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Finn RN, Chauvigné F, Stavang JA, Belles X, Cerdà J. Insect glycerol transporters evolved by functional co-option and gene replacement. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7814. [PMID: 26183829 PMCID: PMC4518291 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane glycerol transport is typically facilitated by aquaglyceroporins in Prokaryota and Eukaryota. In holometabolan insects however, aquaglyceroporins are absent, yet several species possess polyol permeable aquaporins. It thus remains unknown how glycerol transport evolved in the Holometabola. By combining phylogenetic and functional studies, here we show that a more efficient form of glycerol transporter related to the water-selective channel AQP4 specifically evolved and multiplied in the insect lineage, resulting in the replacement of the ancestral branch of aquaglyceroporins in holometabolan insects. To recapitulate this evolutionary process, we generate specific mutants in distantly related insect aquaporins and human AQP4 and show that a single mutation in the selectivity filter converted a water-selective channel into a glycerol transporter at the root of the crown clade of hexapod insects. Integration of phanerozoic climate models suggests that these events were associated with the emergence of complete metamorphosis and the unparalleled radiation of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick Nigel Finn
- Department of Biology, Bergen High Technology Center, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - François Chauvigné
- Department of Biology, Bergen High Technology Center, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA)-Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Passeig Marítim 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jon Anders Stavang
- Department of Biology, Bergen High Technology Center, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Xavier Belles
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Cerdà
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA)-Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Passeig Marítim 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Soudi S, Moharramipour S. Seasonal patterns of the thermal response in relation to sugar and polyol accumulation in overwintering adults of elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J Therm Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Fujiwara Y, Denlinger DL. p38 MAPK is a likely component of the signal transduction pathway triggering rapid cold hardening in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 210:3295-300. [PMID: 17766307 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.006536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid cold hardening (RCH) is an adaptation enabling insects to quickly respond to low temperature, but little is known about the molecular events that trigger this response. In this study of the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis, we explore a possible role for mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the low temperature signaling that elicits RCH. We report that p38 MAPK from S. crassipalpis, which shows high cDNA sequence homology to p38 MAPKs from other insects and mammals, is rapidly activated at temperatures around 0 degrees C, temperatures that are most effective for inducing RCH. By contrast, low temperature does not activate either extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). An increase in phospho-p38 MAPK was observed within 10 min following exposure to 0 degrees C and reached its maximum level in 2 h. When flies were transferred from 0 to 25 degrees C, the level of phospho-p38 MAPK decreased immediately and reached trace levels by 3 h. Nondiapausing flies were much more responsive to p38 MAPK activation than cold-hardy diapausing pupae. Thus, p38 MAPK activation and RCH both show the same narrow ranges of temperature sensitivity, temporal profiles of activation and decay, and developmental specificity. These correlations suggest that p38 MAPK plays a potential role in regulating the induction of RCH. The p38 MAPK response was not dependent upon the brain, as evidenced by high activation in isolated abdomens exposed to low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Fujiwara
- Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 400 Aronoff Laboratory, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Kostál V, Tollarová M, Sula J. Adjustments of the enzymatic complement for polyol biosynthesis and accumulation in diapausing cold-acclimated adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 50:303-313. [PMID: 15081823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2003] [Revised: 01/08/2004] [Accepted: 01/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to accumulate winter polyols (mainly ribitol and sorbitol) during cold-acclimation in Pyrrhocoris apterus is restricted only to the adults that have previously entered diapause. The enzymatic complement involved in polyol biosynthesis was found to differ in a complex manner between diapause and non-diapause adults. Nearly 100% of glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) was present in its active form in non-diapause adults irrespective of their acclimation status. In contrast, less than 40% of GPase was present in its active form in diapause adults prior to cold-acclimation and the inactive form was rapidly activated upon transition from 5 to 0 degrees C, concomitantly with the start of rapid polyol accumulation. The flow of carbon released by activation of glycogen degradation might be routed to the pentose cycle because the activity of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase (G(6)P-DH) was significantly higher and it increased with cold-acclimation in diapause adults while it was relatively low and it decreased with cold-acclimation in non-diapause adults. Reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH, which were generated in the pentose cycle, might require re-oxidation. Such re-oxidation might be achieved during reduction of sugars to polyols. The activity of NADP(H)-dependent aldose reductase (AR) was about 20-fold higher in diapause than in non-diapause adults. Similarly, the activity of NAD(H)-dependent polyol dehydrogenase (PDH) was higher in diapause adults. In addition, we found a very high activity of an unusual enzyme, NADP(H)-dependent ketose reductase (KR), exclusively in diapause adults. KR might be involved in reduction of fructose to sorbitol. Although its affinity for fructose as a substrate was low (K(M)=0.64M), its activity was about 10-fold higher than that of PDH with fructose. Moreover, the activity of KR significantly increased with cold-acclimation while that of PDH remained unchanged. Different electrophoretic mobilities in PAGE gel suggested that KR and PDH are two different enzymes with specific requirement for NADP(H) or NAD(H), respectively, as co-factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kostál
- Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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Sawabe K, Mogi M. Differences in energy metabolism and adult desiccation resistance among three Aedes (Stegomyia) species (Diptera: Culicidae) from South Sulawesi, Indonesia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 1999; 36:101-107. [PMID: 10071500 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/36.1.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To determine the mechanisms of adult desiccation resistance of Aedes (Stegomyia) species, we estimated the carbohydrate and lipid contents of newly emerged adult mosquitoes from South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Inter- and intraspecific differences in glycogen and free fatty acid accumulation were found in Aedes aegypti (L.), Ae. albopictus (Skuse), and Ae. paullusi (Stone & Farmer). High glycogen content was determined for both sexes in all Ae. aegypti strains and in the Ujung Pandang strain of Ae. albopictus. There were no differences among species in either trehalose or sorbitol content. A trend similar to glycogen was seen for lipid content, especially the free fatty acids of neutral lipids. These energy reserves of adult mosquitoes correlated with adult desiccation survival time at 90% RH calculated by Mogi et al. (1996). In both sexes, survival time was longer in strains with high glycogen and free fatty acid content, and low trehalose content. Ae aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Ae. paullusi are species with high, intermediate, and low levels of glycogen and free fatty acids, respectively. However, longevity of these species under desiccation conditions is associated strongly with glycogen-trehalose conversion, and free fatty acid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sawabe
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Public Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Podlasek C, Serianni A. 19F and 13C NMR studies of polyol metabolism in freeze-tolerant pupae of Hyalophora cecropia. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41976-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Kukal O, Duman JG, Serianni AS. Cold-induced mitochondrial degradation and cryoprotectant synthesis in freeze-tolerant arctic caterpillars. J Comp Physiol B 1989; 158:661-71. [PMID: 2715455 DOI: 10.1007/bf00693004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The larvae of Gynaephora groenlandica, a long-lived moth endemic to the high arctic, are perennially freeze-tolerant and able to increase their freeze-tolerance by synthesizing glycerol. Cold-induced mitochondrial changes were correlated (using electron microscopy, DNA staining, cytochrome c assay, and oxygen uptake) with glycerol production (using NMR spectroscopy) in larvae under different acclimations and in the field. Hypometabolism in summer- or warm-acclimated larvae led to glycerol accumulation. Extended exposure to near-zero or freezing temperatures caused mitochondrial degradation and glycerol accumulation. Rapid freezing of warm-acclimated larvae did not result in mitochondrial breakdown. Mitochondrial reconstitution upon warm-acclimation occurred much more rapidly (less than 1 week) than did degradation (greater than 2 months). Concomitant with mitochondrial breakdown was reduced oxidative metabolism, but the cytochrome c concentration remained independent of acclimation temperature. The adaptive response to cold by mitochondrial degradation and glycerol accumulation by G. groenlandica may be linked to diapause in other species of ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kukal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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Siegert KJ. The effects of chilling and integumentary injury on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diapause and non-diapause pupae of Manduca sexta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(86)90248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hayakawa Y. Activation mechanism of insect fat body phosphorylase by cold Phosphorylase kinase, phosphatase and ATP level. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(85)90052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Carbohydrate Metabolism. Biochemistry 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030811-1.50008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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Tsumuki H, Kanehisa K. Phosphatases in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae): Some properties and changes of the activities during hibernation. Cryobiology 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(84)90209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hayakawa Y, Chino H. Insect fat body phosphorylase kinase is Ca2+-independent and acts even at 0 degrees C. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 746:14-7. [PMID: 6871230 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fat body glycogen phosphorylase in some overwintering insects is known to be activated by cold and, therefore, this enzyme acts as a key enzyme that regulates the production of glycerol or trehalose from glycogen during winter. In this paper we report the mechanism of phosphorylase activation by cold: the major phosphorylase kinase (EC 2.7.1.38) of fat body is bound to glycogen and functions at 0 degrees C, whereas phosphorylase phosphatase does not; thus this may cause a slow but continuous accumulation of the active form of phosphorylase in the cold.
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Temperature-dependent activation or inactivation of glycogen phosphorylase and synthase of fat body of the silkworm Philosamia cynthia: The possible mechanism of the temperature-dependent interconversion between glycogen and trehalose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(82)90032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Furusawa T, Shikata M, Yamashita O. Temperature dependent sorbitol utilization in diapause eggs of the silkworm,Bombyx mori. J Comp Physiol B 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00689286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Phosphofructokinase as a possible key enzyme regulating glycerol or trehalose accumulation in diapausing insects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(82)90050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Temperature-dependent interconversion between glycogen and trehalose in diapausing pupae of Philosamia cynthia ricini and pryeri. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(81)90039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Activation of the hexose monophosphate shunt during cold-induced glycerol accumulation by Protophormia terranovae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(80)90043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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