase of learning. These results are compatible with this hypothesis, since the same procedures act in an analogous fashion within avoidance conditioning paradigms.
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Nyakas C, Veldhuis HD, De Wied D. Beneficial effect of chronic treatment with Org 2766 and alpha-MSH on impaired reversal learning of rats with bilateral lesions of the parafascicular area. Brain Res Bull 1985; 15:257-65. [PMID: 2996719 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(85)90148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of chronic treatment with the ACTH-(4-9) analogue Org 2766, alpha-MSH, and gamma 2-MSH were studied on T-maze reversal learning and on behavior assessed on the basis of open-field and other gross behavioral activities, grasping responses, inspection of various reflexes and electrical footshock sensitivity of rats with parafascicular lesions or sham-lesions. Repeated administration of Org 2766 and alpha-MSH to parafascicular area-lesioned rats resulted in functional recovery of impaired T-maze reversal learning. The structurally related neuropeptide gamma 2-MSH was without any effect. The alpha-MSH effect did not depend on time after lesioning as treatments during the first or second post-operative week were equally effective. Chronic peptide treatments did not change disturbed motor functions of parafascicular-lesioned rats, as measured by open-field activity, other gross behavioral activities and grasping responses. Since acute peptide treatments did not affect the impaired reversal learning performance of lesioned rats, the beneficial effect of Org 2766 and alpha-MSH could not be explained as a short-term effect on attention and motivation. It was more likely to be an accelerated recovery of cognitive function as a result of long-term neurotropic influences.
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What are the chemical characteristics of brain mechanisms for aggression? Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00062117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Avian data on aggression. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0006194x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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The risks of using descriptive ethological models in brain research. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00062087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Androgens and aggression. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0006204x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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On the specification of motivational systems. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00062178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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The advantages of simple systems in neuroethology. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00062051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Are neurophysiological techniques adequate to account for agonistic behavior? Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00062105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Neural circuitry for motivational systems. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0006218x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cerebellar contributions to response selection. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00061963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Emotional responsiveness and relevant history of reinforcement are important determinants of social behavior. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00062075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Motivational systems, motivational mechanisms, and aggression. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00062191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tentative analysis of apomorphine-induced intraspecific aggressive behavior in the rat according to Adams's classification. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00062142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Action-inhibiting system (AIS) vs. submission system. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00062099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Brain mechanisms of aggression: Dilemmas of perspective. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00062014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Are we ready to localize motivational systems? Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00062063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Motives: Metaphors in motion. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00062026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Limits of neurophysiological approaches to aggression. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00061951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Is there anything new in the neurophysiology of aggression for social psychologists? Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00062038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Prieto-Gomez B, Brust-Carmona H. Lever pressing and passive avoidance conditioning in cats with lesions of nonspecific thalamic nuclei. Physiol Behav 1978; 21:967-71. [PMID: 552088 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(78)90173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Klusha VE. Psychotropic properties of some hypophysis peptide hormones (literature review). Pharm Chem J 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00777938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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van Ree JM, Bohus B, Versteeg DH, de Wied D. Neurohypophyseal principles and memory processes. Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 27:1793-800. [PMID: 361045 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(78)90021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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van Riezen H, Rigter H, De Wied D. Possible significance of ACTH fragments for human mental performance. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1977; 20:311-24. [PMID: 196587 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(77)90876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rigter H, Janssens-Elbertse R, Van Riezen H. Reversal of amnesia by an orally active ACTH 4-9 analog (Org 2766). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1976; 5:53-8. [PMID: 189332 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(76)90328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ACTH 4-9 analog, H-Met((O2)-Glu-His-Ph-D-Lys-Phe-OH (Or 2766), attenuates in rats CO2-induced amnesia for a one-trial passive avoidance step-through response when administered prior to the retrieval test but not when given prior to acquisition. Even a dose of 0.001 mug/rat Org 2766 yields an anti-amnesic effect. In this respect Org 2766 is more active than the ACTH fragment ACTH 4-10. An anti-amnesic effect was also obtained when Org 2766 was administered orally. ACTH 4-10 (100 mug/rat) has to be given SC within 8 hr of the retrieval test in order to be effective. A similar time span of effectiveness was observed when Org 2766 was SC injected in a dose of 0.1 mug/rat. The anti-amnesic effect of ACTH 4-10 remains when the time interval between acquisition and retrieval is extended beyond the usual 24 hr. The same appeared to be true for SC ADMINISTERED Org 2766. It is suggested that ACTH-like peptides, and particularly the orally active Org 2766, may be helpful in the treatment of deficient mental performance.
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An efficient one- and two-way avoidance apparatus capable of producing identical one- and two-way avoidance performance. Behav Res Methods 1975. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03201535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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The neurotropic action of ACTH: effects of ACTH-like peptides on the incorporation of leucine into protein of brain stem slices from hypophysectomized rats. Neurosci Lett 1975; 1:55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(75)90012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/1975] [Accepted: 05/16/1975] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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van Wimersma Greidanus TB, Bohus B, de Wied D. The parafasicular area as the site of action of ACTH analogs on avoidance behavior. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1974; 41:429-32. [PMID: 4374723 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61923-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Alexinsky T, Delacour J, Libouban S. [Thalamus and defensive conditioning: relative importance of the three medial structures]. Physiol Behav 1971; 6:439-46. [PMID: 5148755 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(71)90180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Hyman A, Berman D, Berman AJ. Deficits in unsignaled avoidance behavior in rhesus monkeys asphyxiated at birth. Exp Neurol 1971; 30:362-6. [PMID: 4993851 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4886(71)80014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Keene JJ, Casey KL. Excitatory connection from lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation sites to escape sites in medullary reticular formation. Exp Neurol 1970; 28:155-66. [PMID: 5433659 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(70)90170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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