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Šimečková P, Hubatka F, Kotouček J, Turánek Knötigová P, Mašek J, Slavík J, Kováč O, Neča J, Kulich P, Hrebík D, Stráská J, Pěnčíková K, Procházková J, Diviš P, Macaulay S, Mikulík R, Raška M, Machala M, Turánek J. Gadolinium labelled nanoliposomes as the platform for MRI theranostics: in vitro safety study in liver cells and macrophages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4780. [PMID: 32179785 PMCID: PMC7075985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents are extensively used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Liposomes are potential nanocarrier-based biocompatible platforms for development of new generations of MRI diagnostics. Liposomes with Gd-complexes (Gd-lip) co-encapsulated with thrombolytic agents can serve both for imaging and treatment of various pathological states including stroke. In this study, we evaluated nanosafety of Gd-lip containing PE-DTPA chelating Gd+3 prepared by lipid film hydration method. We detected no cytotoxicity of Gd-lip in human liver cells including cancer HepG2, progenitor (non-differentiated) HepaRG, and differentiated HepaRG cells. Furthermore, no potential side effects of Gd-lip were found using a complex system including general biomarkers of toxicity, such as induction of early response genes, oxidative, heat shock and endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage responses, induction of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, and changes in sphingolipid metabolism in differentiated HepaRG. Moreover, Gd-lip did not show pro-inflammatory effects, as assessed in an assay based on activation of inflammasome NLRP3 in a model of human macrophages, and release of eicosanoids from HepaRG cells. In conclusion, this in vitro study indicates potential in vivo safety of Gd-lip with respect to hepatotoxicity and immunopathology caused by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Kotouček
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Josef Mašek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Slavík
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kováč
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Neča
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Hrebík
- Central European Institute of Technology CEITEC, Structural Virology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Stráská
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Pavel Diviš
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Robert Mikulík
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Neurology Department, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Raška
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Dockry M, Kernan RP, Tangney A. Active transport of sodium and potassium in mammalian skeletal muscle and its modification by nerve and by cholinergic and adrenergic agents. J Physiol 1966; 186:187-200. [PMID: 5914252 PMCID: PMC1395898 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1966.sp008028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Active transport of Na(+) and K(+) by Na-rich extensor digitorum and soleus muscles of rat was found to be increased considerably when muscles were innervated during enrichment with Na(+) in K-free modified Krebs solution containing 160 mM-Na at 2 degrees C and recovery in a similar fluid with 10 mM-K and 137 mM-Na at 37 degrees C, bubbled with oxygen.2. Addition of acetylcholine (2.0 mug/ml.) to recovery fluid containing denervated extensors increased active transport, whereas addition of eserine (50 mug/ml.), decamethonium (0.1 mug/ml.) and to a lesser extent tubocurarine (0.26 mug/ml.) inhibited active transport. Blocking of nerve conduction in innervated extensor inhibited K(+) uptake more than Na(+) excretion.3. The membrane potential of Na-rich extensor muscles measured soon after re-immersion in recovery fluid was higher in denervated than in innervated muscles. In the latter it was close to the K-equilibrium potential (E(K)). It is suggested that denervation here makes the Na-pump electrogenic by decreasing K(+) uptake either by decreased permeability or by inactivating a K-pump. Evidence is presented that the latter is more likely.4. Addition of isoprenaline to Na-rich soleus muscles in recovery fluid increased active transport and reduced the membrane potential measured soon after re-immersion in recovery fluid. The Na-pump still remained electrogenic in the presence of isoprenaline. It was suggested that isoprenaline might also stimulate the Na-pump, perhaps through activation of lactic dehydrogenase.
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