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Šantrůčková V, Fischer J, Klikarová J. A rapid and improved method for the determination of ethyl carbamate in foodstuffs of different matrices. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:4733-4742. [PMID: 38949067 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00643g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
This work deals with the rapid and simple determination of the probable carcinogen ethyl carbamate (EC), which is naturally present in fermented food products. An undemanding, robust, and rapid pre-column derivatization utilizing a 9-xanthydrol reagent has been developed. The resulting derivative was subsequently analysed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection. As a result of the thorough optimisation of the chromatographic conditions, the run was completed in just 5 minutes, considerably speeding up the usual time of EC separation (30-60 min). Thanks to the fast separation, satisfactory yields (around 90%), negligible matrix effects, no interfering peaks, very low detection limit, and simple sample pre-treatment (for the very first time, the derivatization was performed in the presence of light and without any extraction step), the proposed method represents a significant improvement of the EC determination protocol used so far. After method validation, a total of fifty food samples were subjected to analysis without any additional sample pre-treatment despite their diverse matrix. Due to its robustness, simplicity, and low time, cost, and manual demands, this method is suitable for rapid screening of EC in both final food products and during their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Šantrůčková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Fischer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Klikarová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Wang Z, Qu P, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Lyu B, Miao H. A Nationwide Survey and Risk Assessment of Ethyl Carbamate Exposure Due to Daily Intake of Alcoholic Beverages in the Chinese General Population. Foods 2023; 12:3129. [PMID: 37628128 PMCID: PMC10453565 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC) is carcinogenic, and, in China, oral intake of EC mainly occurs as a result of the consumption of alcoholic beverages. To obtain the latest EC intake and risk analysis results for the general population in China, the China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA) conducted the sixth total diet study (TDS) as a platform to analyze EC contents and exposure due to the intake of alcoholic beverages. A total of 100 sites in 24 provinces were involved in the collection and preparation of alcohol mixture samples for the sixth TDS. There were 261 different types of alcohol collected across the country, based on local dietary menus and consumption survey results. Ultimately, each province prepared a mixed sample by mixing their respective samples according to the percentage of local consumption. The EC levels of these twenty-four mixed samples were determined using our well-validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The values ranged from 1.0 μg/kg to 33.8 μg/kg, with 10.1 μg/kg being the mean. China's EC daily intake ranged from 0.001 ng/kg bw/d to 24.56 ng/kg bw/d, with a mean of 3.23 ng/kg bw/d. According to the margin of exposure (MOE), virtually safe dose (VSD), and T25 risk assessments of the carcinogenicity of EC, the mean lifetime cancer risk for the Chinese population was 9.8 × 104, 1.5 × 10-7, and 8.6 × 10-8, respectively. These data show that the carcinogenicity of EC in the general Chinese population due to alcoholic intake is essentially minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hongjian Miao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), Beijing 100021, China; (Z.W.); (P.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (B.L.)
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Ifosfamide - History, efficacy, toxicity and encephalopathy. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108366. [PMID: 36842616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
In this review we trace the passage of fundamental ideas through 20th century cancer research that began with observations on mustard gas toxicity in World War I. The transmutation of these ideas across scientific and national boundaries, was channeled from chemical carcinogenesis labs in London via Yale and Chicago, then ultimately to the pharmaceutical industry in Bielefeld, Germany. These first efforts to checkmate cancer with chemicals led eventually to the creation of one of the most successful groups of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, the oxazaphosphorines, first cyclophosphamide (CP) in 1958 and soon thereafter its isomer ifosfamide (IFO). The giant contributions of Professor Sir Alexander Haddow, Dr. Alfred Z. Gilman & Dr. Louis S. Goodman, Dr. George Gomori and Dr. Norbert Brock step by step led to this breakthrough in cancer chemotherapy. A developing understanding of the metabolic disposition of ifosfamide directed efforts to ameliorate its side-effects, in particular, ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy (IIE). This has resulted in several candidates for the encephalopathic metabolite, including 2-chloroacetaldehyde, 2-chloroacetic acid, acrolein, 3-hydroxypropionic acid and S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine. The pros and cons for each of these, together with other IFO metabolites, are discussed in detail. It is concluded that IFO produces encephalopathy in susceptible patients, but CP does not, by a "perfect storm," involving all of these five metabolites. Methylene blue (MB) administration appears to be generally effective in the prevention and treatment of IIE, in all probability by the inhibition of monoamine oxidase in brain potentiating serotonin levels that modulate the effects of IFO on GABAergic and glutamatergic systems. This review represents the authors' analysis of a large body of published research.
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Ethyl carbamate in Chinese liquor (Baijiu): presence, analysis, formation, and control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4383-4395. [PMID: 34021810 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a genotoxic and carcinogenic compound that is also a by-product of fermented foods (bread, sour milk, soy cheese, etc.) and alcoholic beverages (wine, sake, distilled liquor, etc.). Studies have showed that ethyl carbamate is ingested by humans primarily through the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Many countries have thus established EC limits for alcoholic beverages. Chinese liquor (Baijiu) is a traditional and unique distilled liquor, which has a huge consumption in China due to its excellent color, flavor, and taste. Therefore, the control of EC in Chinese liquor is of great significance. This review summarized for the first time the progress in presence level, analysis method, formation mechanism, and elimination strategy of EC of Chinese liquor in recent decades. KEY POINTS: • GC-MS and HPLC are the main methods to quantify EC in Chinese liquor. • EC is formed in the fermentation, distillation, and storage stage. • EC content can be reduced from raw material, microorganism, and production process.
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The Management of Compounds that Influence Human Health in Modern Winemaking from an HACCP Point of View. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The undesirable effects of some hazardous compounds involved in the different steps of the winemaking process may pose health risks to consumers; hence, the importance of compliance with recent international food safety standards, including the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) standards. In recent years, there has been a rise in the development of new technologies in response to the hazardous effects of chemical compounds detected during the winemaking process, whether naturally produced or added during different winemaking processes. The main purpose was to reduce the levels of some compounds, such as biogenic amines, ethyl carbamate, ochratoxin A, and sulfur dioxide. These technological advances are currently considered a necessity, because they produce wines free of health-hazardous compounds and, most importantly, help in the management and prevention of health risks. This review shows how to prevent and control the most common potential health risks of wine using a HACCP methodology.
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Qi H, Chen H, Wang Y, Jiang L. Detection of ethyl carbamate in liquors using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:181539. [PMID: 30662756 PMCID: PMC6304119 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC), a potential carcinogen, can be formed during the fermentation and storage of alcoholic beverages. In this work, quantitative detection of EC in alcoholic beverages by using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is reported. Flower-shaped silver nanostructure substrates and silver nanocube substrates were prepared and employed as SERS platform. Flower-like silver substrates had better Raman enhancement effect on EC and were selected for further EC detection. In EC SERS spectra based on flower-shaped silver substrates, the strongest and reproducible characteristic band at 857 cm-1 was chosen for establishing a linear regression model in the concentrations ranging from 10-5 to 10-9 M, which effectively extended the application scope of the quantitative model for determination EC. Furthermore, a real alcoholic beverage was tested to verify the feasibility and reliability of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huacai Chen
- Author for correspondence: Huacai Chen e-mail:
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Yang D, Zhou H, Ying Y, Niessner R, Haisch C. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering for quantitative detection of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9419-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhao X, Du G, Zou H, Fu J, Zhou J, Chen J. Progress in preventing the accumulation of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages. Trends Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ethyl-carbamate determination by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry at different stages of production of a traditional Brazilian spirit. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gunter G, Smith FG, Williams RH. Mass Mortality of Marine Animals on the Lower West Coast of Florida, November 1946-January 1947. Science 2010; 105:256-7. [PMID: 17769483 DOI: 10.1126/science.105.2723.256-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Luebke RW, Riddle MM, Rogers RR, Rowe DG, Garner RJ, Smialowicz RJ. Immune Function in Adult C57BL/6J Mice Following Exposuke to Ukethan Pre-OK Postnatally. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08923978609028617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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HENDRY JA, ROSE FL, WALPOLE AL. Cytotoxic agents: 1, methylolamides with tumour inhibitory activity, and related inactive compounds. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 2004; 6:201-34. [PMID: 14848452 PMCID: PMC1509224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1951.tb00635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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FOUNTAIN JR. Clinical observations of the treatment of leukemia and allied disorders with 6-mercaptopurine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 60:439-46. [PMID: 14350550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1954.tb40035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Galton
- Medical Research Council Leukaemia Unit, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, U.K
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Nasr M, Paull KD, Narayanan VL. Computer-assisted structure--anticancer activity correlations of carbamates and thiocarbamates. J Pharm Sci 1985; 74:831-6. [PMID: 4032265 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600740806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the aid of the computer, approximately 8000 compounds that incorporate a carbamate or thiocarbamate moiety, which have been tested as potential anticancer agents at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), were classified and their structure-activity correlations against the in vivo P-388 and L-1210 leukemias were evaluated. Aromatic carbamates and thiocarbamates have shown good activity against P-388 and poor activity against L-1210. The majority of active compounds in this series of aromatic carbamates possess a 2- or 4-heteroatom-substituted phenyl attached to the carbamate oxygen atom or the thiocarbamate sulfur atom with the carbamate nitrogen atom as NHMe. The N-phenyl carbamates were much less active against P-388 than the phenyl carbamates; only bis-N-phenyl carbamates with a methylene bridge between the two phenyl groups showed good activity against both P-388 and L-1210 leukemias. Except for the mycophenolic acid carbamates, the fused phenyl carbamates showed poor activity against both P-388 and L-1210 leukemias. Certain nitrogen-heterocyclic carbamates and carbamates with heteroatom substituents have been selected by the NCI for development toward clinical trials. The nature of the heterocyclic carrier and the position of attachment to the carbamate moiety have a major role on the mode of action of the antitumor activity of these compounds.
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Abstract
Mature macrophages involved in the removal of outer segment material were found between the visual cells and retinal pigment epithelium of the ischaemic rabbit retina. The mature macrophages were evident after only 15 min of ischaemia and the cells became progressively more numerous with increasing periods of ischaemia. A quantitative study was undertaken into the occurrence of the macrophages. These cells were probably of retinal pigment epithelial origin.
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Johnson NF, Strang R, Wilson TM. Further observations on the retinal fine structure after long-term anaesthesia. Exp Eye Res 1973; 17:73-85. [PMID: 4752364 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(73)90169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hatziolos BC. The effect of urethane on newborn calves. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1970; 17:743-56. [PMID: 4991023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1970.tb01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Fahmy OG, Fahmy MJ. Cytotoxic and mutagenic activation of urethane by N-hydroxylation and O-esterification. Chem Biol Interact 1970; 1:257-70. [PMID: 5003896 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(70)90013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Timson J. Effect of urethane (ethyl carbamate) on the mitosis of phytohaemagglutinin stimulated human lymphocytesin vitro. Dev Genes Evol 1970; 165:174-176. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00650145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/1970] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Seibert DJ, Hayes DM, Cooper T, Blom J, Ebaugh FG. Intravenous urethane (ethyl carbamate) therapy of multiple myeloma. From the acute leukemia group B. Cancer 1966; 19:710-2. [PMID: 5930195 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(196605)19:5<710::aid-cncr2820190517>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Takaori S, Tanabe K, Shimamoto K. Developmental abnormalities of skeletal system induced by ethylurethan in the rat. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1966; 16:63-73. [PMID: 5297507 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.16.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Dalton C, Hebborn P. Sequential enzymic activation as a means of increasing therapeutic efficiency of nitrogen mustards. Biochem Pharmacol 1965; 14:1567-76. [PMID: 5867511 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(65)90011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Montgomery JA. On the chemotherapy of cancer. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1965; 8:431-507. [PMID: 5330377 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7056-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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BORN GV, PHILP RB. Effect of Anaesthetics on the Duration of Embolization of Platelet Thrombi formed in Injured Blood Vessels. Nature 1965; 205:398-9. [PMID: 14243429 DOI: 10.1038/205398a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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CHAKRAVARTY N. The Mechanism of Histamine Release in Anaphylactic Reaction in Guinea Pig and Rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1960; 48:146-66. [PMID: 13809018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1960.tb01854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dales S, Fisher KC. The effect of luminal on growth, glucose utilization and oxygen consumption in mammalian cells in tissue culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1958. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030510305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Říha I. Působení antibakterijních protilátek v organismu se změněným stavem reaktivity. I. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1957. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02928614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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COPELAND MM. The palliative care of inoperable and incurable recrudescent neoplasms. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1956; 4:186-211. [PMID: 13345855 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(56)90020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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