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Pearson CE, Tam M, Wang YH, Montgomery SE, Dar AC, Cleary JD, Nichol K. Slipped-strand DNAs formed by long (CAG)*(CTG) repeats: slipped-out repeats and slip-out junctions. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:4534-47. [PMID: 12384601 PMCID: PMC137136 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkf572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease-associated expansion of (CTG)*(CAG) repeats is likely to involve slipped-strand DNAs. There are two types of slipped DNAs (S-DNAs): slipped homoduplex S-DNAs are formed between two strands having the same number of repeats; and heteroduplex slipped intermediates (SI-DNAs) are formed between two strands having different numbers of repeats. We present the first characterization of S-DNAs formed by disease-relevant lengths of (CTG)*(CAG) repeats which contained all predicted components including slipped-out repeats and slip-out junctions, where two arms of the three-way junction were composed of complementary paired repeats. In S-DNAs multiple short slip-outs of CTG or CAG repeats occurred throughout the repeat tract. Strikingly, in SI-DNAs most of the excess repeats slipped-out at preferred locations along the fully base-paired Watson-Crick duplex, forming defined three-way slip-out junctions. Unexpectedly, slipped-out CAG and slipped-out CTG repeats were predominantly in the random-coil and hairpin conformations, respectively. Both the junctions and the slip-outs could be recognized by DNA metabolizing proteins: only the strand with the excess repeats was hypersensitive to cleavage by the junction-specific T7 endonuclease I, while slipped-out CAG was preferentially bound by single-strand binding protein. An excellent correlation was observed for the size of the slip-outs in S-DNAs and SI-DNAs with the size of the tract length changes observed in quiescent and proliferating tissues of affected patients-suggesting that S-DNAs and SI-DNAs are mutagenic intermediates in those tissues, occurring during error-prone DNA metabolism and replication fork errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Pearson
- Program of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Elm Wing 11-135, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Abstract
DNA damages occur continuously in cells of living organisms. While most of these damages are repaired, some accumulate. In particular, there is evidence for DNA damage accumulation in non-dividing cells of mammals. These accumulated DNA damages probably interfere with RNA transcription. We consider that the decline in the ability of DNA to serve as a template for gene expression is the primary cause of aging. Oxidative DNA damages are among the best documented and prevalent DNA damages and are likely to be a prominent cause of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059
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Steinberg JJ, Cajigas A, Brownlee M. Enzymatic shot-gun 5'-phosphorylation and 3'-sister phosphate exchange: a two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic technique to measure DNA deoxynucleotide modification. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 574:41-55. [PMID: 1629287 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA adducts occur through environmental, therapeutic, dietary, oxygen stress, and aging processes. A modified thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) technique can asses base composition and adduct formation. This requires labeling DNA by "shot-gun" 5'-phosphorylation of representative 32P-alpha-deoxyribonucleotide monophosphates. Subsequent 3'-monophosphate digest "sister exchanges" a radioactive 32PO4(2-) to the neighboring cold nucleotide. Separation in two-dimensional polyethyleneimine-cellulose TLC is carried out in acetic acid, (NH4)2SO4, and (NH4)HSO4. The technique was applied to control DNA, cold substitution of dUMP, methylation, depurination, and pBR322. This technique quantifies low-molecular-mass adducts and DNA integrity both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Steinberg
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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Mooradian AD, Wong NC. Molecular biology of aging, Part I: An introduction to laboratory techniques of molecular biology. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39:611-9. [PMID: 2037753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb03603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Dell'Orco RT, Anderson LE. Decline of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation during in vitro senescence in human diploid fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 1991; 146:216-21. [PMID: 1900304 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041460205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity was determined at various times during the in vitro life span of two human diploid fibroblast-like cell lines of different donor ages. The cell lines differed in their ability to transfer ADP-ribose, with cells from an embryonic donor exhibiting 2 to 3 times the activity found in cells obtained from a newborn donor. The activity in both cell lines decreased by 30-60% as the cells moved through their in vitro life spans. The decline could not be attributed to increases in glycohydrolase or the leakage of polymerase from older cell preparations. Enzyme activation with DNase I indicated that similar levels of enzyme were present in both cell lines at all in vitro ages. These results indicate that although poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is inversely related to donor age as well as in vitro age the decrease is in response to other factors which change with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Dell'Orco
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402
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Mandel P. ADP-ribosylation: approach to molecular basis of aging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 296:329-43. [PMID: 1781337 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8047-4_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Mandel
- Centre de Neurochimie du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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Nisitani S, Hosokawa M, Sasaki MS, Yasuoka K, Naiki H, Matsushita T, Takeda T. Acceleration of chromosome aberrations in senescence-accelerated strains of mice. Mutat Res 1990; 237:221-8. [PMID: 2079961 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8734(90)90003-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in the frequency of chromosome aberrations were examined using bone marrow cells of senescence-accelerated strains of mice (SAM). An accelerated senescence-prone strain, SAM-P/1, showed a striking increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations, from age 3 to 8 months, whereas an accelerated senescence-resistant strain, SAM-R/1, at the same ages showed only a slight increase. Both these strains were derived from the same ancestral strain (AKR/J). The rate of increase of chromosome aberration frequency paralleled the advancement of senescence in both strains. These observations suggest that there are genetic factors which closely relate to chromosomal instability and acceleration of the senescence processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nisitani
- Department of Senescence Biology, Kyoto University, Japan
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Abstract
As a result of permanent exposure to low levels of various endogenous and exogenous genotoxic agents, large numbers of lesions are continuously induced in the DNA of cells of living organisms. Such lesions could lead to dysfunction of cells and tissues, and they might well be the underlying cause of the age-related reduction of homeostatic capacity and the increased incidence of cancer and other diseases of old age. The rate of damage induction as well as the persistence of the lesions depends on the activity, efficiency and reliability of a wide variety of molecular defense systems. However, a certain degree of imperfection seems to be a general characteristic of most of these defense systems and this could lead to a gradual accumulation of DNA alterations during aging. Even when the original lesions are quickly removed, they can still lead to secondary changes in the DNA, such as DNA-sequence changes and changes in gene expression. This process would be accelerated in case of the occurrence of an age-related decline in the efficiency of these molecular defense systems. This review deals with the present knowledge on the occurrence of 'spontaneous' DNA damage in aging organisms, its potential sources, the influence of preventive and processive cellular defense mechanisms and its consequences in terms of DNA-sequence changes, DNA conformational and configurational changes and changes in gene expression. In general, it can be concluded from the data discussed here that, in spite of a number of discrepancies and conflicting results, an age-related accumulation of DNA alterations occurs at all levels, e.g., chemical structure, DNA-sequence organization and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mullaart
- Department of Molecular Biology, TNO Institute for Experimental Gerontology, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Medvedev
- Genetics Division, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, U.K
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Hartnell JM, Storrie MC, Mooradian AD. The tissue specificity of the age-related changes in alkali-induced DNA-unwinding. Mutat Res 1989; 219:187-92. [PMID: 2739675 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8734(89)90014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To determine if the age-related changes in chromatin digestibility are tissue-specific, fluorometric analysis of the alkali-induced DNA unwinding technique was adapted for soft-tissue chromatin studies. The rate of DNA unwinding in the brain and liver of young Fischer 344 male rats (3 months of age) was significantly greater than the rates measured in middle-aged (15 months) or aged rats (26 months). In contrast, the rate of DNA unwinding in the intestinal epithelium, a continuously replicating tissue, did not significantly vary with age. Although this assay is capable of detecting DNA strand breaks in vivo following N-nitrosodimethylamine administration, the age-related changes could not be attributed to reduced DNA strand lesions in the aged animals. The % double-stranded DNA at time 0 of incubation in alkali was lower in the brain and liver of aged rats indicating that DNA strand breaks may actually increase with aging. These results indicate that proliferative activity of the tissue is an important determinant of age-related changes in chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hartnell
- Sepulveda VA Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine
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Newton RK, Ducore JM, Sohal RS. Effect of age on endogenous DNA single-strand breakage, strand break induction and repair in the adult housefly, Musca domestica. Mutat Res 1989; 219:113-20. [PMID: 2927416 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8734(89)90022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that genomic alterations involving DNA damage and the ability to repair such damage play an important role in cellular senescence. In this study, endogenous DNA single-strand breaks, the susceptibility of DNA to induced strand breakage and the capacity to repair these breaks were compared in postmitotic cells from young (3-day-old) and old (23-day-old) houseflies. DNA single-strand breaks did not accumulate during normal aging in the housefly. However, cells of the old flies exhibited a greater sensitivity to single-strand breakage induced by gamma-radiation and UV light. The capacity to repair these exogenously induced single-strand breaks declined with age. Results do not support the view that DNA single-strand breaks are a causal factor in aging in the housefly. An age-related increase in the susceptibility to undergo single-strand breakage suggests alterations in chromatin during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Newton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275
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DNA — Information and Aging: The Balance Between Alteration and Repair. Gerontology 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74996-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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Mullaart E, Boerrigter ME, Brouwer A, Berends F, Vijg J. Age-dependent accumulation of alkali-labile sites in DNA of post-mitotic but not in that of mitotic rat liver cells. Mech Ageing Dev 1988; 45:41-9. [PMID: 3216727 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(88)90017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The amount of spontaneous damage in the DNA of rat liver cells was measured by using the alkaline elution assay. An age-related increase of approximately 700 detectable alkali-labile sites (80%) was found for rat parenchymal liver cells; cells from 6-month-old rats contained approximately 900 alkali-labile sites per cell while cells from 36-month-old rats contained approximately 1600 alkali-labile sites. In contrast to the situation with the postmitotic parenchymal liver cells, no age-related increase in the number of alkali-labile sites was found for the non-parenchymal liver cell fraction, which has a higher mitotic activity. These results support the hypothesis that aging takes place predominantly in postmitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mullaart
- TNO Institute for Experimental Gerontology, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Abstract
DNA or chromatin from young (7 day) first seedling leaves of barley showed only one component which migrated little into 1% agarose gels on electrophoresis. However, DNA or chromatin from senescent (17-, 19-, and 23-day-old) leaves showed additional dispersed components migrating throughout the length of the gel which increased with age. These low molecular weight components increased even more on autodigestion of chromatin from senescent leaves by its associated DNase or by digestion of DNA from senescent leaves with partially purified chromatin DNase. DNA or chromatin from young leaves also produced gel pattern similar to old leaves on digestion with partially purified chromatin DNase from old barley leaves. Thus, fragmentation of DNA and chromatin by chromatin associated DNase, previously shown to increase 4000% on aging, occurs during senescence in barley leaves.
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Miyoshi N, Fukuda M. Quantitative detection of DNA damage in the neuronal cells of the cerebellum and cerebrum by the analysis of Feulgen hydrolysis curves. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1986; 84:561-5. [PMID: 3721919 DOI: 10.1007/bf00482992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Touch smears of the cerebellum and cerebrum of ageing rats were fixed with methanol, hydrolyzed with 2 N HCl at various temperatures and for various periods, and stained with pararosaniline-Schiff reagent. The hydrolysis curves were determined by fluorescence cytophotometry and were computer fitted to the Bateman function to determine the kinetic parameters, the initial yield of apurinic acid or single-stranded DNA (y0), and the rate constants for depurination or denaturation (k1) and depolymerization (k2). The values for k1 (1/k1 is correlated with the degree of chromatin condensation) and k2 (which reflects the degree of DNA instability) steadily increased with age. The values for y0, which may indicate the degree of DNA denaturation or damage present before acid hydrolysis, also increased with age in both the cerebellum and cerebrum; however, this value was lower in the cerebellum until 15 weeks, with the situation being reversed after 35 weeks, the cross-over time being at about 25 weeks. The values of lnk1 and lnk2 were plotted as the function of the reciprocal of the absolute temperature (T) (Arrhenius plot) for both the cerebellum and cerebrum of 15- and 74-week-old rats, and the activation energies (E) for depurination and depolymerization were calculated from the slopes. In particular, the values of E for k2 decreased much more quickly with age and were smaller in cerebellum. In conclusion, the degree of DNA damage and DNA instability steadily increases in both the cerebellum and cerebrum of ageing rats, and this process is much faster in the cerebellum.
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Pinamonti S, Caruso A, Mazzeo V, Zebini E, Rossi A. DNA damage from pulsed sonication of human leukocytes in vitro. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 1986; 33:179-185. [PMID: 18291769 DOI: 10.1109/t-uffc.1986.26812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Kishi K, Homma A, Kawa A, Kadowaki K. Age related change in the frequency of ara C-induced chromosome aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mech Ageing Dev 1986; 37:211-9. [PMID: 3573832 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(86)90038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara C) has been known to inhibit repair replication in the G1 phase of cell cycle and to convert certain types of DNA damage into chromosome-type exchanges: e.g., dicentric or ring chromosomes. It is then considered to be a useful cytogenetic method to investigate the frequency of ara C-induced dicentric and ring chromosomes (dic and ring) for estimating cellular DNA damage or capacity to repair it. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from donors ranging from newborn to 91 years old were treated with 10 microM ara C in their G1 phase and the resulting disc and ring were observed to investigate whether age-related change in peripheral lymphocytes would be present in the amount of spontaneous DNA damage or in the capacity to repair it. Chromatid-type (Ct) aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were also scored for additional cytogenetic indices of DNA damage in the lymphocytes. The results showed that the frequency of dic and ring had a negatively linear correlation with the logarithm of the age of the blood donors, but that the frequencies of Ct aberrations and SCEs were not influenced by the age. The present study suggests the presence of age-related change in the amount or in the capacity to repair certain types of DNA damage in the G1 phase of human peripheral lymphocytes. Other possible explanations for the present results are also discussed.
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Abstract
The age-related studies of chromatin and DNA has attracted significant interest in recent years. However, individual works describe only some and a few of the many changes of chromatin. It is often difficult to decide whether these changes have secondary or primary nature. The overview of these studies makes it possible to realize how many very complex and interdependent changes occur in chromatin during ageing. Chromatin is the most complex among self-reproducible parts of the cell. A very sophisticated structure of chromatin makes possible the differential transcription of a genetic programme which supports the accurate specialized functions of each cell in interphase and also provides a mechanism for perfect reproduction of this complex machinery of genetic information during cell division. It is known that chromatin proteins, more than chromatin DNA show tissue specificity and developmental changes. There are many theories of cellular ageing which select some special types of DNA, RNA or protein changes and to promote them as the main or primary causes of cellular senescence. However, if these changes are considered within the more comprehensive picture of functional structure of chromatin the results show the interdependence of individual alterations and their proper place in the complex, multichannel, species and tissue-specific character of actual ageing. An attempt to summarize the basic facts and theories about age changes of the two main parts of chromatin structure, proteins and DNA is being made in this review. At the same time the author tried to develop a concept of non-random distribution of the age changes in chromatin and a possible higher rate of accumulation of different alteration and lesions in the transcribed and functionally active parts of chromatin.
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Abstract
Due to rapid advancement in biochemical and biophysical techniques during the last decade, extensive studies have been undertaken to understand the structure and function of chromatin. Several interesting results have been reported regarding the changes in basic organization and function of chromatin during the life time of a eukaryotic cell. The data accumulated so far have been obtained with different organs and organisms and widely differing methods, and the conclusions drawn from them are sometimes contradictory. In this paper, therefore, the available data on the age-associated alterations in the composition, structure and function of chromatin have been discussed, and an attempt has been made to correlate the structural changes in chromatin with alteration in gene expression during aging.
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Su CM, Brash DE, Turturro A, Hart RW. Longevity-dependent organ-specific accumulation of DNA damage in two closely related murine species. Mech Ageing Dev 1984; 27:239-47. [PMID: 6492898 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(84)90049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To measure directly the accumulation of DNA damage with age, and to understand better the effect of modulators of DNA damage in vivo, the DNA of brain, liver, and kidney of two mice from different families, Mus musculus and Peromyscus leucopus, have been examined for age-dependent accumulation of single-strand breaks plus alkali-labile bonds, by the alkaline sucrose sedimentation method. These two species of small rodents are closely related taxonomically, yet differ significantly in maximum achievable lifespan. Using the reciprocal of the number average molecular weight for estimation of DNA size, these analyses indicate that: (a) DNA damage does not measurably accumulate in brain tissue; (b) the accumulation of DNA damage was more pronounced in hepatic DNA than other tissue DNA; and (c) the rate of accumulation of DNA damage in liver and kidney cells with age was greater in the shorter-lived species (M. musculus) and was inversely proportional to maximum achievable lifespan. There are suggestions that a similar threshold might exist for tolerance of DNA damage in the two species in specific organs, and that these species differ in the rate at which this threshold is reached as a function of maximum achievable lifespan.
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Kempf C, Schmitt M, Danse JM, Kempf J. Correlation of DNA repair synthesis with ageing in mice, evidenced by quantitative autoradiography. Mech Ageing Dev 1984; 26:183-94. [PMID: 6482517 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(84)90092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts from C57B1/6 female mice of different age have been treated with short-wave ultraviolet light. The amount of unscheduled DNA synthesis in the fibroblasts, determined by quantitative histoautoradiography, decreases with the donor's age. This result is discussed with regard to an increase in nuclear area and modifications of cell population dynamics with age. Moreover, differences between individuals of the same age group with regards to unscheduled DNA synthesis have been observed.
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Auroux M. Decrease of learning capacity in offspring with increasing paternal age in the rat. TERATOLOGY 1983; 27:141-8. [PMID: 6867936 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420270202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The same 15 male Wistar rats at the ages of 2.5, 6, 10, 14, 18, and 22 months were successively randomly mated with 2.5-month-old females. In a separate experiment, 15 male Wistar rats at the age of 2.5 months and 15 at the age of 23 months were simultaneously randomly mated with 2.5-month-old females. Offspring were evaluated in regard to the mean number per litter, sex ratio, frequency of gross external malformations, growth pattern, and mortality in the first 13 weeks of life and reproductive capacity at 13 weeks of age. They were also evaluated for spontaneous activity and emotionality with an open field test and for learning capacity with an avoidance conditioning test, both carried out between 10 and 13 weeks of age. Only learning capacity of the offspring, expressed in percentage of success for male or female, decreased consistently and significantly as the father's age increased. But females did not seem to be affected in the same way as males. The genetic implications are briefly discussed.
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Gaziev AI, Malakhova LV. Unscheduled DNA synthesis and elimination of DNA damage in liver cells of gamma-irradiated senescent mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1982; 42:435-48. [PMID: 6983510 DOI: 10.1080/09553008214551351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The level of 'spontaneous' and gamma-radiation-induced DNA synthesis which is not inhibited with hydroxyurea (unscheduled synthesis) is considerably lower in hepatocytes of 18-22-month-old mice than that of 1.5-2-month-old mice. The dose-dependent increase (10-300 Gy) of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in hepatocytes of senescent mice is higher than in young animals. The elimination of damage in DNA of gamma-irradiated hepatocytes (100 Gy) was examined by using an enzyme system (M. luteus extract and DNA-polymerase I of E. coli). It was found that the rate of elimination of the DNA damage in hepatocytes of 20-month-old mice is lower than that of 2-month-old mice although the activities of DNA-polymerase beta and apurinic endonuclease remain equal in the liver of both senescent and young mice. However, the nucleoids from gamma-irradiated liver nuclei of 2-month-old mice are relaxed to a greater extent (as judged by the criterion of ethidium-binding capacity) than those of 20-month-old mice. The results suggest that there are limitations in the functioning of repair enzymes and in their access to damaged DNA sites in the chromatin of senescent mouse liver cells.
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Mori N, Goto S. Estimation of the single stranded region in the nuclear DNA of mouse tissues during aging with special reference to the brain. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1982; 1:143-50. [PMID: 6311122 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4943(82)90014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The proportion of single stranded DNA in various tissues of mouse during aging was examined by measuring sensitivity to a single-strand specific nuclease. Brain DNA from mice of more than 15 mth old contained 3% of the single stranded regions while that from younger animals contained 2%. The DNAs from liver, kidney, heart and spleen did not show significant age-associated changes.
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Abstract
Native DNA from sea urchin embryos contains single-stranded regions (gaps) of up to 3000 nucleotides. The longer gaps (more than 1400 nucleotides) are nonrandomly distributed and are rich in histone gene sequences, other moderately repetitive sequences, and polypyrimidines. The shorter gaps are associated with DNA replication. A method for isolation of the two classes of single-stranded DNA pieces is reported.
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Gensler HL. The effect of hamster age on U.V.-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in freshly isolated lung and kidney cells. Exp Gerontol 1981; 16:59-68. [PMID: 7215481 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(81)90009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Gensler HL. Low level of U.V.-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in postmitotic brain cells of hamsters: possible relevance to aging. Exp Gerontol 1981; 16:199-207. [PMID: 7286098 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(81)90046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Clough W. An endonuclease isolated from Epstein-Barr virus-producing human lymphoblastoid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:6194-8. [PMID: 6255479 PMCID: PMC350241 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.10.6194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An endonuclease has been isolated from human B lymphoblastoid cells that copurifies with an exonucleolytic activity and has been shown to produce double-strand breaks and a high proportion of single-strandedness in phage lambda DNA in vitro. The data are consistent with a model in which single-strand cuts are made by the endonucleolytic activity, possibly in A+T-rich regions of the DNA, followed by creation of single-stranded regions (gaps) precessing from the site of a cut. Generation of overlapping gaps on opposite strands or of a gap opposite a nick would lead to the creation of the banding patterns that we have seen on electrophoretic gels. This endonucleolytic activity copurifies with other enzymes induced by Epstein-Barr virus that relate to the process of viral DNA replication in productively infected cells. However, a more general role is proposed for this class of eukaryotic endonuclease activities. A marked degree of single-strandedness has been found in the replicating DNAs of many eukaryotes, ad these gaps could be generated by endonucleases with associated exonucleolytic activity such as that reported here. This Epstein-Barr virus-induced nuclease activity has been shown to resemble the recBC nuclease isolated from the prokaryote Escherichia coli and also the endonuclease isolated from the eukaryote Chlamydomonas.
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31
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Wortzman MS, Baker RF. Specific sequences within single-stranded regions in the sea urchin embryo genome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 609:84-96. [PMID: 7407187 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(80)90203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring single-stranded regions in native DNA isolated from sea urchin embryos at the morula stage were removed by digestion with S1 nuclease. Renaturation experiments show that this nuclease removes a portion of the repetitive sequences renaturing between Cot 10(-2) and 20 including about two-thirds of the histone genes. The latter was shown by hybridization of S1-treated morula DNA to either sea urchin 9 S polysome RNA (containing histone mRNA) or to Escherichia coli plasmid DNA carrying sea urchin histone genes. Hybridization of sea urchin DNA to strand-separated recombinant histone gene DNA shows that it is the histone gene antisense strand that is missing from the gapped regions of the native DNA from morulae. Present and previous data support the conclusion that a portion of the single-stranded regions are not in random positions in the embryo genome and do not result from the unwinding of DNA in vivo at replication sites.
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32
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Suzuki F, Watanabe E, Horikawa M. Repair of x-ray-induced DNA damage in aging human diploid cells. Exp Cell Res 1980; 127:299-307. [PMID: 7379868 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(80)90436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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33
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Beaupain R, Icard C, Macieira-Coelho A. Changes in DNA alkali-sensitive sites during senescence and establishment of fibroblasts in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 606:251-61. [PMID: 7357003 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(80)90035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
DNA molecular weight was studied in human embryonic and mouse newborn lung fibroblasts in vitro at different passages of the culture using alkaline and neutral sucrose gradient techniques. Reduction of molecular weight of single-stranded DNA due to alkaline-sensitive sites appeared spontaneously during the growth decline of the mouse cells. These changes disappeared when the mouse fibroblasts became a permanent cell line. At the end of phase II of the human fibroblasts, the molecular weight of single-stranded DNA also decreased, followed by the restitution of some high molecular weight DNA in the ultimate passages. When treated with 1 mM caffeine, the mouse fibroblasts during growth crisis did not survive, while cells of the established line resisted. Thus it might be possible that a DNA repair process was involved in the recovery of the mouse fibroblasts. Furthermore, results favor the hypothesis that the cells that become established are not present in the primary culture but originate in vitro.
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34
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Nakanishi K, Shima A, Fukuda M, Fujita S. Age associated increase of single-stranded regions in the DNA of mouse brain and liver cells. Mech Ageing Dev 1979; 10:273-81. [PMID: 379460 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(79)90041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The touch smears of brain cells and hepatocytes of young and senescent mice were stained with antibody to cytidine nucleoside by an indirect immunofluorescence technique and subsequently combined with fluorescence cresyl violet staining of DNA. Nuclear binding of the antibody which reacts only with denatured or single-stranded regions in the DNA was seen only in the tissues of an aging animal. No such DNA lesion was detected in the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract at any age. This type of DNA alteration is supposed to accumulate in the slowly renewing and non-replenishing tissues as a function of aging. The antibody was found not to react with the cells in S phase as demonstrated by 3H-thymidine autoradiography on a smear of newborn hepatocytes after the double fluorescence staining with cresyl violet and anti-cytidine antibody.
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35
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Mori N, Mizuno D, Goto S. Increase in the ratio of 18S RNA to 28S RNA in the cytoplasm of mouse tissues during aging. Mech Ageing Dev 1978; 8:285-97. [PMID: 359949 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(78)90029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of alterations in cytoplasmic RNA in mouse liver, kidney and brain during aging was investigated. The cytoplasmic RNAs in these organs gave similar profiles of optical density at 260 nm with three major peaks at 28S, 18S and 4S on sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, the ratio of the amounts of 18S and 28S RNA increased significantly with age in the brain and liver. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of extracts of the three tissues under both native and denaturing conditions were nearly identical regardless of the age of the animals. Since most of the minor components separated on gels were probably in vivo degradation products of ribosomal RNA, these results suggest that the extent of apparent and hidden breaks in ribosomal RNA does not change during aging.
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36
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Ono T, Okada S. Does the capacity to rejoin radiation-induced DNA breaks decline in senescent mice? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1978; 33:403-7. [PMID: 305911 DOI: 10.1080/09553007814550321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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37
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38
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Fukuda M, Böhm N, Fujita S. Cytophotometry and its biological application. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1978; 11:1-119. [PMID: 358274 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(78)80010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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39
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Mello ML, Raymundo HH. Change with age of Feulgen-DNA values in the blood-sucking insect, Triatoma infestans Klug. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1977; 54:219-23. [PMID: 342460 DOI: 10.1007/bf00492244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Feulgen-DNA values were evaluated cytophotometrically in the Malpighian tubes of T. infestans at the nymphal, adult and ageing life periods. In all cases the total nuclear Feulgen-DNA contents were found to be distributed within the 32C and 64C classes. However, part of the Feulgen-DNA values is shifted to lower intervals in ageing insects, as compared with nymphal and adult individuals, promoted by decrease in Feulgen-DNA values of the euchromatins. Changed response to Feulgen reaction due to some aging-induced alteration in DNP complexes, and/or breaks and loss of DNA in the euchromatins, as part of the senescence process, are ascribed to be responsible for such phenomenon.
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40
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41
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Ono T, Okada S. Radiation-induced DNA single-strand scission and its rejoining in spermatogonia and spermatozoa of mouse. Mutat Res 1977; 43:25-36. [PMID: 865489 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(77)90128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-ray-induced DNA single-strand scissions and the ability to repair the scissions in spermatogonia from young mice and in spermatozoa from adult mice were studied quantitatively by an alkaline sucrose density-gradient centrifugation method. The average size of DNAs in non-irradiated spermatogonia was 2.6--3.0 X 10(8) daltons, similar to those of a spermatid-rich population, and the size of DNA in non-irradiated spermatozoa was 1.2 X 10(8) daltons. In spermatogonia, the radiosensitivity of DNA was 0.42 single-strand breaks/10(12) daltons of DNA/rad in oxic conditions and only 0.24 under anoxic conditions. In spermatozoa the break efficiency of DNA was 0.22 single-strand breaks/10(12) daltons of DNA/rad under oxic conditions and altered little under anoxic irradiation. The DNA scissions were efficiently repaired in spermatogonia within 10 min, whereas the breaks in spermatozoa were not rejoined at all even after two days of post-irradiation time. The radiosensitivities of DNA, repair capability and non- and/or slow-reparable DNA scissions were compared in spermatogonium-rich, spermatid-rich and spermatozoan-rich populations.
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42
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Chetsanga CJ, Tuttle M, Jacoboni A, Johnson C. Age-associated structural alterations in senescent mouse brain DNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 474:180-7. [PMID: 831815 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(77)90192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of structural integrity in the DNA of aging mice has been examined with the amin in view of determining whether changes in genome structure constitute the molecular basis of aging. Cell lysate DNA from brains of differently aged mice was subjected to alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation. The results show that brain DNA from young mice sediments mondispersely while that from senescent mice exhibits polydisperse sedimentation patterns, bainding in four peaks corresponding to number-average molecular weights of 1.4-10(8), 70-10(6), 15-10(6) and 3-10(6). When treated with nuclease S1, it was the 30 month mouse DNA whose sedimentation shifted to the top of the gradient indicating a reduction in its molecular weight as a result of nuclease digestion. The apparent increase in single strand breaks implies that the rate of breakage in old mouse brain DNA is faster than that of repair replication. The conclusion is drawn that senescence could result from an accumulation of defects in the genome.
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43
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Chetsanga C, Liskiwskyi M. Decrease in specific activity of heart and muscle aldolase in old mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(77)90027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Bradley MO, Erickson LC, Kohn KW. Normal DNA strand rejoining and absence of DNA crosslinking in progeroid and aging human cells. Mutat Res 1976; 37:279-92. [PMID: 1004517 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(76)90042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have measured by alkaline elution and alkaline sedimentation the rate of rejoining of X-ray induced DNA single-strand breaks in terminally senescent cultured WI-38 cells. Using the alkaline elution method, we have also measured the rate of ligation in cultured progeroid cells. In both cells and by both methods of measurement the rates of strand rejoining were normal. Alkaline elution failed to disclose any DNA crosslinking in these cells.
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45
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Treton JA, Courtois Y. A comparison of DNA repair in cultured bovine lens epithelial cells and lung fibroblast cells. Exp Cell Res 1976; 102:419-22. [PMID: 987919 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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46
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Jeanny JC. [Age-dependent changes in cytophotometric properties of nuclear DNA and histones in newts (Triturus vulgaris and Triturus cristatus)]. Exp Cell Res 1976; 102:394-404. [PMID: 976354 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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47
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Sakamaki T, Takahashi N, Takaiwa F, Tanifuji S. Double strandedness of nascent DNA of a higher plant (Vicia faba). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 447:76-81. [PMID: 963083 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
After a pulse of 5-10 min with [3H]thymidine, labeled DNA extracted from embryonic axes of Vicia seeds sedimented as a rather homogeneous peak at approx. 10S in an alkaline sucrose density gradient, as described in our previous paper ((1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 395, 314-321). The sedimentation pattern of the same pulse-labeled DNA in a neutral gradient showed a wide range of sizes from approx. 14 S to more than 40 S. However, most of these labeled DNA components, including the 14-20 S shorter fragments, were shown to have a double-stranded structure by hydroxyapatite column chromatography. Further investigations on neutral sucrose gradients revealed a decreased occurrence after a chase, and final disappearance after a longer chase period of these shorter double-stranded fragments. A possible secondary structure of the newly synthesized DNA in a higher plant (Vicia faba) is discussed.
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48
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Chetsanga CJ, Tuttle M, Jacoboni A. Changes in structural integrity of heart DNA from aging mice. Life Sci 1976; 18:1405-12. [PMID: 940421 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(76)90357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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49
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Penn NW. Modification of brain deoxyribonucleic acid base content with maturation in normal and malnourished rats. Biochem J 1976; 155:709-12. [PMID: 949331 PMCID: PMC1172897 DOI: 10.1042/bj1550709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mol percentage of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is 2.2 times greater in the adult than in 2-day-old rat brain DNA. The concentration of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine falls in corresponding liver DNA preparations. This normal increase in brain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is abolished in rats placed on an 8%-protein diet 5 days after birth.
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50
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Ono T, Okada S, Sugahara T. Comparative studies of DNA size in various tissues of mice during the aging process. Exp Gerontol 1976; 11:127-32. [PMID: 954876 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(76)90022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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