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Hariharan N, Ghosh S, Palakodeti D. The story of rRNA expansion segments: Finding functionality amidst diversity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1732. [PMID: 35429135 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Expansion segments (ESs) are multinucleotide insertions present across phyla at specific conserved positions in eukaryotic rRNAs. ESs are generally absent in bacterial rRNAs with some exceptions, while the archaeal rRNAs have microexpansions at regions that coincide with those of eukaryotic ESs. Although there is an increasing prominence of ribosomes, especially the ribosomal proteins, in fine-tuning gene expression through translation regulation, the role of rRNA ESs is relatively underexplored. While rRNAs have been established as the major catalytic hub in ribosome function, the presence of ESs widens their scope as a species-specific regulatory hub of protein synthesis. In this comprehensive review, we have elaborately discussed the current understanding of the functional aspects of rRNA ESs of cytoplasmic eukaryotic ribosomes and discuss their past, present, and future. This article is categorized under: RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems Translation > Ribosome Structure/Function Translation > Regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Hariharan
- Technologies for the Advancement of Science, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India.,The University of Trans-disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology, Bangalore, India
| | - Sumana Ghosh
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Technologies for the Advancement of Science, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
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Tiller N, Bock R. The translational apparatus of plastids and its role in plant development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:1105-20. [PMID: 24589494 PMCID: PMC4086613 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts (plastids) possess a genome and their own machinery to express it. Translation in plastids occurs on bacterial-type 70S ribosomes utilizing a set of tRNAs that is entirely encoded in the plastid genome. In recent years, the components of the chloroplast translational apparatus have been intensely studied by proteomic approaches and by reverse genetics in the model systems tobacco (plastid-encoded components) and Arabidopsis (nucleus-encoded components). This work has provided important new insights into the structure, function, and biogenesis of chloroplast ribosomes, and also has shed fresh light on the molecular mechanisms of the translation process in plastids. In addition, mutants affected in plastid translation have yielded strong genetic evidence for chloroplast genes and gene products influencing plant development at various levels, presumably via retrograde signaling pathway(s). In this review, we describe recent progress with the functional analysis of components of the chloroplast translational machinery and discuss the currently available evidence that supports a significant impact of plastid translational activity on plant anatomy and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Tiller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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de Heij HT, Lustig H, Moeskops DJ, Bovenberg WA, Bisanz C, Groot GS. Chloroplast DNAs of Spinacia, Petunia and Spirodela have a similar gene organization. Curr Genet 2013; 7:1-6. [PMID: 24173111 DOI: 10.1007/bf00365673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/1982] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have located the positions of the genes coding for the α, β and ε subunits of the ATPase complex on Spirodela oligorhiza chloroplast DNA by means of heterologous hybridization with Spinacia cpDNA fragments.The overall cpDNA sequence organization of Petunia hybrida and Spirodela was compared. We hybridized well-characterized, cloned Spirodela cpDNA fragments with size fractionated Petunia cpDNA digested by Sall. It appears that the monocotyledonous Spirodela and the dicotyledonous Petunia cpDNA share a common sequence organization around their entire circumference. These observations, together with data reported in the literature, indicate a strikingly similar genetic organization of the chloroplast genome in widely divergent plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T de Heij
- Biochemical Laboratory, Free University, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Larkum AWD, Lockhart PJ, Howe CJ. Shopping for plastids. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2007; 12:189-95. [PMID: 17416546 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent suggestions that endosymbionts in a diatom and an amoeba represent independent origins of plastids from those in plants and algae raise again the question of how many times plastids have evolved. In this Opinion article, we review the evidence for a single origin or multiple origins of primary plastids. Although the data are widely taken as supporting a single origin, we stress the assumptions underlying that view, and argue for a more cautious interpretation. We also suggest that the implicit view of plastids being acquired from single ancestors at a single point (or points) in time is an over-simplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W D Larkum
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Ruf M, Kössel H. Occurrence and spacing of ribosome recognition sites in mRNAs of chloroplasts from higher plants. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bock R, Hagemann R. Extranuclear Inheritance: Plastid Genetics: Manipulation of Plastid Genomes and Biotechnological Applications. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57203-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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8
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Foster GD, Mills PR. Occurrence of chloroplast ribosome recognition sites within conserved elements of the RNA genomes of carlaviruses. FEBS Lett 1991; 280:341-3. [PMID: 2013334 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences upstream from the carlavirus open reading frames were examined for direct sequence homology. Blocks of homology were evident upstream from the 25 K ORFs of potato virus S (PVS), potato virus M (PVM) and lily symptomless virus (LSV), and upstream from the coat protein initiation codons of PVS, PVM, LSV, carnation latent virus and Helenium virus S. These blocks, which correspond to the 5'-terminal regions of the subgenomic RNAs, were shown to contain potential ribosome recognition sequences. The distances between the binding sites and initiation codons ranged from 20 to 40 nucleotides on the viral RNAs. Whilst the majority of chloroplasts mRNAs have a distance of 8 nucleotides between binding site and initiation codon, the remaining have a distance of 23 nucleotides which is similar to that reported here for the carlaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Foster
- University of Leicester, Department of Botany, UK
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Cummings DJ, Domenico JM, Nelson J, Sogin ML. DNA sequence, structure, and phylogenetic relationship of the small subunit rRNA coding region of mitochondrial DNA from Podospora anserina. J Mol Evol 1989; 28:232-41. [PMID: 2494352 DOI: 10.1007/bf02102481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA sequence analysis and the localization of the 5' and 3' termini by S1 mapping have shown that the mitochondrial (mt) small subunit rRNA coding region from Podospora anserina is 1980 bp in length. The analogous coding region for mt rRNA is 1962 bp in maize, 1686 bp in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and 956 bp in mammals, whereas its counterpart in Escherichia coli is 1542 bp. The P. anserina mt 16S-like rRNA is 400 bases longer than that from E. coli, but can be folded into a similar secondary structure. The additional bases appear to be clustered at specific locations, including extensions at the 5' and 3' termini. Comparison with secondary structure diagrams of 16S-like RNAs from several organisms allowed us to specify highly conserved and variable regions of this gene. Phylogenetic tree construction indicated that this gene is grouped with other mitochondrial genes, but most closely, as expected, with the fungal mitochondrial genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cummings
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262
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Markowicz Y, Loiseaux-de Goër S, Mache R. Presence of a 16S rRNA pseudogene in the bi-molecular plastid genome of the primitive brown alga Pylaiella littoralis. Evolutionary implications. Curr Genet 1988; 14:599-608. [PMID: 3242867 DOI: 10.1007/bf00434086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The plastid genome of the brown alga Pylaiella littoralis (L.) Kjellm. is composed of two different circular DNA molecules: the largest carries two rrn operons, and the smallest, only one copy of both 16S and 23S rDNAs. 16S rDNA copies located on both molecules have been cloned and their nucleotide sequences determined: they are 65% homologous to one another. The expression of these genes was assayed by hybridizing in vivo labelled P. littoralis rRNAs to both clones, and specific oligonucleotides to total RNA from P. littoralis. Results indicate that the 16S rDNA copy located on the small molecule is a pseudogene. Comparisons of the functional gene with other 16S rRNA genes shows that chloroplasts from green plants emerged earlier from the cyanobacterial lineage than Euglena gracilis and Pylaiella littoralis plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Markowicz
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale, CNRS UA 1178, Université J. Fourier, Grenoble, France
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11
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Tahar SB, Bottomley W, Whitfeld PR. Characterization of the spinach chloroplast genes for the S4 ribosomal protein, tRNA(Thr) (UGU) and tRNA (Ser) (GGA). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1986; 7:63-70. [PMID: 24302158 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/1985] [Revised: 04/10/1986] [Accepted: 04/23/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The map location and nucleotide sequence of the genes for the S4 ribosomal protein (rps4) and for tRNA(Thr) (UGU) (trnT) and tRNA(Ser) (GGA) (trnS) on spinach chloroplast DNA have been determined. rps4 lies approximately 5 kb 3' to atpBE in the large single copy region and is transcribed in the same direction as atpBE. It has a 178 bp leader sequence, a 603 bp coding region and 620 bp 3' tail. The sequence of the coding region is 83% homologous with that of maize rps4 (29) and the deduced amino acid sequences from the two species are 7% homologous. The spinach and Escherichia coli S4 proteins are only 36% homologous. As in the case of maize, trnT lies upstream from and on the same strand as rps4 whereas trnS lies downstream and on the opposite strand. Transcription of rps4 apparently proceeds past trnS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Tahar
- Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, GPO Box 1600, 2601, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia
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12
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Yang RC, Dove M, Seligy VL, Lemieux C, Turmel M, Narang SA. Complete nucleotide sequence and mRNA-mapping of the large subunit gene of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) from Chlamydomonas moewusii. Gene X 1986; 50:259-70. [PMID: 3034732 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide (nt) sequence of the large subunit (LS) gene of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from the green alga, Chlamydomonas moewusii, and mapping of transcription ends was achieved by two new strategies. The deduced LS sequence of 475 amino acid residues was compared with similar genes from six other species; cyanobacteria, land plants and a related alga (C. reinhardtii). The most conserved regions are the three ribulose bisphosphate binding sites and the CO2 activator site. The nt sequence conservation outside the coding region is limited to only three segments within the 5'-flanking region: a region of tandem repeats, TATAA box and ribosome-binding site. Termination point of transcription is an 'A' residue 3' to the first of two 18-nt inverted repeats, which has the potential to form a stem-loop hairpin structure. The possible role of these potential regulatory features for transcription and translation, and similar structures in other LS genes is presented.
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Hanson MR, Conde MF. Functioning and Variation of Cytoplasmic Genomes: Lessons from Cytoplasmic–Nuclear Interactions Affecting Male Fertility in Plants. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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15
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Steege DA, Graves MC, Spremulli LL. Euglena gracilis chloroplast small subunit rRNA. Sequence and base pairing potential of the 3' terminus, cleavage by colicin E3. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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16
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Li M, Tzagoloff A, Underbrink-Lyon K, Martin NC. Identification of the paromomycin-resistance mutation in the 15 S rRNA gene of yeast mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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17
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Gatenby AA, Castleton JA. Amplification of maize ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit synthesis in E. coli by transcriptional fusion with the lambda N operon. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1982; 185:424-9. [PMID: 6212753 DOI: 10.1007/bf00334134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The maize chloroplast gene coding for the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerizing), EC 4.1.1.39) has been placed under the transcriptional control of the bacteriophage lambda promoter PL, by fusion with the lambda N operon located on a multicopy plasmid. Transcription from PL was repressed at 32 degrees C by the presence in the E. coli chromosome of a cIts gene that specifies a temperature-sensitive repressor. After inactivation of the repressor at 45 degrees C unmoderated transcription of the chloroplast gene occurred from the PL promoter. Translation was probably initiated from a chloroplast Shine-Dalgarno sequence located five nucleotides from the N-terminal methionine initiation codon to yield a polypeptide the same size as that synthesised in maize. This direct translation results in a level of expression of the chloroplast gene corresponding to approximately 2% of the total E. coli cell protein as ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large subunits. Transcriptional fusions with the lambda N operon should provide a generally applicable, simple method for the amplification and regulation of chloroplast gene expression in E. coli.
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19
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Borbely G, Simoncsits A. 3'-Terminal conserved loops of 16S rRNAs from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus AN PCC 6301 and maize chloroplast differ only in two bases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 101:846-52. [PMID: 6796078 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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20
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Koch W, Edwards K, Kössel H. Sequencing of the 16S-23S spacer in a ribosomal RNA operon of Zea mays chloroplast DNA reveals two split tRNA genes. Cell 1981; 25:203-13. [PMID: 7023695 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of th 16S-23S spacer from a ribosomal RNA operon of Zea mays chloroplast DNA has been determined. It contains two tRNA genes, coding for tRNAlle (AUCU) and tRNAAla (GCGA), which are split by intervening sequences of 949 and 806 base pairs, respectively. Homology between the two introns suggests that they have a common origin.
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21
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Rochaix JD. Organization, function and expression of the chloroplast DNA ofChlamydomonas reinhardii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01959844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Phillips DO, Carr NG. MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC HYPOTHESIS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb54372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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24
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Chloroplast gene sequence for the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphatecarboxylase of maize. Nature 1980. [DOI: 10.1038/288556a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Orozco E, Rushlow K, Dodd J, Hallick R. Euglena gracilis chloroplast ribosomal RNA transcription units. II. Nucleotide sequence homology between the 16 S–23 S ribosomal RNA spacer and the 16 S ribosomal RNA leader regions. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Bohnert HJ, Gordon KH, Crouse EJ. Homologies among ribosomal RNA and messenger RNA genes in chloroplasts, mitochondria and E. coli. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1980; 179:539-45. [PMID: 7003301 DOI: 10.1007/bf00271743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Labelled chloroplast rRNAs from Spinacia oleracea were hybridized to restriction endonuclease digests of chloroplast DNA from Oenothera hookeri and Euglena gracilis, to mitochondrial DNA of Acanthamoeba castellanii, and to DNA of the E. coli rrn B operon in the transducing phage lambda rifd 18. The degree of homology is greatest for the 16S rRNA gene. Greater than 90% occurs between the two higher plant genes, 80% homology to the lower plant gene, 60%-70% homology to the bacterial gene, and 20% homology to the mitochondrial gene. The degree of hybridization varied considerably for the 23S and the 5S rRNA genes. Very high homology exists between the two higher plant genes, only about 50% homology for both the Euglena and bacterial genes, and no significant homology for the mitochondrial genes. These results show that any chloroplast (or E. coli) rRNA may be used as a probe to identify rRNA genes in other ctDNAs. Two RNA populations, each enriched for a different ctDNA-encoded mRNA, proved useful in the location of these genes on both higher plant ctDNAs. No significant hybridization was obtained using these probes to the Euglena ctDNA which seems to be too distantly related.
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27
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Delius H, Koller B. Sequence homologies between Escherichia coli and chloroplast ribosomal DNA as seen by heteroduplex analysis. J Mol Biol 1980; 142:247-61. [PMID: 7003161 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(80)90048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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DNA from Ti plasmid present in nucleus and absent from plastids of crown gall plant cells. Nature 1980. [DOI: 10.1038/287359a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Graf L, Kössel H, Stutz E. Sequencing of 16S--23S spacer in a ribosomal RNA operon of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA reveals two tRNA genes. Nature 1980; 286:908-10. [PMID: 6774264 DOI: 10.1038/286908a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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30
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Nakashima K, Darzynkiewicz E, Shatkin AJ. Proximity of mRNA5'-region and 18S rRNA in eukaryotic initiation complexes. Nature 1980; 286:226-30. [PMID: 7402312 DOI: 10.1038/286226a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA was covalently linked to 18S ribosomal RNA in eukaryotic 40S and 80S initiation complexes by photoreaction with an RNA cross-linking agent, 4'-substituted psoralen. The sites of interaction of the mRNA capped 5'-region included some 3'-ends of 18S rRNA.
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31
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Mucke H, Löffelhardt W, Bohnert HJ. Partial characterization of the genome of the 'endosymbiotic' cyanelles from Cyanophora paradoxa. FEBS Lett 1980; 111:347-52. [PMID: 6244191 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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32
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Schwarz Z, Kössel H. The primary structure of 16S rDNA from Zea mays chloroplast is homologous to E. coli 16S rRNA. Nature 1980. [DOI: 10.1038/283739a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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