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Pai M, Lu W, Chen M, Xue B. The association between subjective cognitive decline and trajectories of objective cognitive decline: Do social relationships matter? Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 111:104992. [PMID: 36934694 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examine the association between subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and the trajectories of objective cognitive decline (OCD); and the extent to which this association is moderated by social relationships. METHODS Data come from waves 10 (2010) through 14 (2018) of the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative panel survey of individuals aged 50 and above in the United States. OCD is measured using episodic memory, and overall cognition. SCD is assessed using a baseline measure of self-rated memory. Social relationships are measured by social network size and perceived positive and negative social support. Growth curve models estimate the longitudinal link between SCD and subsequent OCD trajectories and the interactions between SCD and social relationship variables on OCD. RESULTS SCD is associated with subsequent OCD. A wider social network and lower perceived negative support are linked to slower decline in memory, and overall cognition. None of the social relationship variables, however, moderate the link between SCD and future OCD. CONCLUSION Knowing that SCD is linked to subsequent OCD is useful because at SCD stage, deficits are more manageable relative to those at subsequent stages of OCD. Future work on SCD and OCD should consider additional dimensions of social relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manacy Pai
- Department of Sociology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
| | - Wentian Lu
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miaoqi Chen
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Baowen Xue
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Wagen AZ, Coath W, Keshavan A, James SN, Parker TD, Lane CA, Buchanan SM, Keuss SE, Storey M, Lu K, Macdougall A, Murray-Smith H, Freiberger T, Cash DM, Malone IB, Barnes J, Sudre CH, Wong A, Pavisic IM, Street R, Crutch SJ, Escott-Price V, Leonenko G, Zetterberg H, Wellington H, Heslegrave A, Barkhof F, Richards M, Fox NC, Cole JH, Schott JM. Life course, genetic, and neuropathological associations with brain age in the 1946 British Birth Cohort: a population-based study. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2022; 3:e607-e616. [PMID: 36102775 PMCID: PMC10499760 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(22)00167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A neuroimaging-based biomarker termed the brain age is thought to reflect variability in the brain's ageing process and predict longevity. Using Insight 46, a unique narrow-age birth cohort, we aimed to examine potential drivers and correlates of brain age. METHODS Participants, born in a single week in 1946 in mainland Britain, have had 24 prospective waves of data collection to date, including MRI and amyloid PET imaging at approximately 70 years old. Using MRI data from a previously defined selection of this cohort, we derived brain-predicted age from an established machine-learning model (trained on 2001 healthy adults aged 18-90 years); subtracting this from chronological age (at time of assessment) gave the brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD). We tested associations with data from early life, midlife, and late life, as well as rates of MRI-derived brain atrophy. FINDINGS Between May 28, 2015, and Jan 10, 2018, 502 individuals were assessed as part of Insight 46. We included 456 participants (225 female), with a mean chronological age of 70·7 years (SD 0·7; range 69·2 to 71·9). The mean brain-predicted age was 67·9 years (8·2, 46·3 to 94·3). Female sex was associated with a 5·4-year (95% CI 4·1 to 6·8) younger brain-PAD than male sex. An increase in brain-PAD was associated with increased cardiovascular risk at age 36 years (β=2·3 [95% CI 1·5 to 3·0]) and 69 years (β=2·6 [1·9 to 3·3]); increased cerebrovascular disease burden (1·9 [1·3 to 2·6]); lower cognitive performance (-1·3 [-2·4 to -0·2]); and increased serum neurofilament light concentration (1·2 [0·6 to 1·9]). Higher brain-PAD was associated with future hippocampal atrophy over the subsequent 2 years (0·003 mL/year [0·000 to 0·006] per 5-year increment in brain-PAD). Early-life factors did not relate to brain-PAD. Combining 12 metrics in a hierarchical partitioning model explained 33% of the variance in brain-PAD. INTERPRETATION Brain-PAD was associated with cardiovascular risk, and imaging and biochemical markers of neurodegeneration. These findings support brain-PAD as an integrative summary metric of brain health, reflecting multiple contributions to pathological brain ageing, and which might have prognostic utility. FUNDING Alzheimer's Research UK, Medical Research Council Dementia Platforms UK, Selfridges Group Foundation, Wolfson Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Brain Research UK, Alzheimer's Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Z Wagen
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK; Neurodegeneration Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - William Coath
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ashvini Keshavan
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sarah-Naomi James
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas D Parker
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute Centre for Care Research and Technology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher A Lane
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sarah M Buchanan
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Keuss
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mathew Storey
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kirsty Lu
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Amy Macdougall
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Heidi Murray-Smith
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tamar Freiberger
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Dementia Research Institute, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ian B Malone
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Josephine Barnes
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Carole H Sudre
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK; Department of Computer Science, Centre for Medical Imaging Computing, University College London, London, UK; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ivanna M Pavisic
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Street
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sebastian J Crutch
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Ganna Leonenko
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Dementia Research Institute, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrietta Wellington
- Dementia Research Institute, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Dementia Research Institute, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Computer Science, Centre for Medical Imaging Computing, University College London, London, UK; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marcus Richards
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Dementia Research Institute, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - James H Cole
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Computer Science, Centre for Medical Imaging Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Dementia Research Institute, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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Fitzgerald J, Fahey L, Holleran L, Ó Broin P, Donohoe G, Morris DW. Thirteen Independent Genetic Loci Associated with Preserved Processing Speed in a Study of Cognitive Resilience in 330,097 Individuals in the UK Biobank. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:122. [PMID: 35052462 PMCID: PMC8774848 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive resilience is the ability to withstand the negative effects of stress on cognitive functioning and is important for maintaining quality of life while aging. The UK Biobank does not have measurements of the same cognitive phenotype at distal time points. Therefore, we used education years (EY) as a proxy phenotype for past cognitive performance and current cognitive performance was based on processing speed. This represented an average time span of 40 years between past and current cognitive performance in 330,097 individuals. A confounding factor was that EY is highly polygenic and masked the genetics of resilience. To overcome this, we employed Genomics Structural Equation Modelling (GenomicSEM) to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS)-by-subtraction using two GWAS, one GWAS of EY and resilience and a second GWAS of EY but not resilience, to generate a GWAS of Resilience. Using independent discovery and replication samples, we found 13 independent genetic loci for Resilience. Functional analyses showed enrichment in several brain regions and specific cell types. Gene-set analyses implicated the biological process "neuron differentiation", the cellular component "synaptic part" and the "WNT signalosome". Mendelian randomisation analysis showed a causative effect of white matter volume on cognitive resilience. These results may contribute to the neurobiological understanding of resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Fitzgerald
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (J.F.); (L.F.); (L.H.); (G.D.)
| | - Laura Fahey
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (J.F.); (L.F.); (L.H.); (G.D.)
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Laurena Holleran
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (J.F.); (L.F.); (L.H.); (G.D.)
| | - Pilib Ó Broin
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (J.F.); (L.F.); (L.H.); (G.D.)
| | - Derek W. Morris
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (J.F.); (L.F.); (L.H.); (G.D.)
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