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Barrenechea V, Vargas-Reyes M, Quiliano M, Milón P. A Complementary Mechanism of Bacterial mRNA Translation Inhibition by Tetracyclines. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682682. [PMID: 34262544 PMCID: PMC8273347 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracycline has positively impacted human health as well as the farming and animal industries. Its extensive usage and versatility led to the spread of resistance mechanisms followed by the development of new variants of the antibiotic. Tetracyclines inhibit bacterial growth by impeding the binding of elongator tRNAs to the ribosome. However, a small number of reports indicated that Tetracyclines could also inhibit translation initiation, yet the molecular mechanism remained unknown. Here, we use biochemical and computational methods to study how Oxytetracycline (Otc), Demeclocycline (Dem), and Tigecycline (Tig) affect the translation initiation phase of protein synthesis. Our results show that all three Tetracyclines induce Initiation Factor IF3 to adopt a compact conformation on the 30S ribosomal subunit, similar to that induced by Initiation Factor IF1. This compaction was faster for Tig than Dem or Otc. Furthermore, all three tested tetracyclines affected IF1-bound 30S complexes. The dissociation rate constant of IF1 in early 30S complexes was 14-fold slower for Tig than Dem or Otc. Late 30S initiation complexes (30S pre-IC or IC) exhibited greater IF1 stabilization by Tig than for Dem and Otc. Tig and Otc delayed 50S joining to 30S initiation complexes (30S ICs). Remarkably, the presence of Tig considerably slowed the progression to translation elongation and retained IF1 in the resulting 70S initiation complex (70S IC). Molecular modeling of Tetracyclines bound to the 30S pre-IC and 30S IC indicated that the antibiotics binding site topography fluctuates along the initiation pathway. Mainly, 30S complexes show potential contacts between Dem or Tig with IF1, providing a structural rationale for the enhanced affinity of the antibiotics in the presence of the factor. Altogether, our data indicate that Tetracyclines inhibit translation initiation by allosterically perturbing the IF3 layout on the 30S, retaining IF1 during 70S IC formation, and slowing the transition toward translation elongation. Thus, this study describes a new complementary mechanism by which Tetracyclines may inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Barrenechea
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Research and Innovation, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru.,Postgraduate Unit, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Maryhory Vargas-Reyes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Research and Innovation, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
| | - Miguel Quiliano
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Research and Innovation, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
| | - Pohl Milón
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Research and Innovation, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
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Komar AA, Merrick WC. A Retrospective on eIF2A-and Not the Alpha Subunit of eIF2. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2054. [PMID: 32192132 PMCID: PMC7139343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes is a complex process requiring more than 12 different initiation factors, comprising over 30 polypeptide chains. The functions of many of these factors have been established in great detail; however, the precise role of some of them and their mechanism of action is still not well understood. Eukaryotic initiation factor 2A (eIF2A) is a single chain 65 kDa protein that was initially believed to serve as the functional homologue of prokaryotic IF2, since eIF2A and IF2 catalyze biochemically similar reactions, i.e., they stimulate initiator Met-tRNAi binding to the small ribosomal subunit. However, subsequent identification of a heterotrimeric 126 kDa factor, eIF2 (α,β,γ) showed that this factor, and not eIF2A, was primarily responsible for the binding of Met-tRNAi to 40S subunit in eukaryotes. It was found however, that eIF2A can promote recruitment of Met-tRNAi to 40S/mRNA complexes under conditions of inhibition of eIF2 activity (eIF2α-phosphorylation), or its absence. eIF2A does not function in major steps in the initiation process, but is suggested to act at some minor/alternative initiation events such as re-initiation, internal initiation, or non-AUG initiation, important for translational control of specific mRNAs. This review summarizes our current understanding of the eIF2A structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A. Komar
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - William C. Merrick
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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Abstract
Selection of correct start codons on messenger RNAs is a key step required for faithful translation of the genetic message. Such a selection occurs in a complex process, during which a translation-competent ribosome assembles, eventually having in its P site a specialized methionyl-tRNAMet base-paired with the start codon on the mRNA. This chapter summarizes recent advances describing at the molecular level the successive steps involved in the process. Special emphasis is put on the roles of the three initiation factors and of the initiator tRNA, which are crucial for the efficiency and the specificity of the process. In particular, structural analyses concerning complexes containing ribosomal subunits, as well as detailed kinetic studies, have shed new light on the sequence of events leading to faithful initiation of protein synthesis in Bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nomura
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Surkov S, Nilsson H, Rasmussen LCV, Sperling-Petersen HU, Isaksson LA. Translation initiation region dependency of translation initiation in Escherichia coli by IF1 and kasugamycin. FEBS J 2010; 277:2428-39. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ochoa S, Mazumder R. 1. Polypeptide Chain Initiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Hengesh EJ, Morris AJ. Inhibition of peptide bond formation by cytidyl derivatives of puromycin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 299:654-61. [PMID: 4708041 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hindley J. Structure and strategy in phage RNA. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1973; 26:269-321. [PMID: 4575322 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(73)90021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Rudland PS, Klemperer HG. A factor promoting the ejection of deacylated initiator transfer RNA from ribosomes. J Mol Biol 1971; 61:377-85. [PMID: 4943228 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Takeda Y, Miyazaki K. Stimulation of cell free polyphenylalanine synthesis by 30S ribosomal subunits in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 42:1134-41. [PMID: 4927801 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Thach SS, Thach RE. 1 molecule of guanosine triphosphate is present in each 30S initiation complex. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 229:219-21. [PMID: 5281021 DOI: 10.1038/newbio229219a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Hershey J, Remold-O'Donnell E, Kolakofsky D, Dewey K, Thach R. [26] Isolation and purification of initiation factors f1 and f2. Methods Enzymol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(71)20028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Modolell J, Davis BD. Breakdown by streptomycin of initiation complexes formed on ribosomes of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 67:1148-55. [PMID: 4922285 PMCID: PMC283330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.67.3.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomycin induces breakdown of the completed 70S initiation complex on ribosomes of Escherichia coli, but it does not interfere with any step in the formation of the complex. Moreover, it does not appear to interact with the ribosome in any special way during initiation, since the kinetics of breakdown are the same whether streptomycin is added before formation of the initiation complex, or after its completion, or (as previously observed) after formation of a polypeptide. fMet-tRNA is released as such, without chain elongation; it is released from a puromycin-reactive ("P") site. Streptomycin thus appears to distort not only the A site of the ribosome (as suggested earlier) but also the P site.
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Kan YW, Golini F, Thach RE. A new protein synthesis factor from Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 67:1137-42. [PMID: 4924442 PMCID: PMC283328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.67.3.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A new factor that effects protein synthesis by Escherichia coli extracts was partially purified from the 1 M NH(4)Cl wash of E. coli ribosomes. This factor stimulates the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to 30S ribosomes, and it increases the rate of synthesis of polyphenylalanine in the presence of 30S and 50S subunits.
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Remold-O'Donnell E, Thach RE. A New Method for the Purification of Initiation Factor F2 in High Yield, and an Estimation of Stoichiometry in the Binding Reaction. J Biol Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Sala F, Küntzel H. Peptide chain initiation in homologous and heterologous systems from mitochondria and bacteria. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1970; 15:280-6. [PMID: 4993755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1970.tb01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Miall SH, Kato T, Tamaoki T. A factor promoting dissociation of Escherichia coli ribosomes. Nature 1970; 226:1050-2. [PMID: 4911224 DOI: 10.1038/2261050a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Cerná J, Rychlík I, Zemlicka J, Chládek S. Substrate specificity of ribosomal peptidyl transferase. II. 2'(3')-O-aminoacyl nucleosides as acceptors of the peptide chain in the fragment reaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 204:203-9. [PMID: 4908647 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(70)90503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Jonák J, Rychlík I. Role of messenger RNA in binding of peptidyl transfer RNA to 30-S and 50-S ribosomal subunits. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 199:421-34. [PMID: 4907336 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(70)90084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Traub P. Structure, function and in vitro reconstitution of escherichia coli ribosomes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1970; 52:1-93. [PMID: 4915756 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-95130-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Phillips LA, Hotham-Iglewski B, Franklin RM. Polyribosomes of Escherichia coli. II. Experiments to determine the in vivo distribution of polysomes, ribosomes and ribosomal subunits. J Mol Biol 1969; 45:23-38. [PMID: 4186447 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(69)90207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Brawerman G, Revel M, Salser W, Gros F. Initiation factor requirements for the in vitro synthesis of T4 lysozyme. Nature 1969; 223:957-8. [PMID: 4896045 DOI: 10.1038/223957a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Rudland PS, Dube SK. Specific interaction of an initiator tRNA fragment with 30 s ribosomal subunits. J Mol Biol 1969; 43:273-80. [PMID: 4896372 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(69)90267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chae YB, Mazumder R, Ochoa S. Polypeptide chain initiation in E. coli: studies on the function of initiation factor F1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1969; 63:828-33. [PMID: 4899878 PMCID: PMC223527 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.63.3.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The requirement of initiation factors F(1) (highly purified) and F(2) (electrophoretically homogeneous) for ribosomal binding of N-formylmethionyl transfer RNA (fMet approximately tRNA) at low Mg(2+) concentration (3.5 mM), with the trinucleoside diphosphate ApUpG as messenger, was studied under various experimental conditions with 30S + 50S ribosomes and with 30S subunits alone. The results were qualitatively the same in both cases but the amount of binding was two to three times higher when both 30S and 50S subunits were present. Although there was a virtually absolute requirement for F(2) in all cases, considerable binding occurred at 0 degrees in the absence of added F(1). F(1) addition stimulated binding up to twofold under these conditions. However, at 25 degrees , the temperature at which the reaction is usually carried out, there was very little binding with F(2) alone and addition of F(1) stimulated the reaction five- to sixfold. Contrary to current belief, the GTP analog 5'-guanylyldiphosphonate (GMP-PCP) cannot replace GTP in the binding reaction. In particular, there was but little stimulation of binding (about 1.5-fold) by addition of F(1) to F(2)-containing samples when GMP-PCP was used. In marked contrast, binding was stimulated up to sevenfold by addition of F(1) when GTP was substituted for the analog. Under these conditions, there was an ApUpG and F(1)-dependent hydrolysis of GTP. This is observable with 30S subunits alone and can hardly be related to the occurrence of translocation. The results may be interpreted to mean that a complex relatively stable at 0 degrees , but less stable at 25 degrees , is formed upon addition of F(2) alone. Conversion of the less stable to the more stable form of complex is made possible by addition of F(1). This is accompanied or mediated by cleavage of GTP.
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Rudland PS, Whybrow WA, Marcker KA, Clark BF. Recognition of bacterial initiator tRNA by initiation factors. Nature 1969; 222:750-3. [PMID: 5786191 DOI: 10.1038/222750a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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de Groot N, Fry-Shafrir I, Lapidot Y. The binding of peptidyl-tRNA and acylaminoacyl-tRNA to E. coli ribosomes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1969; 8:571-6. [PMID: 4894288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Levin JG. The effect of deacylated tRNA on enzymatic binding of N-formyl-methionyl-tRNA to ribosomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1969; 34:661-7. [PMID: 4888037 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(69)90789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Grunberg-Manago M, Clark BF, Revel M, Rudland PS, Dondon J. Stability of different ribosomal complexes with initiator transfer RNA and synthetic messenger RNA. J Mol Biol 1969; 40:33-44. [PMID: 4903360 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(69)90294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Parenti-Rosina R, Eisenstadt A, Eisenstadt JM. Isolation of protein initiation factors from 30S ribosomal subunits. Nature 1969; 221:363-5. [PMID: 4884841 DOI: 10.1038/221363a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bretscher MS. Punctuation in the genetic code in Escherichia coli. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1969; 19:175-97. [PMID: 4911103 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(69)90005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Young TW, Sykes J. Studies on the ribosomes and ribonulceic acids of Aerobacter aerogenes grown at different rates in magnesium-limited continuous culture. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 169:117-28. [PMID: 5727126 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bachmayer H, Kreil G. The formation of N-formyl-methionyl-puromycin by intact cells of four different bacteria and a blue-green alga. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 169:95-102. [PMID: 4973249 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Monro RE, Cerná J, Marcker KA. Ribosome-catalyzed peptidyl transfer: substrate specificity at the P-site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 61:1042-9. [PMID: 4879821 PMCID: PMC305433 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.61.3.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Ochoa S. Translation of the genetic message. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1968; 55:505-14. [PMID: 4882370 DOI: 10.1007/bf00660121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kondo M, Eggerston G, Eisenstadt J, Lengyel P. Ribosome formation from subunits: dependence on formylmethionyl-transfer RNA in extracts from E. coli. Nature 1968; 220:368-71. [PMID: 4879330 DOI: 10.1038/220368a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kolakofsky D, Ohta T, Thach RE. Junction of the 50S ribosomal subunit with the 30S initiation complex. Nature 1968; 220:244-7. [PMID: 5684849 DOI: 10.1038/220244a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Subramanian AR, Ron EZ, Davis BD. A factor required for ribosome dissociation in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 61:761-7. [PMID: 4879403 PMCID: PMC225225 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.61.2.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Revel M, Lelong JC, Brawerman G, Gros F. Function of three protein factors and ribosomal subunits in the initiation of protein synthesis in E. coli. Nature 1968; 219:1016-21. [PMID: 4876939 DOI: 10.1038/2191016a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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