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Yonelinas AP. The role of recollection and familiarity in visual working memory: A mixture of threshold and signal detection processes. Psychol Rev 2024; 131:321-348. [PMID: 37326544 PMCID: PMC11089539 DOI: 10.1037/rev0000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Whether working memory reflects a thresholded recollection process whereby only a limited number of items are maintained in memory, or a signal detection process in which each studied item is increased in familiarity strength, is a topic of considerable debate. A review of visual working memory studies that have examined receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) across a broad set of materials and test conditions indicates that both signal detection and threshold processes contribute to working memory. In addition, the role that these two processes play varies systematically across conditions, such that a threshold process plays a particularly critical role when binary old/new judgments are required, when changes are relatively discrete, and when the hippocampus does not contribute to performance. In contrast, a signal detection process plays a greater role when confidence judgments are required, when the materials or the changes are global in nature, and when the hippocampus contributes to performance. In addition, the ROC results indicate that in standard single-probe tests of working memory, items that are maintained in an active recollected state support both recall-to-accept and recall-to-reject responses; whereas in complex-probe tests, recollection preferentially supports recall-to-reject; and in item-recognition tests it preferentially supports recall-to-accept. Moreover, there is growing evidence that these threshold and strength-based processes are related to distinct states of conscious awareness whereby they support perceiving- and sensing-based responses, respectively. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Park HB, Azer L, Ahn S, Dinh TD, Macias G, Zhang G, Chen BB, Ma H, Botejue M, Choi EH, Zhang W. Contributions of global and local processing on medical image perception. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2023; 10:S11911. [PMID: 37168693 PMCID: PMC10166588 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.10.s1.s11911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The influential holistic processing hypothesis attributes expertise in medical image perception to cognitive processing of global gist information. However, it has remained unclear whether or how experts use rapid global impression of images for their subsequent diagnostic decisions based on the focal sign of cancer. We hypothesized that continuous-global and discrete-local processes jointly attribute to radiological experts' detection of mammogram, with different weights and temporal dynamics. Approach We examined experienced versus inexperienced observers' performance at first (500 ms) versus second (2500 ms) mammogram image presentation in an abnormality detection task. We applied a dual-trace signal detection (DTSD) model of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) to assess the time-varying contributions of global and focal cancer signals on mammogram reading and medical expertise. Results The hierarchical Bayesian DTSD modeling of empirical ROCs revealed that mammogram expertise (experienced versus inexperienced observers) manifests largely in a continuous-global component for the detection of the gist of abnormality at the early phase of mammogram reading. For the second presentation of the same mammogram images, the experienced participants showed increased task performance that was largely driven by better processing of discrete-local information, whereas the global processing of abnormality remained saturated from the first exposure. Modeling of the mouse trajectory of the confidence rating responses further revealed the temporal dynamics of global and focal processing. Conclusions These results suggest a joint contribution of continuous-global and discrete-local processes on medical expertise, and these processes could be analytically dissociated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Bum Park
- The University of Chicago, Institute for Mind and Biology, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- University of California, Riverside, Department of Psychology, Riverside, California, United States
| | - Lilian Azer
- The University of Chicago, Institute for Mind and Biology, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Shinhae Ahn
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Tam-Dan Dinh
- The University of Chicago, Institute for Mind and Biology, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Gabriela Macias
- The University of Chicago, Institute for Mind and Biology, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Gavin Zhang
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Computer Science, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Bihong Beth Chen
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Duarte, California, United States
| | - Huiyan Ma
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Department of Population Sciences, Duarte, California, United States
| | - Mahesh Botejue
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Community Hospital, Internal Medicine, Riverside, California, United States
| | - Eric H. Choi
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Community Hospital, Internal Medicine, Riverside, California, United States
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- The University of Chicago, Institute for Mind and Biology, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Gaze direction and face orientation modulate perceptual sensitivity to faces under interocular suppression. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7640. [PMID: 35538138 PMCID: PMC9090921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Faces convey information essential for social interaction. Their importance has prompted suggestions that some facial features may be processed unconsciously. Although some studies have provided empirical support for this idea, it remains unclear whether these findings were due to perceptual processing or to post-perceptual decisional factors. Evidence for unconscious processing of facial features has predominantly come from the Breaking Continuous Flash Suppression (b-CFS) paradigm, which measures the time it takes different stimuli to overcome interocular suppression. For example, previous studies have found that upright faces are reported faster than inverted faces, and direct-gaze faces are reported faster than averted-gaze faces. However, this procedure suffers from important problems: observers can decide how much information they receive before committing to a report, so their detection responses may be influenced by differences in decision criteria and by stimulus identification. Here, we developed a new procedure that uses predefined exposure durations, enabling independent measurement of perceptual sensitivity and decision criteria. We found higher detection sensitivity to both upright and direct-gaze (compared to inverted and averted-gaze) faces, with no effects on decisional factors. For identification, we found both greater sensitivity and more liberal criteria for upright faces. Our findings demonstrate that face orientation and gaze direction influence perceptual sensitivity, indicating that these facial features may be processed unconsciously.
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Li J, Yang J, Qin Y, Zhang Y. Expert and Novice Goalkeepers' Perceptions of Changes During Open Play Soccer. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:2725-2744. [PMID: 34459301 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211040750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated expert and novice football (i.e., soccer) goalkeepers' three stages of perceiving changes in open play situations-detection, localization, and identification-with and without time constraints. We adopted the continual cycling flicker paradigm to investigate goalkeepers' perceptions when provided with sufficient time (Experiment 1), and we utilized the limited display one-shot change detection paradigm to study their perceptions under time constraints (Experiment 2). Images of goalkeepers' first-person views of open play soccer scenes were used as stimuli. Semantic or non-semantic changes in these scenes were produced by modifying one element in each image. Separate groups of expert and novice goalkeepers were required to detect, localize, and identify the scene changes. We found that expert goalkeepers detected scene changes more quickly than novices under both time allowances. Furthermore, compared to novices, experts localized the changes more accurately under time constraints and identified the changes more quickly when given sufficient time. Additionally, semantic changes were detected more quickly and localized and identified more accurately than non-semantic changes when there was sufficient time. Under time constraints expert goalkeepers' greater efficiency was likely due to pre-attentive processing; with sufficient time, they were able to focus attention to extracting detailed information for identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, 47838Beijing Sport University, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Psychology, 47838Beijing Sport University, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Jianhua Experimental Etown School, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Qin
- School of Psychology, 47838Beijing Sport University, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Psychology, 47838Beijing Sport University, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Zhao MF, Zimmer HD, Fu X, Zheng Z. Unitization of internal and external features contributes to associative recognition for faces: Evidence from modulations of the FN400. Brain Res 2020; 1748:147077. [PMID: 32861676 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Associative recognition requires discriminating between old items and conjunction lures constructed by recombining elements from two different study items. This task can be solved not only by recollection but also by familiarity if the to-be-remembered stimuli are perceived as a unitized representation. In two event-related potential (ERP) studies, we provide evidence for the integration of internal and external facial features by showing that the early frontal old-new effect (considered a correlate of familiarity) is modulated by the specific combination of facial features. Participants studied faces consisting of internal features (eyes, eyebrows, nose, and mouth) paired with external features (hair, head shape, and ears). During the testing phase, intact, recombined, and new faces were presented. Recombined faces consisted of internal and external features taken from two different studied faces. The results showed that at the frontal sites, during the time window from 300 to 500 ms, ERPs to intact faces were more positive than those to new and recombined faces; the latter two did not differ from one another. The late parietal effect was observed only after a more extended study phase in Experiment 2. We take the modulation of the early frontal old-new effect as evidence for the contribution of familiarity to associative recognition for combinations of internal and external facial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Fang Zhao
- School of Education Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, China
| | - Hubert D Zimmer
- Brain and Cognition Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany
| | - Xiaolan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Visual working memory impairments for single items following medial temporal lobe damage. Neuropsychologia 2019; 134:107227. [PMID: 31614154 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research indicates that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is essential not only for long-term episodic memory but also for visual working memory (VWM). In particular, recent work has shown that the MTL is especially important for VWM when complex, high-resolution binding is required. However, all of these studies tested VWM for multiple items which invites the possibility that working memory capacity was exceeded and patient impairments instead reflected deficits in long-term memory. Thus, the precise conditions under which the MTL is critical for VWM and the type of working memory processes that are affected by MTL damage are not yet clear. To address these issues, we examined the effects of MTL damage on VWM for a single item (i.e., a square that contained color, location, and orientation information) using confidence-based receiver operating characteristic methods to assess VWM discriminability and to separate perceiving- and sensing-based memory judgments. This approach was motivated by dual-process theories of cognition that posit distinct subprocesses underlie performance across perception, working memory, and long-term memory. The results indicated that MTL patients were significantly impaired in VWM for a single item. Interestingly, the patients were not impaired at making accurate high-confidence judgments that a change had occurred (i.e., perceiving), rather they were impaired at making low-confidence judgments that they sensed whether or not there had been a change in the absence of identifying the exact change. These results demonstrate that the MTL is critical in supporting working memory even for a single item, and that it contributes selectively to sensing-based discriminations.
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