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Campos JM, Stamford TLM, Sarubbo LA, de Luna JM, Rufino RD, Banat IM. Microbial biosurfactants as additives for food industries. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1097-1108. [PMID: 23956227 DOI: 10.1186/s13765-019-0421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biosurfactants with high ability to reduce surface and interfacial surface tension and conferring important properties such as emulsification, detergency, solubilization, lubrication and phase dispersion have a wide range of potential applications in many industries. Significant interest in these compounds has been demonstrated by environmental, bioremediation, oil, petroleum, food, beverage, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries attracted by their low toxicity, biodegradability and sustainable production technologies. Despite having significant potentials associated with emulsion formation, stabilization, antiadhesive and antimicrobial activities, significantly less output and applications have been reported in food industry. This has been exacerbated by uneconomical or uncompetitive costing issues for their production when compared to plant or chemical counterparts. In this review, biosurfactants properties, present uses and potential future applications as food additives acting as thickening, emulsifying, dispersing or stabilising agents in addition to the use of sustainable economic processes utilising agro-industrial wastes as alternative substrates for their production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenyffer Medeiros Campos
- Dept. de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-graduação em Nutrição, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, CEP: 50670-901, PE, Brazil
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Morinaga H, Kizaki S, Takenaka T, Kanesato S, Sannohe Y, Tashiro R, Sugiyama H. Photoreactivities of 5-Bromouracil-containing RNAs. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:466-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lepczyńska J, Komodziński K, Milecki J, Kierzek R, Gdaniec Z, Franzen S, Skalski B. Photoaddition of 5-bromouracil to uracil in oligonucleotides leading to 5,5'-bipyrimidine-type adducts: mechanism of the photoreaction. J Org Chem 2012. [PMID: 23186224 DOI: 10.1021/jo3021067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
5-Bromouracil ((Br)U) modified di- and hexanucleotides having (Br)U flanked on the 5' or the 3' side by uracil (U) have been synthesized, and their photochemical reactivity was examined under the conditions of irradiation with near UV light. The results indicate that the primary photochemical process in all of these compounds involves the formation of an intermediate cyclobutane phodoadduct composed of (Br)U and U, which undergoes further photochemically and thermally induced transformations to 5,5'-bipyrimidine type adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Lepczyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland
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Shetlar MD, Chung J. The cyclobutane dimers of 2'-deoxyuridine, 2'-deoxycytidine, 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:1236-47. [PMID: 22571327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of DNA and RNA pyrimidine nucleosides with UV light in frozen aqueous solution or in solution with acetone often results in the formation of cyclobutane dimers (CBDs). Many of these photodimers have not been characterized. We present here the results of work designed to achieve the isolation, spectroscopic characterization and determination of the stereochemical nature of a number of little studied or previously unstudied CBDs of four 2'-deoxyribonuclesides. These nucleosides are 2'-deoxyuridine (dUrd), 2'-deoxycytidine (dCyd), 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5-MedCyd) and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (5-BrdUrd). In particular, we have isolated and characterized six dUrd CBDs, five dCyd CBDs, five 5-MedCyd CBDs and four 5-BrdUrd CBDs. Photoproducts were studied by UV spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, proton NMR spectroscopy and via chemical approaches. Also presented are results from less definitive studies of a number of (6-4) (or 5-4) photoadducts of these nucleosides. In addition, results from exploratory photochemical studies of other 2'-deoxyribonucleosides in frozen solution, as well as some mixtures of two nucleosides, are given. The latter results indicate that 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (5-IdUrd), 5-bromo-2'-deoxycytidine and 5-iodo-2'-deoxycytidine each form putative CBDs and that 5-BrdUrd is capable of forming putative mixed CBDs and (6-4) and/or (5-4) adducts with thymidine (Thd); 5-IdUrd similarly forms a (6-4) (or (5-4)) adduct with Thd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Shetlar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Wang SY, Patrick MH, Varghese AJ, Rupert CS. Concerning the mechanism of formation of uv-induced thymine photoproducts in DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 57:465-72. [PMID: 16591493 PMCID: PMC335529 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.57.2.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Y Wang
- DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY, THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND PUBLIC HEALTH, BALTIMORE
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Bojarska E, Kazimierczuk Z, Mouchard C, Tfibel F, Fontaine-Aupart MP. UVC induced oxidation of chloropurines: excited singlet and triplet pathways for the photoreaction. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:1054-62. [DOI: 10.1039/b805149f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rollet F, Richard C, Pilichowski JF. Photochemistry of 6-chloro and 6-bromopicolinic acids in water. Heterolytic vs. homolytic photodehalogenation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2006; 5:88-94. [PMID: 16395432 DOI: 10.1039/b510001a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of 6-chloro and 6-bromopicolinate ions ( and , respectively) was investigated by product studies and ns laser flash photolysis (LFP). In deoxygenated pH 5.4 water, yields 6-hydroxypicolinic acid (70%) and a substituted pyrrole. In 2-propanol-water (1 : 1) mixture, the reaction yields, very unselectively, 6-hydroxypicolinic acid, 2-carboxypyridine, pyridine and bipyridines. Photolysis of aqueous leads to 6-hydroxypicolinic acid (78%) and hydroxybipyridines. Oxygen suppresses the photolysis of but does not affect that of . By LFP, we detected a short-lived transient at the pulse end from (lambda(max)= 305 nm, k=(2.8 +/- 0.2)x 10(5) s(-1), epsilonphi= 2200 +/- 200 dm3 mol(-1) cm(-1)). This is quenched either by oxygen or methyl acrylate and thus assigned to the triplet excited state. The triplet excited state of is detected at pH 1 only (lambda(max)= 320 nm, k > 3 x 10(7) s(-1)). The radical ion Cl2- could be successfully detected by photolysing in 2-propanol-water (1 : 1) in the presence of Cl-. Similarly, Br2- could be detected by irradiating aqueous in the presence of Br-. These results show that the photodehalogenation of is heterolytic in water and mainly homolytic in 2-propanol-water mixtures while that of is both heterolytic and homolytic in water. A mechanism in which the triplet excited state undergoes homolysis of the C-X bond and subsequent electron transfer from the carboxypyridyl radical to the halogen atom to form an ion pair may account for these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Rollet
- Laboratoire de Photochimie Moléculaire et Macromoléculaire, UMR CNRS-Université Blaise Pascal 6505, 63177, Aubière Cedex, France
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Lindqvist L, Czochralska B, Fontaine-Aupart MP, Kawczynski W, Tfibel F, Douki T. Photochemistry of 2-chloropyrimidine. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2002; 1:600-6. [PMID: 12659505 DOI: 10.1039/b203620g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of 2-chloropyrimidine (ClPy) was investigated by means of nanosecond laser flash photolysis, HPLC, mass spectrometry, polarography and absorption spectroscopy. Two major products were formed on low-intensity UV irradiation (lambda = 254 nm) of ClPy in anaerobic aqueous solution: 2-hydroxypyrimidine (quantum yield approximately 0.01) and a compound identified as 2-chloro-4,2'-bipyrimidine (quantum yield approximately 0.005). Only the former of these products was obtained under aerobic conditions. Investigation by nanosecond flash photolysis revealed the occurrence of efficient intersystem crossing to the ClPy triplet state; the deactivation processes from this state were determined. Photosensitised generation of the ClPy triplet state showed that the triplet is involved in the formation of the bipyrimidine. A reaction scheme is proposed comprising two reaction channels: heterolytic rupture of the C-Cl bond in the excited singlet state of ClPy leading to formation of 2-hydroxypyrimidine, and homolytic C-Cl rupture in the triplet state with creation of pyrimidinyl radicals, which react with excess ClPy to give 2-chloro-4,2'-bipyrimidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lindqvist
- Laboratoire de Photophysique Moleculaire du CNRS, Bât. 210, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France.
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Meyerheim H, Gloege T. Adsorption induced formation of 5-5′-diuracil from 5-I-uracil: a surface X-ray structure analysis. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zamora F, Amo-Ochoa P, Fischer B, Schimanski A, Lippert B. 5,5′-Diuracilylspezies aus Uracil und [AuCl4]−: Nucleobasen-Dimerisierung durch ein Metall. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19990802)111:15<2415::aid-ange2415>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Görner H. Free radical chain mechanism in the acetone-sensitized photolysis of 5-bromouracil and derivatives in alcohol-water mixtures. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(95)04048-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Acetone-sensitized photolysis of 5-iodouracil and 5-iodouridine in aqueous solution in the presence of alcohols: free radical chain mechanism. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(93)80015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Celewicz L. Photochemical coupling of 5-bromo-1,3-dimethyluracil and its 6-alkyl derivatives to 3-methylindole and N alpha-acetyl-L-tryptophan methyl ester. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1989; 3:565-74. [PMID: 2507761 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(89)80080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions between 5-bromo-1,3-dimethyluracils and 3-substituted indoles in acetone solution were studied. Irradiation (lambda greater than 290 nm) of 5-bromo-1,3-dimethyluracil (1) and N alpha-acetyl-L-tryptophan methyl ester (2) yields, in addition to 5-(2-indolyl)uracil (3), a new photoadduct 5-(7-indolyl)uracil (4). 5-Bromo-1,3-dimethyluracils with 6-alkyl substituents irradiated in the presence of 2 give the 5-(2-indolyl)uracil-type photoadducts exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Celewicz
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Poznan, Poland
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Czochralska B, Wrona M, Shugar D. Electrochemically reduced photoreversible products of pyrimidine and purine analogues. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-15810-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ito S, Saito I, Matsuura T. Photoinduced cross-coupling reaction of 5-bromo-1,3-dimethyluracil to electron-rich aromatics. Tetrahedron 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)97713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hutchinson F, Köhnlein W. The Photochemistry of 5-Bromouracil and 5-lodouracil in DNA. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67701-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ben-Hur E, Prager A, Riklis E. Photochemistry of the bisbenzimidazole dye 33258 Hoechst with bromodeoxyuridine and its biological effects on Brd Urd-substituted Escherichia coli. Photochem Photobiol 1978; 27:559-63. [PMID: 79186 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1978.tb07646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sasson S, Wang SY. PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF 5-BROMOURIDINE AND 5-BROMO-2‘-DEOXYURIDINE IN ICE AND IN "PUDDLES"*. Photochem Photobiol 1977. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1977.tb07497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sasson S, Wang SY, Ehrlich M. 5,5'-diuridinyl, a major photoproduct from UV-irradiation of polynucleotides containing bromouracil. Photochem Photobiol 1977; 25:11-3. [PMID: 847020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1977.tb07417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ehrlich M, Riley M. Effect of base sequence on the ultraviolet irradiation products of double-stranded polynucleotides containing bromouracil and adenine. Photochem Photobiol 1974; 20:159-65. [PMID: 4851607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1974.tb06562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
The compound 5-bromouracil (BrU) may be incorporated into DNA in place of its analog thymine. This review is concerned with the photochemical lesions produced by the action of ultraviolet light on such BrU-DNA, and consequent biological effects of such lesions.
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Ehrlich M, Riley M. Oligonucleotide photoproducts formed by photolysis of polyribobromouridylic acid. Photochem Photobiol 1972; 16:397-412. [PMID: 4364521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1972.tb06308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sasson S, Rosenthal I, Elad D. Structures and stereochemistry of the four 1,3-dimethyluracil photodimers. Tetrahedron Lett 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)83965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hotz G, Reuschl H. Damage to deoxyribose molecules and to U-gene reactivation in UV-irradiated 5-bromouracil-DNA of phage T4 Bor as influenced by cysteamine. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1967; 99:5-11. [PMID: 5586533 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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