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Lowell RP, Germanovich LN. Hydrothermal Processes at Mid-Ocean Ridges: Results from Scale Analysis and Single-Pass Models. MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fornari D, Tivey M, Schouten H, Perfit M, Yoerger D, Bradley A, Edwards M, Haymon R, Scheirer D, Von Damm K, Shank T, Soule A. Submarine Lava Flow Emplacement at the East Pacific Rise 9°50´N: Implications for Uppermost Ocean Crust Stratigraphy and Hydrothermal Fluid Circulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Lowell RP, Crowell BW, Lewis KC, Liu L. Modeling Multiphase, Multicomponent Processes at Oceanic Spreading Centers. MAGMA TO MICROBE: MODELING HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES AT OCEAN SPREADING CENTERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/178gm03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Von Damm KL. Evolution of the Hydrothermal System at East Pacific Rise 9°50´N: Geochemical Evidence for Changes in The Upper Oceanic Crust. MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hentscher M, Bach W. Geochemically induced shifts in catabolic energy yields explain past ecological changes of diffuse vents in the East Pacific Rise 9°50'N area. GEOCHEMICAL TRANSACTIONS 2012; 13:2. [PMID: 22283983 PMCID: PMC3355016 DOI: 10.1186/1467-4866-13-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 9°50'N hosts a hydrothermal vent field (Bio9) where the change in fluid chemistry is believed to have caused the demise of a tubeworm colony. We test this hypothesis and expand on it by providing a thermodynamic perspective in calculating free energies for a range of catabolic reactions from published compositional data. The energy calculations show that there was excess H2S in the fluids and that oxygen was the limiting reactant from 1991 to 1997. Energy levels are generally high, although they declined in that time span. In 1997, sulfide availability decreased substantially and H2S was the limiting reactant. Energy availability dropped by a factor of 10 to 20 from what it had been between 1991 and 1995. The perishing of the tubeworm colonies began in 1995 and coincided with the timing of energy decrease for sulfide oxidizers. In the same time interval, energy availability for iron oxidizers increased by a factor of 6 to 8, and, in 1997, there was 25 times more energy per transferred electron in iron oxidation than in sulfide oxidation. This change coincides with a massive spread of red staining (putative colonization by Fe-oxidizing bacteria) between 1995 and 1997.For a different cluster of vents from the EPR 9°50'N area (Tube Worm Pillar), thermodynamic modeling is used to examine changes in subseafloor catabolic metabolism between 1992 and 2000. These reactions are deduced from deviations in diffuse fluid compositions from conservative behavior of redox-sensitive species. We show that hydrogen is significantly reduced relative to values expected from conservative mixing. While H2 concentrations of the hydrothermal endmember fluids were constant between 1992 and 1995, the affinities for hydrogenotrophic reactions in the diffuse fluids decreased by a factor of 15 and then remained constant between 1995 and 2000. Previously, these fluids have been shown to support subseafloor methanogenesis. Our calculation results corroborate these findings and indicate that the 1992-1995 period was one of active growth of hydrogenotrophic communities, while the system was more or less at steady state between 1995 and 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hentscher
- Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Straße, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bach
- Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Straße, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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Germanovich LN, Lowell RP, Ramondenc P. Magmatic origin of hydrothermal response to earthquake swarms: Constraints from heat flow and geochemical data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Larson BI, Lilley MD, Olson EJ. Parameters of subsurface brines and hydrothermal processes 12-15 months after the 1999 magmatic event at the Main Endeavor Field as inferred from in situ time series measurements of chloride and temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. I. Larson
- School of Oceanography; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - M. D. Lilley
- School of Oceanography; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - E. J. Olson
- School of Oceanography; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
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Van Ark EM, Detrick RS, Canales JP, Carbotte SM, Harding AJ, Kent GM, Nedimovic MR, Wilcock WSD, Diebold JB, Babcock JM. Seismic structure of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Correlations with seismicity and hydrothermal activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Davis E, Becker K, Dziak R, Cassidy J, Wang K, Lilley M. Hydrological response to a seafloor spreading episode on the Juan de Fuca ridge. Nature 2004; 430:335-8. [PMID: 15254534 DOI: 10.1038/nature02755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Seafloor hydrothermal systems are known to respond to seismic and magmatic activity along mid-ocean ridges, often resulting in locally positive changes in hydrothermal discharge rate, temperature and microbial activity, and shifts in composition occurring at the time of earthquake swarms and axial crustal dike injections. Corresponding regional effects have also been observed. Here we present observations of a hydrological response to seafloor spreading activity, which resulted in a negative formation-fluid pressure transient during and after an earthquake swarm in the sediment-sealed igneous crust of the Middle Valley rift of the northernmost Juan de Fuca ridge. The observations were made with a borehole seal and hydrologic observatory originally established in 1991 to study the steady-state pressure and temperature conditions in this hydrothermally active area. The magnitude of the co-seismic response is consistent with the elastic strain that would be expected from the associated earthquakes, but the prolonged negative pressure transient after the swarm is surprising and suggests net co-seismic dilatation of the upper, permeable igneous crust. The rift valley was visited four weeks after the onset of the seismic activity, but no signature of increased hydrothermal activity was detected in the water column. It appears that water, not magma, filled the void left by this spreading episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl Davis
- Pacific Geoscience Centre, Geological Survey of Canada, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada.
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Sohn RA. Fine-scale seismic structure of the shallow volcanic crust on the East Pacific Rise at 9°50′N. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jb003152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Von Damm KL, Lilley MD. Diffuse flow hydrothermal fluids from 9° 50′ N East Pacific Rise: Origin, evolution and biogeochemical controls. THE SUBSEAFLOOR BIOSPHERE AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/144gm16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Embley RW, Lupton JE. Diking, event plumes, and the subsurface biosphere at mid-ocean ridges. THE SUBSEAFLOOR BIOSPHERE AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/144gm06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Bach W, Humphris SE, Fisher AT. Fluid flow and fluid-rock interaction within ocean crust: Reconciling geochemical, geological, and geophysical observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/144gm07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Seyfried WE, Seewald JS, Berndt ME, Ding K, Foustoukos DI. Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from the Main Endeavour Field, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Geochemical controls in the aftermath of June 1999 seismic events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb001957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. E. Seyfried
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - J. S. Seewald
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
| | - M. E. Berndt
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Kang Ding
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - D. I. Foustoukos
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
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Lilley MD, Butterfield DA, Lupton JE, Olson EJ. Magmatic events can produce rapid changes in hydrothermal vent chemistry. Nature 2003; 422:878-81. [PMID: 12712202 DOI: 10.1038/nature01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2002] [Accepted: 03/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca ridge is host to one of the most vigorous hydrothermal areas found on the global mid-ocean-ridge system, with five separate vent fields located within 15 km along the top of the ridge segment. Over the past decade, the largest of these vent fields, the 'Main Endeavour Field', has exhibited a constant spatial gradient in temperature and chloride concentration in its vent fluids, apparently driven by differences in the nature and extent of subsurface phase separation. This stable situation was disturbed on 8 June 1999 by an earthquake swarm. Owing to the nature of the seismic signals and the lack of new lava flows observed in the area during subsequent dives of the Alvin and Jason submersibles (August-September 1999), the event was interpreted to be tectonic in nature. Here we show that chemical data from hydrothermal fluid samples collected in September 1999 and June 2000 strongly suggest that the event was instead volcanic in origin. Volatile data from this event and an earlier one at 9 degrees N on the East Pacific Rise show that such magmatic events can have profound and rapid effects on fluid-mineral equilibria, phase separation, 3He/heat ratios and fluxes of volatiles from submarine hydrothermal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin D Lilley
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5351, USA.
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Wilcock WSD, Archer SD, Purdy GM. Microearthquakes on the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen D. Archer
- School of Oceanography; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - G. M. Purdy
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
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Humphris SE, Cann JR. Constraints on the energy and chemical balances of the modern TAG and ancient Cyprus seafloor sulfide deposits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Von Damm KL. Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from 9°-10°N, East Pacific Rise: “Time zero,” the immediate posteruptive period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sohn RA, Hildebrand JA, Webb SC. A microearthquake survey of the high-temperature vent fields on the volcanically active East Pacific Rise (9°50′N). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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