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Maasayi MS, Machange JJ, Kamande DS, Kibondo UA, Odufuwa OG, Moore SJ, Tambwe MM. The MTego trap: a potential tool for monitoring malaria and arbovirus vectors. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:212. [PMID: 37370169 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05835-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Odour-baited traps are useful for vector surveillance and control. However, most existing traps have shown inconsistent recapture rates across different mosquito species, necessitating the need for more effective and efficient traps. The MTego trap with integrated thermal stimuli has been developed as an alternative trap. This study was undertaken to determine and compare the efficacy of the MTego trap to that of the Biogents (BG) modular BG-Pro (BGP) trap for sampling different mosquito species in a semi-field system. METHODS Fully balanced Latin square design experiments (no-choice and dual choice) were conducted in semi-field chambers using laboratory-reared female Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles arabiensis, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. There were 16 replicates, and 50 mosquitoes of each species were released in each chamber per replicate. The evaluated traps were as follows: the MTego trap baited with PM6 (MT-PM6), the MTego trap baited with BG-Lure (BGL) (MT-BGL), and the BGP trap baited with BG-Lure (BGP-BGL). RESULTS In the no-choice test, the MT-BGL and BGP-BGL traps captured a similar proportion of An. gambiae (31% vs 29%, P-value = 0.519) and An. funestus (32% vs 33%, P = 0.520). The MT-PM6 and BGP-BGL traps showed no significant difference in capturing Ae. aegypti (33% vs 31%, P = 0.324). However, the BGP-BGL caught more An. arabiensis and Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes than the other traps (P < 0.0001). In the dual-choice test of MT-PM6 vs BGP-BGL, similar proportions of An. funestus (25% vs 27%, P = 0.473) and Ae. aegypti (29% vs 25%, P = 0.264) were captured in the traps, while the BGP-BGL captured more An. gambiae, An. arabiensis and Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes than the MT-PM6 (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the MTego trap has potential as a tool that can be used interchangeably with the BGP trap for sampling anthropophilic mosquitoes including African malaria vectors An. gambiae and An. funestus and the principal arbovirus vector Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masudi Suleiman Maasayi
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
| | - Jane Johnson Machange
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Dismas S Kamande
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Ummi Abdul Kibondo
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Olukayode G Odufuwa
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Vector Biology Unit, Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, 4123, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Jane Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
- Vector Biology Unit, Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, 4123, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mgeni Mohamed Tambwe
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Vector Biology Unit, Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, 4123, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
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Carnaghi M, Belmain SR, Hopkins RJ, Hawkes FM. Multimodal synergisms in host stimuli drive landing response in malaria mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7379. [PMID: 33795798 PMCID: PMC8016827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria, which affects one-fifth of the world population. A comprehensive understanding of mosquito behaviour is essential for the development of novel tools for vector control and surveillance. Despite abundant research on mosquito behaviour, little is known on the stimuli that drive malaria vectors during the landing phase of host-seeking. Using behavioural assays with a multimodal step approach we quantified both the individual and the combined effect of three host-associated stimuli in eliciting landing in Anopheles coluzzii females. We demonstrated that visual, olfactory and thermal sensory stimuli interact synergistically to increase the landing response. Furthermore, if considering only the final outcome (i.e. landing response), our insect model can bypass the absence of either a thermal or a visual stimulus, provided that at least one of these is presented simultaneously with the olfactory stimuli, suggesting that landing is the result of a flexible but accurate stimuli integration. These results have important implications for the development of mosquito control and surveillance tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Carnaghi
- grid.55594.38Department of Agriculture Health and Environment, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Kent, ME7 4TB UK
| | - Steven R. Belmain
- grid.55594.38Department of Agriculture Health and Environment, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Kent, ME7 4TB UK
| | - Richard J. Hopkins
- grid.55594.38Department of Agriculture Health and Environment, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Kent, ME7 4TB UK
| | - Frances M. Hawkes
- grid.55594.38Department of Agriculture Health and Environment, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Kent, ME7 4TB UK
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Abstract
Plant-based repellents have been used for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection measure against host-seeking mosquitoes. Knowledge on traditional repellent plants obtained through ethnobotanical studies is a valuable resource for the development of new natural products. Recently, commercial repellent products containing plant-based ingredients have gained increasing popularity among consumers, as these are commonly perceived as "safe" in comparison to long-established synthetic repellents although this is sometimes a misconception. To date insufficient studies have followed standard WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme guidelines for repellent testing. There is a need for further standardized studies in order to better evaluate repellent compounds and develop new products that offer high repellency as well as good consumer safety. This paper presents a summary of recent information on testing, efficacy and safety of plant-based repellents as well as promising new developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ferreira Maia
- Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Abstract
Plant-based repellents have been used for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection measure against host-seeking mosquitoes. Knowledge on traditional repellent plants obtained through ethnobotanical studies is a valuable resource for the development of new natural products. Recently, commercial repellent products containing plant-based ingredients have gained increasing popularity among consumers, as these are commonly perceived as "safe" in comparison to long-established synthetic repellents although this is sometimes a misconception. To date insufficient studies have followed standard WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme guidelines for repellent testing. There is a need for further standardized studies in order to better evaluate repellent compounds and develop new products that offer high repellency as well as good consumer safety. This paper presents a summary of recent information on testing, efficacy and safety of plant-based repellents as well as promising new developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ferreira Maia
- Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Knols BG, De Jong R. Limburger cheese as an attractant for the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:159-61. [PMID: 15275226 DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(96)10002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the process of bloodfeeding, female Anopheles can transmit malaria parasites to humans. At night, while searching for blood, these insects respond to visual, physical and chemical properties of humans. Current research concentrates on the identification of kairomones, which guide mosquitoes to humans. Earlier observations on the biting behaviour of Anopheles gambiae s.s. on humans have now resulted in the discovery of a remarkable attractant for this important malaria vector, and it is thought that this will accelerate the development of odour-baited traps for malaria mosquito surveillance and control in sub-Saharan Africa, as discussed here by Bart Knols and Ruurd De Jong.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Knols
- Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, PO Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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De Jong R, Knols BG. Selection of biting sites on man by two malaria mosquito species. EXPERIENTIA 1995; 51:80-4. [PMID: 7843335 DOI: 10.1007/bf01964925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
While searching for blood, female mosquitoes pass through a behavioural process involving responses to visual, physical and chemical properties of the host. Temperature and humidity are thought to dominate mosquito orientation near the host. We observed that biting of two malaria mosquito species, i.e. Anopheles atroparvus (van Thiel) and Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Giles) preferentially occurs on different body regions of a naked motionless human host. Their preference for the head and foot regions respectively correlated with particular combinations of skin temperature and eccrine sweat gland density. Subsequent modification of the host's odour profile by removing exhaled breath and washing feet results in significant changes of these preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- R De Jong
- Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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