1
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Gao S, Li T, Zhang Y, Yuan S, Kang R. Insights into Interfacial Mechanism of CeO 2/Silicon and Atomic-Scale Removal Process during Chemo-Mechanical Grinding of Silicon. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16606-16617. [PMID: 37934508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemo-mechanical grinding (CMG) is a valid processing method to achieve a low-damage surface of silicon. However, the atomic interfacial mechanism during the CMG is still unclear. Herein, the CMG process of silicon was investigated using first principles and frictional wear tests in which the effects of pressure and speed on the interfacial reaction were comprehensively analyzed. Simulations showed that the formation and breakage of chemical bonds occurred at the CeO2/silicon interface during CMG, and the newly formed chemical bonds were stronger than those on the silicon surface. Also, it was found that the pressure and speed improved the materials removal rate by means of accelerating the interfacial chemical reactions, which is also verified by frictional wear tests. This study provides new insights into the atomic interfacial mechanism during silicon CMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performances Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tianrun Li
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performances Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performances Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Song Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performances Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Renke Kang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performances Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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2
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Lin J, Tamura R, Futamura Y, Sakurai T, Miyazaki T. Determination of hyper-parameters in the atomic descriptors for efficient and robust molecular dynamics simulations with machine learning forces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37377109 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01922e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The atomic descriptors used in machine learning to predict forces are often high dimensional. In general, by retrieving a significant amount of structural information from these descriptors, accurate force predictions can be achieved. On the other hand, to acquire higher robustness for transferability without overfitting, sufficient reduction of descriptors should be necessary. In this study, we propose a method to automatically determine hyperparameters in the atomic descriptors, aiming to obtain accurate machine learning forces while using a small number of descriptors. Our method focuses on identifying an appropriate threshold cut-off for the variance value of the descriptor components. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, we apply it to crystalline, liquid, and amorphous structures in SiO2, SiGe, and Si systems. By using both conventional two-body descriptors and our introduced split-type three-body descriptors, we demonstrate that our method can provide machine learning forces that enable efficient and robust molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Lin
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan.
| | - Ryo Tamura
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8568, Japan
| | - Yasunori Futamura
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
- Center for Artificial Intelligence, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
- Master's/Doctoral Program in Life Science Innovation, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sakurai
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
- Center for Artificial Intelligence, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
- Master's/Doctoral Program in Life Science Innovation, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyazaki
- Master's/Doctoral Program in Life Science Innovation, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan.
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3
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Simoncelli M, Mauri F, Marzari N. Thermal conductivity of glasses: first-principles theory and applications. NPJ COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS 2023; 9:106. [PMID: 38666060 PMCID: PMC11041661 DOI: 10.1038/s41524-023-01033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Predicting the thermal conductivity of glasses from first principles has hitherto been a very complex problem. The established Allen-Feldman and Green-Kubo approaches employ approximations with limited validity-the former neglects anharmonicity, the latter misses the quantum Bose-Einstein statistics of vibrations-and require atomistic models that are very challenging for first-principles methods. Here, we present a protocol to determine from first principles the thermal conductivity κ(T) of glasses above the plateau (i.e., above the temperature-independent region appearing almost without exceptions in the κ(T) of all glasses at cryogenic temperatures). The protocol combines the Wigner formulation of thermal transport with convergence-acceleration techniques, and accounts comprehensively for the effects of structural disorder, anharmonicity, and Bose-Einstein statistics. We validate this approach in vitreous silica, showing that models containing less than 200 atoms can already reproduce κ(T) in the macroscopic limit. We discuss the effects of anharmonicity and the mechanisms determining the trend of κ(T) at high temperature, reproducing experiments at temperatures where radiative effects remain negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Simoncelli
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group of the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesco Mauri
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - Nicola Marzari
- Theory and Simulation of Materials (THEOS) and National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Wide bandgap semiconductor nanomembranes as a long-term biointerface for flexible, implanted neuromodulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203287119. [PMID: 35939711 PMCID: PMC9388084 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203287119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical neuron stimulation holds promise for treating chronic neurological disorders, including spinal cord injury, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease. The implementation of ultrathin, flexible electrodes that can offer noninvasive attachment to soft neural tissues is a breakthrough for timely, continuous, programable, and spatial stimulations. With strict flexibility requirements in neural implanted stimulations, the use of conventional thick and bulky packages is no longer applicable, posing major technical issues such as short device lifetime and long-term stability. We introduce herein a concept of long-lived flexible neural electrodes using silicon carbide (SiC) nanomembranes as a faradic interface and thermal oxide thin films as an electrical barrier layer. The SiC nanomembranes were developed using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process at the wafer level, and thermal oxide was grown using a high-quality wet oxidation technique. The proposed material developments are highly scalable and compatible with MEMS technologies, facilitating the mass production of long-lived implanted bioelectrodes. Our experimental results showed excellent stability of the SiC/silicon dioxide (SiO2) bioelectronic system that can potentially last for several decades with well-maintained electronic properties in biofluid environments. We demonstrated the capability of the proposed material system for peripheral nerve stimulation in an animal model, showing muscle contraction responses comparable to those of a standard non-implanted nerve stimulation device. The design concept, scalable fabrication approach, and multimodal functionalities of SiC/SiO2 flexible electronics offer an exciting possibility for fundamental neuroscience studies, as well as for neural stimulation-based therapies.
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5
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Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin silica films have the potential to reach technological importance in electronics and catalysis. Several well-defined 2D-silica structures have been synthesized so far. The silica bilayer represents a 2D material with SiO2 stoichiometry. It consists of precisely two layers of tetrahedral [SiO4] building blocks, corner connected via oxygen bridges, thus forming a self-saturated silicon dioxide sheet with a thickness of ∼0.5 nm. Inspired by recent successful preparations and characterizations of these 2D-silica model systems, scientists now can forge novel concepts for realistic systems, particularly by atomic-scale studies with the most powerful and advanced surface science techniques and density functional theory calculations. This Review provides a solid introduction to these recent developments, breakthroughs, and implications on ultrathin 2D-silica films, including their atomic/electronic structures, chemical modifications, atom/molecule adsorptions, and catalytic reactivity properties, which can help to stimulate further investigations and understandings of these fundamentally important 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Zhong
- School of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, China
| | - Hans-Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Rad ZJ, Lehtiö JP, Mack I, Rosta K, Chen K, Vähänissi V, Punkkinen M, Punkkinen R, Hedman HP, Pavlov A, Kuzmin M, Savin H, Laukkanen P, Kokko K. Decreasing Interface Defect Densities via Silicon Oxide Passivation at Temperatures Below 450 °C. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:46933-46941. [PMID: 32960564 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature (LT) passivation methods (<450 °C) for decreasing defect densities in the material combination of silica (SiOx) and silicon (Si) are relevant to develop diverse technologies (e.g., electronics, photonics, medicine), where defects of SiOx/Si cause losses and malfunctions. Many device structures contain the SiOx/Si interface(s), of which defect densities cannot be decreased by the traditional, beneficial high temperature treatment (>700 °C). Therefore, the LT passivation of SiOx/Si has long been a research topic to improve application performance. Here, we demonstrate that an LT (<450 °C) ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) treatment is a potential method that can be combined with current state-of-the-art processes in a scalable way, to decrease the defect densities at the SiOx/Si interfaces. The studied LT-UHV approach includes a combination of wet chemistry followed by UHV-based heating and preoxidation of silicon surfaces. The controlled oxidation during the LT-UHV treatment is found to provide an until now unreported crystalline Si oxide phase. This crystalline SiOx phase can explain the observed decrease in the defect density by half. Furthermore, the LT-UHV treatment can be applied in a complementary, post-treatment way to ready components to decrease electrical losses. The LT-UHV treatment has been found to decrease the detector leakage current by a factor of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jahanshah Rad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Lehtiö
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Iris Mack
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kawa Rosta
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kexun Chen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ville Vähänissi
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Marko Punkkinen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Risto Punkkinen
- Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu-Pekka Hedman
- Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Andrei Pavlov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Mikhail Kuzmin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - Hele Savin
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Pekka Laukkanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Kalevi Kokko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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7
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Cui J, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Liu D, Zou L, Guo X, Lu Y, Parkin IP, Guo D. Ultrahigh Recovery of Fracture Strength on Mismatched Fractured Amorphous Surfaces of Silicon Carbide. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7483-7492. [PMID: 31184133 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanowires (NWs) have been envisioned as building blocks of nanotechnology and nanodevices. In this study, NWs were manipulated using a weasel hair and fixed by conductive silver epoxy, eliminating the contaminations and damages induced by conventional beam depositions. The fracture strength of the amorphous silicon carbide was found to be 8.8 GPa, which was measured by in situ transmission electron microscopy nanomechanical testing, approaching the theoretical fracture limit. Here, we report that self-healing of mismatched fractured amorphous surfaces of brittle NWs was discovered. The fracture strength was found to be 5.6 GPa on the mismatched fractured surfaces, recovering 63.6% of that of pristine NWs. This is an ultrahigh recovery, due to the limits of reconstruction of dangling bonds on the fractured amorphous surfaces and the mismatched areas. Simulation by molecular dynamics showed fracture strength recovery of 65.9% on the mismatched fractured amorphous surfaces, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. Healing on the mismatched fractured amorphous surfaces is by reorganization of Si-C bonds forming Si-C and Si-Si bonds. The potential energy increases 2.6 eV in the reorganized Si-C bonds and decreases by 3.2 and 1.9 eV, respectively, in the formed Si-C and Si-Si bonds. These findings provide insights for the reliability, design, and fabrication of high performance NW-based devices, to avoid catastrophic failure working in harsh and extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Cui
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Li Zou
- School of Naval Architecture, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Xiaoguang Guo
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS , U.K
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , U.K
| | - Dongming Guo
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
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8
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Mohammadi V, Nihtianov S, Fang C. A doping-less junction-formation mechanism between n-silicon and an atomically thin boron layer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13247. [PMID: 29038490 PMCID: PMC5643333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in nanostructures of silicon and its dopants has significantly increased. We report the creation of an ultimately-shallow junction at the surface of n-type silicon with excellent electrical and optical characteristics made by depositing an atomically thin boron layer at a relatively low temperature where no doping of silicon is expected. The presented experimental results and simulations of the ab initio quantum mechanics molecular dynamics prove that the structure of this new type of junction differs from all other known rectifying junctions at this time. An analysis of the junction formation has led to the conclusion that the chemical interaction between the surface atoms of crystalline silicon and the first atomic layer of the as-deposited amorphous boron is the dominant factor leading to the formation of a depletion zone in the crystalline silicon which originates from the surface. The simulation results show a very strong electric field across the c-Si/a-B interface systems where the charge transfer occurs mainly from the interface Si atoms to the neighboring B atoms. This electric field appears to be responsible for the creation of a depletion zone in the n-silicon resulting in a rectifying junction-formation between the n-silicon and the atomically thin boron layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mohammadi
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Stoyan Nihtianov
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Changming Fang
- Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology (BCAST), Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK
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9
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KC S, Longo RC, Wallace RM, Cho K. Computational Study of MoS 2/HfO 2 Defective Interfaces for Nanometer-Scale Electronics. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:2827-2834. [PMID: 31457620 PMCID: PMC6641027 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atomic structures and electronic properties of MoS2/HfO2 defective interfaces are investigated extensively for future field-effect transistor device applications. To mimic the atomic layer deposition growth under ambient conditions, the impact of interfacial oxygen concentration on the MoS2/HfO2 interface electronic structure is examined. Then, the effect on band offsets (BOs) and the thermodynamic stability of those interfaces is investigated and compared with available relevant experimental data. Our results show that the BOs can be modified up to 2 eV by tuning the oxygen content through, for example, the relative partial pressure. Interfaces with hydrogen impurities as well as various structural disorders were also considered, leading to different behaviors, such as n-type doping, or introducing defect states close to the Fermi level because of the formation of hydroxyl groups. Then, our results indicate that for a well-prepared interface the electronic device performance should be better than that of other interfaces, such as III-V/high-κ, because of the absence of interface defect states. However, any unpassivated defects, if present during oxide growth, strongly affect the subsequent electronic properties of the interface. The unique electronic properties of monolayer-to-few-layered transition-metal dichalcogenides and dielectric interfaces are described in detail for the first time, showing the promising interfacial characteristics for future transistor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh KC
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United
States
- Materials
Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge
National Lab, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Roberto C. Longo
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United
States
| | - Robert M. Wallace
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United
States
| | - Kyeongjae Cho
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United
States
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10
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Koizumi K, Nobusada K, Boero M. An atomic-level insight into the basic mechanism responsible for the enhancement of the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide on a Cu/CeO2 surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:3498-3505. [PMID: 27901152 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05957k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction mechanism of CO molecules onto a Cu/CeO2 surface and morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Koizumi
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science
- Institute for Molecular Science
- Okazaki 444-8585
- Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB)
| | - Katsuyuki Nobusada
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science
- Institute for Molecular Science
- Okazaki 444-8585
- Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB)
| | - Mauro Boero
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg UMR 7504
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS
- F-67034 Strasbourg
- France
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11
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Colleoni D, Pasquarello A. Diffusion of interstitial oxygen in silicon and germanium: a hybrid functional study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:495801. [PMID: 27731307 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/49/495801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The minimum-energy paths for the diffusion of an interstitial O atom in silicon and germanium are studied through the nudged-elastic-band method and hybrid functional calculations. The reconsideration of the diffusion of O in silicon primarily serves the purpose of validating the procedure for studying the O diffusion in germanium. Our calculations show that the minimum energy path goes through an asymmetric transition state in both silicon and germanium. The stability of these transition states is found to be enhanced by the generation of unpaired electrons in the highest occupied single-particle states. Calculated energy barriers are 2.54 and 2.14 eV for Si and Ge, in very good agreement with corresponding experimental values of 2.53 and 2.08 eV, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Colleoni
- Chaire de Simulation à l'Echelle Atomique (CSEA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Fang CM, van Blaaderen A, van Huis MA. Stability and geometry of silica nano-ribbons (SNRs): a first-principles study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:21825-32. [PMID: 27436792 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03913h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Silica based materials are attractive because of their versatility and their unique structures and properties, which have led to numerous applications of silica in a range of fields. Recently, various low-dimensional silica materials have been synthesized experimentally. Here we present a first-principles study on the geometry and stability of novel low-dimensional silica nano-ribbons (SNRs) using density-functional theory (DFT) with van der Waals interactions (optB88-vdW). SNRs of various widths with different surface groups, and with the geometry of hexagonal rings and squares, were taken into consideration. An atomically flat ribbon with mixing squares and rings is also included. The calculations showed high stability for the single layer and bilayer silica ribbons, both containing hexagonal rings. The calculations also revealed a high flexibility of silica chains. The local structure and chemical bonding were carefully analyzed. Electronic band structure calculations showed an insulating nature of the SNRs with energy gaps of about 5.0 to 6.0 eV, which are determined by nonbonding and anti-bonding O 2p states.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fang
- Soft Condensed Matter (SCM), Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science (DINS), Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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13
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Tan AW, Torkelson JM. Poly(methyl methacrylate) nanotubes in AAO templates: Designing nanotube thickness and characterizing the T-confinement effect by DSC. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Capan I, Carvalho A, Coutinho J. Silicon and germanium nanocrystals: properties and characterization. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:1787-94. [PMID: 25383290 PMCID: PMC4222352 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Group-IV nanocrystals have emerged as a promising group of materials that extends the realm of application of bulk diamond, silicon, germanium and related materials beyond their traditional boundaries. Over the last two decades of research, their potential for application in areas such as optoelectronic applications and memory devices has been progressively unraveled. Nevertheless, new challenges with no parallel in the respective bulk material counterparts have arisen. In this review, we consider what has been achieved and what are the current limitations with regard to growth, characterization and modeling of silicon and germanium nanocrystals and related materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Capan
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, P.O. Box 180, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alexandra Carvalho
- Graphene Research Centre and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - José Coutinho
- Department of Physics and I3N, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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15
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Corsetti F, Mostofi AA. A first-principles study of As doping at a disordered Si-SiO2 interface. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:055002. [PMID: 24334566 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/5/055002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interaction between dopants and semiconductor-oxide interfaces is an increasingly important concern in the drive to further miniaturize modern transistors. To this end, using a combination of first-principles density-functional theory and a continuous random network Monte Carlo method, we investigate electrically active arsenic donors at the interface between silicon and its oxide. Using a realistic model of the disordered interface, we find that a small percentage (on the order of ∼10%) of the atomic sites in the first few monolayers on the silicon side of the interface are energetically favourable for segregation, and that this is controlled by the local bonding and local strain of the defect centre. We also find that there is a long-range quantum confinement effect due to the interface, which results in an energy barrier for dopant segregation, but that this barrier is small in comparison to the effect of the local environment. Finally, we consider the extent to which the energetics of segregation can be controlled by the application of strain to the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Corsetti
- CIC nanoGUNE, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain. Departments of Materials and Physics, and the Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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16
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Paleari S, Baldovino S, Molle A, Fanciulli M. Evidence of trigonal dangling bonds at the Ge(111)/oxide interface by electrically detected magnetic resonance. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:206101. [PMID: 25167431 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.206101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite a renewed interest in Ge as a competitor with Si for a broad range of electronic applications, the microstructure and the electronic properties of the dangling bonds that, in analogy with Si, are expected at the Ge/oxide interface have escaped a firm spectroscopy observation and characterization. Clear evidence based on contactless electrically detected magnetic resonance spectroscopy of a dangling bond at the Ge(111)/GeO(2) interface is reported in this Letter. This result supports the similarity between dangling bonds at the Si(111)/oxide and Ge(111)/oxide interfaces, both showing C(3v) trigonal point symmetry with the main axis oriented along the ⟨111⟩ direction. In contrast, at the Ge(001)/oxide interface the absence of the trigonal center in favor of a lower symmetry dangling bond marks the difference with the Si(001)/oxide interface, where both centers are present and the one having higher point symmetry prevails. This fact is rationalized in terms of suboxide interface rearrangement and oxide viscoelasticity, which promote the generation of the nonaxial centers at distorted dimers. The unambiguous identification of the centers at the Ge/oxide interfaces yields a deeper insight into the physical properties of the suboxide interface structure and offers a valid indicator for the evaluation of different surface capping and passivation techniques, with the potential to boost the Ge-related technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Paleari
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, via Cozzi 53, I-20125 Milan, Italy
| | - S Baldovino
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR, Via C. Olivetti 2, I-20864 Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - A Molle
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR, Via C. Olivetti 2, I-20864 Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - M Fanciulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, via Cozzi 53, I-20125 Milan, Italy and Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR, Via C. Olivetti 2, I-20864 Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
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17
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Salmon PS, Zeidler A. Identifying and characterising the different structural length scales in liquids and glasses: an experimental approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:15286-308. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51741a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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18
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Lichtenstein L, Heyde M, Freund HJ. Crystalline-vitreous interface in two dimensional silica. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:106101. [PMID: 23005304 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.106101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The interface between a crystalline and a vitreous phase of a thin metal supported silica film was studied by low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. The locally resolved evolution of Si-Si nearest neighbor distances and characteristic angles was evaluated across the border. Furthermore, we investigated the behavior of the ring size distribution close to the crystalline-vitreous transition. The crystalline order was found to decay gradually within about 1.6 nm into the vitreous state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Lichtenstein
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Zeidler A, Salmon PS, Fischer HE, Neuefeind JC, Simonson JM, Lemmel H, Rauch H, Markland TE. Oxygen as a site specific probe of the structure of water and oxide materials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:145501. [PMID: 22107211 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.145501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The method of oxygen isotope substitution in neutron diffraction is introduced as a site specific structural probe. It is employed to measure the structure of light versus heavy water, thus circumventing the assumption of isomorphism between H and D as used in more traditional neutron diffraction methods. The intramolecular and intermolecular O-H and O-D pair correlations are in excellent agreement with path integral molecular dynamics simulations, both techniques showing a difference of ≃0.5% between the O-H and O-D intramolecular bond distances. The results support the validity of a competing quantum effects model for water in which its structural and dynamical properties are governed by an offset between intramolecular and intermolecular quantum contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Zeidler
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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20
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Anderson NL, Vedula RP, Schultz PA, Van Ginhoven RM, Strachan A. First-principles investigation of low energy E' center precursors in amorphous silica. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:206402. [PMID: 21668246 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.206402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We show that oxygen vacancies are not necessary for the formation of E' centers in amorphous SiO₂ and that a single O deficiency can lead to two charge traps. Employing molecular dynamics with a reactive potential and density functional theory, we generate an ensemble of stoichiometric and oxygen-deficient amorphous SiO₂ atomic structures and identify low-energy network defects. Three-coordinated Si atoms appear in several low-energy defects both in stoichiometric and O-deficient samples where, in addition to the neutral oxygen vacancy, they appear as isolated defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Anderson
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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21
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Cerofolini GF, Giorgi G, Sgamellotti A, Belanzoni P. How silylene defects at (100) Si surfaces can account for the anomalous features observed via x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:184702. [PMID: 19449938 DOI: 10.1063/1.3121282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical analysis of the hydrogen-terminated (100) surface of silicon leads to the identification of a new configuration, formed by a silylene center interacting with vicinal silicon dihydrides. This structure may be viewed as a metastable configuration of 2 x 1 (100) (SiH)(2). Silylene can however be stabilized via interaction with water. The paper proposes that some of the anomalous features observed at the hydrogen-terminated or oxidized (100) Si can be attributed to silylene centers datively stabilized by oxo groups or to structures resulting from their decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Cerofolini
- Department of Materials Science and CNISM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano MI, Italy.
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22
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Stegemann B, Sixtensson D, Lußky T, Schoepke A, Didschuns I, Rech B, Schmidt M. Ultrathin SiO(2) layers on Si(111): preparation, interface gap states and the influence of passivation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:424020. [PMID: 21832680 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/42/424020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An essential prerequisite for the successful application of Si/SiO(2) nanostructures in photovoltaics is the realization of well-defined and abrupt interfaces with low densities of interface gap states. Here, a complete in situ process from preparation and hydrogen passivation to interface gap state analysis by near-UV photoelectron spectroscopy without breaking ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions is introduced. It is demonstrated that by RF plasma oxidation of Si(111) substrates with thermalized neutral oxygen atoms, ultrathin SiO(2) layers can be realized with compositionally and structurally abrupt Si/SiO(2) interfaces and a minimal amount of intermediate oxidation states bridging the transition from Si to SiO(2). Plasma oxidized samples have significantly lower interface gap states than samples oxidized by thermal oxidation at 850 °C. Interface gap state densities were further reduced by in situ hydrogen plasma passivation with nearly thermalized H atoms. The resulting reduction of interface recombination velocity and the increase of effective majority and minority carrier lifetimes are revealed by constant photocurrent measurements and quasi-steady-state photoconductance, respectively.
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23
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Godet J, Giustino F, Pasquarello A. Proton-induced fixed positive charge at the Si(100)-SiO2 interface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:126102. [PMID: 17930523 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.126102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Positively charged defects induced by protons at the Si(100)-SiO2 interface are studied through density-functional calculations and realistic interface models. Protons generally preserve the bonding network, but cause the spontaneous breaking of strained bonds leading to threefold-coordinated Si(3)(+) and O(3)(+). Defect energies fall within a band of approximately 0.5 eV, which is stabilized by approximately 0.3 eV at the interface. Only the O(3)(+) at approximately 1 eV lower energies stand out as deep defects. This description is consistent with several experimental observations and supports the O(3)(+) as the origin of the fixed positive charge generated during silicon oxidation, in accord with a previous suggestion inferred from electrical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Godet
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Theoretical Physics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Godet J, Pasquarello A. Proton diffusion mechanism in amorphous SiO2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:155901. [PMID: 17155340 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.155901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We study proton diffusion in amorphous SiO2 from the atomic scale to the long-range percolative regime. Ab initio molecular dynamics suggest that the dominant atomic process consists in cross-ring interoxygen hopping assisted by network vibrations. A statistical analysis accounting for the disorder in amorphous SiO2 yields relations between transition energies and interoxygen distances for both cross-ring and nearest-neighbor hopping. The percolative regime is then addressed through large-size model systems reproducing these relations. Cross-ring hopping is confirmed as the dominant diffusion mechanism and supported by a good agreement with experiment for the activation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Godet
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Theoretical Physics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Ciacchi LC, Payne MC. First-principles molecular-dynamics study of native oxide growth on Si(001). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:196101. [PMID: 16383998 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.196101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Through first-principles molecular dynamics we study the low-temperature oxidation of the Si(001) surface from the initial adsorption of an O2 molecule to the formation of a native oxide layer. Peculiar features of the oxidation process are the early, spontaneous formation of Si4+ species, and the enhanced reactivity of the surface while the reactions proceed, until saturation is reached at a coverage of 1.5 ML. The channels for barrierless oxidation are found to be widened in the presence of both boron and phosphorous impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Colombi Ciacchi
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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26
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Bongiorno A, Pasquarello A. Comment on "Structural analysis of the SiO2/Si(100) interface by means of photoelectron diffraction". PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:189601; discussion 189602. [PMID: 15904418 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.189601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Bongiorno
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, USA
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27
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Fan XL, Zhang YF, Lau WM, Liu ZF. Adsorption of triplet O(2) on Si(100): the crucial step in the initial oxidation of a silicon surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:016101. [PMID: 15698099 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.016101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
It has long been understood that a precursor mediated chemisorption is a significant part of the dynamics for the adsorption of O(2) on Si(100), which is a much studied model system of surface reaction with considerable technological relevance. However, theoretical studies on the interaction between O(2) and Si(100) have been focused on the excited singlet state of O2 and unable to explain the observations in surface scattering experiments. We demonstrate by first principles calculations that such a focus is misplaced. In reality, triplet O(2) can also react with Si(100), after overcoming small barriers, and its reaction paths provide a full account for experiments. Our results highlight the important role played by triplet O(2) in surface oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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28
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29
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Hadjisavvas G, Kelires PC. Structure and energetics of Si nanocrystals embedded in a-SiO2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:226104. [PMID: 15601104 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.226104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We develop realistic models of Si nanocrystals embedded in a-SiO2 using a Monte Carlo approach. The interface structure and its energetics are studied as a function of the nanocrystal size. We find that the low-energy geometries at the interface are Si-O-Si bridge bonds. Remarkably, their fraction strongly declines as the size becomes smaller. Concurrently, the embedding causes substantial deformation in such small nanocrystals. Based on these findings, an alternative explanation is given for the reduced optical gaps in this size regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hadjisavvas
- Physics Department, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 710 03, Heraclion, Crete, Greece
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30
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Dreiner S, Schürmann M, Westphal C. Structural analysis of the SiO2/Si100 interface by means of photoelectron diffraction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:126101. [PMID: 15447281 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.126101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The local environment of Si atoms at the interface between a thermally grown SiO2 film and Si(100) was studied by angle-scanned photoelectron diffraction. Experimental photoelectron diffraction patterns for each Si oxidation state were obtained from the results of least squares fitting on Si 2p core-level spectra. A comparison of the diffraction patterns with multiple-scattering calculations including an R-factor analysis was performed. An excellent agreement between experimental and simulated data was achieved within the proposed bridge-bonded interface model [Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4393 (2000)]].
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dreiner
- Universität Dortmund, Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik I, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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31
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Bongiorno A, Pasquarello A. Reaction of the oxygen molecule at the Si(100)-SiO2 interface during silicon oxidation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:086102. [PMID: 15447201 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.086102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Using constrained ab initio molecular dynamics, we investigate the reaction of the O2 molecule at the Si(100)-SiO2 interface during Si oxidation. The reaction proceeds sequentially through the incorporation of the O2 molecule in a Si-Si bond and the dissociation of the resulting network O2 species. The oxidation reaction occurs nearly spontaneously and is exothermic, irrespective of the O2 spin state or of the amount of excess negative charge available at the interface. The reaction evolves through the generation of network coordination defects associated with charge transfers. Our investigation suggests that the Si oxidation process is fully governed by diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Bongiorno
- Institut de Théorie des Phénomènes Physiques (ITP), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Cantin JL, von Bardeleben HJ, Shishkin Y, Ke Y, Devaty RP, Choyke WJ. Identification of the carbon dangling bond center at the 4H-SiC/SiO(2) interface by an EPR study in oxidized porous SiC. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:015502. [PMID: 14753997 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.015502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2003] [Revised: 09/16/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of a paramagnetic interface defect in thermally oxidized porous n-type doped 4H-SiC/SiO(2). Based on its axial symmetry and resolved hyperfine interactions it is attributed to an sp(3) carbon dangling bond center situated at the SiC side of the interface. This center is electrically active and pins the Fermi level in the oxidized samples. No silicon related paramagnetic dangling bond centers are observed. The formation of dangling bond centers seems to be related to interstitial oxygen diffusion at the interface during the oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cantin
- Groupe de Physique des Solides, Universités Paris 6&7, UMR 7588 au CNRS, 2, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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33
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Yamasaki T, Kato K, Uda T. Oxidation of the Si(001) surface: lateral growth and formation of P(b0) centers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:146102. [PMID: 14611539 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.146102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
More than 100 oxygen-adsorbed configurations with oxygen coverage of up to two monolayers (ML) were studied through first-principles calculations. It was found that oxidation proceeds almost laterally. When the coverage exceeds 1.25 ML, oxygen atoms introduced between the second and third layers are captured at a bridging site in the second layer, generating twofold-coordinated Si atoms. Emission of such twofold-coordinated Si atoms leaves weakly bonded Si pairs in the fourth layer. When such pairs happen to be generated close to each other, they transform into a chain of Si trimers with one P(b0) center at each end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamasaki
- Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi 243-0197, Japan.
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34
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Bongiorno A, Pasquarello A, Hybertsen MS, Feldman LC. Transition structure at the Si(100)-SiO2 interface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:186101. [PMID: 12786026 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.186101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We characterize the transition structure at the Si(100)-SiO2 interface by addressing the inverse ion-scattering problem. We achieve sensitivity to Si displacements at the interface by carrying out ion-scattering measurements in the channeling geometry for varying ion energies. To interpret our experimental results, we generate realistic atomic-scale models using a first-principles approach and carry out ion-scattering simulations based on classical interatomic potentials. Silicon displacements larger than 0.09 A are found to propagate for three layers into the Si substrate, ruling out a transition structure with regularly ordered O bridges, as recently proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Bongiorno
- Institut de Théorie des Phénomènes Physiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Orellana W, da Silva AJR, Fazzio A. Oxidation at the Si/SiO2 interface: influence of the spin degree of freedom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:016103. [PMID: 12570629 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.016103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We show, using first-principles spin-polarized total-energy calculations, that depending on the spin configuration of the system, the reaction of an O2 molecule with a Si-Si bond in a suboxidized region might result either in a peroxy linkage defect (for a singlet spin state) or in a perfect Si-O-Si bond plus an interstitial O atom (for a triplet spin state). Even though the singlet has a lower energy than the triplet configuration, we find a rather small probability for triplet to singlet conversion. Therefore, as the O2 in an SiO2 interstitial site has a triplet configuration, this reaction spin dependence may have a strong influence on the high quality of the Si/SiO2 interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Orellana
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, 05315-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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36
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Tu Y, Tersoff J. Microscopic dynamics of silicon oxidation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:086102. [PMID: 12190485 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.086102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We study the silicon oxidation process and the dynamic structure of the SiO2-Si (001) interface using a grand canonical Monte Carlo approach. We find that Si-O-Si bridge bonds are the main building blocks of the advancing interface, and we identify a kinetic pathway that continually creates new bridge bonds. Oxidation proceeds by local events, with little evidence of "step flow" in the simulation. Yet the interface remains remarkably smooth and abrupt as it advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Tu
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
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37
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Bongiorno A, Pasquarello A. Oxygen diffusion through the disordered oxide network during silicon oxidation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:125901. [PMID: 11909480 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.125901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An atomic-scale description is provided for the long-range oxygen migration through the disordered SiO2 oxide during silicon oxidation. First-principles calculations, classical molecular dynamics, and Monte Carlo simulations are used in sequence to span the relevant length and time scales. The O2 molecule is firmly identified as the transported oxygen species and is found to percolate through interstices without exchanging oxygen atoms with the network. The interstitial network for O2 diffusion is statistically described in terms of its potential energy landscape and connectivity. The associated activation energy is found in agreement with experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Bongiorno
- Institut de Théorie des Phénomènes Physiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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38
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Rashkeev SN, Fleetwood DM, Schrimpf RD, Pantelides ST. Defect generation by hydrogen at the Si- SiO(2) interface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:165506. [PMID: 11690213 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.165506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is known to passivate Si dangling bonds at the Si-SiO(2) interface, but the subsequent arrival of H(+) at the interface causes depassivation of Si-H bonds. Here we report first-principles density functional calculations, showing that, contrary to conventional assumptions, depassivation is not a two-step process, namely, neutralization of H(+) by a Si electron and subsequent formation of an H(2) molecule. Instead, we establish that H(+) is the only stable charge state at the interface and that H(+) reacts directly with Si-H, forming an H(2) molecule and a positively charged dangling bond (P(b) center). As a result, H-induced interface-trap formation does not depend on the availability of Si electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Rashkeev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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39
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40
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Krug C, da Rosa EB, de Almeida RM, Morais J, Baumvol IJ, Salgado TD, Stedile FC. Atomic transport and chemical stability during annealing of ultrathin Al2O3 films on Si. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:4120-4123. [PMID: 11056639 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin films of Al2O3 deposited on Si were submitted to rapid thermal annealing in vacuum or in oxygen atmosphere, in the temperature range from 600 to 800 degrees C. Nuclear reaction profiling with subnanometric depth resolution evidenced mobility of O, Al, and Si species, and angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the formation of Si-Al-O compounds in near-surface regions, under oxidizing atmosphere at and above 700 degrees C. Under vacuum annealing all species remained essentially immobile. A model is presented based on diffusion-reaction equations capable of explaining the mobilities and reproducing the obtained profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Krug
- Instituto de Física, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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41
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Stirling A, Pasquarello A, Charlier J, Car R. Dangling bond defects at Si-SiO2 interfaces: atomic structure of the P(b1) center. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:2773-2776. [PMID: 10991230 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using a first-principles approach, we characterize dangling bond defects at Si-SiO2 interfaces by calculating hyperfine parameters for several relaxed structures. Interface models, in which defect Si atoms remain close to crystalline sites of the substrate upon relaxation, successfully describe P(b) and P(b0) defects at (111) and (100) interfaces, respectively. On the basis of calculated hyperfine parameters, we discard models of the P(b1) defect containing a first neighbor shell with an O atom or a strained bond. A novel model consisting of an asymmetrically oxidized dimer yields hyperfine parameters in excellent agreement with experiment and is proposed as the structure of the P(b1) center.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stirling
- Institut Romand de Recherche Numerique en Physique des Materiaux (IRRMA), PPH-Ecublens, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland and Institute of Isotope and Surface Chemistry, Budapest, P.O. Box 77, H-1525, Hungary
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42
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Neaton JB, Muller DA, Ashcroft NW. Electronic properties of the Si/SiO2 interface from first principles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:1298-1301. [PMID: 10991536 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Unoccupied oxygen p-projected densities of states, calculated from first principles in a model Si/SiO(2) interface, are found to reproduce trends in recent atomic resolution electron energy-loss spectra [D. A. Muller et al., Nature (London) 399, 758 (1999)]. The shape of the unoccupied states and the magnitude of the local energy gap are explicitly related to the number of O second neighbors of a given oxygen atom. The calculated local energy gaps of the oxide become considerably smaller within 0.5 nm of the interface, suggesting that the electronic properties do not change abruptly at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- JB Neaton
- Cornell Center for Materials Research and Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501, USA
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43
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Tu Y, Tersoff J. Structure and energetics of the Si- SiO2 interface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:4393-4396. [PMID: 10990694 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using a Monte Carlo approach, we identify low-energy structures for the (001)-oriented Si-SiO2 interface. The optimal interface structure found consists of an ordered array of Si-O-Si "bridges," with low strain energy. This structure explains several puzzling experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tu
- IBM Research Division, T. J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
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44
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Raghavachari K, Eng J. New structural model for Si/SiO2 interfaces derived from spherosiloxane clusters: implications for Si 2p photoemission spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:935-938. [PMID: 11017409 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we investigate the Si/SiO(2) interface structure formed by the chemisorption of H8Si8O12 and other spherosiloxane clusters on Si(100). Using transition state calculations, we clearly demonstrate that the clusters do not bond to the Si(100) surface via single vertex attachment as proposed previously, but rather attach via Si-O bond cleavage. This alternative cracked cluster geometry allows us to predict the photoemission features of spherosiloxane clusters on Si(100) without invoking second nearest neighbor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Raghavachari
- Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974, USA
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45
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Buczko R, Pennycook SJ, Pantelides ST. Bonding arrangements at the Si-SiO2 and SiC-SiO2 interfaces and a possible origin of their contrasting properties. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:943-946. [PMID: 11017411 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report ab initio calculations designed to explore the relative energetics of different interface bonding structures. We find that, for Si (001), abrupt (no suboxide layer) interfaces generally have lower energy because of the surface geometry and the softness of the Si-O-Si angle. However, two energetically degenerate phases are possible at the nominal interface layer, so that a mix of the two is the likely source of the observed suboxide and dangling bonds. In principle, these effects may be avoidable by low-temperature deposition. In contrast, the topology and geometry of SiC surfaces is not suitable for abrupt interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Buczko
- Solid State Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 and and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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46
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VandeVondele J, Rothlisberger U. Efficient multidimensional free energy calculations for ab initio molecular dynamics using classical bias potentials. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1289527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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