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Girum B, Chekol T, Meshesha D. Petrological and geochemical characteristics of flood and shield basalts from Kesem-Megezez section, northwestern Ethiopian Plateau: Implication for their mantle source variations. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17256. [PMID: 37389036 PMCID: PMC10300378 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kesem-Megezez Section is located on the western escarpment of the main Ethiopian rift, central Ethiopia, part of the northwestern Ethiopia plateau, and hosts both flood basalts (Kesem Oligocene basalts) and shield volcano basalts (Megezez Miocene basalts) separated by an Oligo-Miocene silicic pyroclastic formation. Petrography, whole-rock trace, and major element data are presented for the Kesem Oligocene and Megezez Miocene basalts to assess their petrogenetic characteristics and the processes involved in their evolution. The Kesem Oligocene basalts are dominated by aphanitic textures, whereas the Megezez Miocene basalts are dominated by porphyritic textures. The Kesem Oligocene basalts are alkaline, whereas the Megezez Miocene basalts have transitional composition. The Kesem Oligocene basalts and Megezez Miocene basalts show distinct compositional differences. MREE/HREE and LREE/HREE show different depths of melt segregation and degrees of partial melting for the Kesem Oligocene basalts and the Megezez Miocene basalts. The geochemical differences (Zr/Nb, Rb/Zr, K/Nb, Ba/Zr and Nb/Zr) between Kesem alkaline basalts and the Megezez transitional basalts reflect the involvement of EMORB-like and OIB-like mantle sources in different proportion in their petrogenesis. Using primitive mantle, garnet- and spinel-bearing lherzolitic sources, a non-modal equilibrium melting model shows that the Kesem alkali basalt can be produced by equilibrium melting of ∼3-4% residual garnet and about 3% degree of partial melting. Whereas, the Megezez transitional basalts were formed by melting of ∼2-3% residual garnet and >3% degree of partial melting. Geochemical evidences envisioned a scenario in which magmatism started with the arrival of a mantle plume (OIB-like; aka Afar Plume), which comes across a sub-lithospheric geochemically enriched and fertile asthenospheric mantle component (EMORB-like). The upwelling of the hot mantle plume that impinging beneath the lithiosphere at ∼30 Ma generates OIB-type melts due to decompression. The thermal effect of the hot plume also triggered melting of the fertile E-MORB component in the asthenosphere at the garnet stability depth. Then, the interaction between more melts from the plume (OIB) and lesser melts from the E-MORB created flood basalts (Kesem basalts) in the Oligocene. During the Miocene, the progressive melting of OIB and E-MORB generates the plateau shield basalts (Megezez basalts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhane Girum
- Department of Geology, College of Applied Sciences, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Mineral Exploration, Extraction and Processing Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Chekol
- Department of Geology, College of Applied Sciences, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Mineral Exploration, Extraction and Processing Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Meshesha
- Department of Geology, College of Applied Sciences, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Mineral Exploration, Extraction and Processing Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Meshesha D, Chekol T, Negussia S. Major and trace element compositions of basaltic lavas from western margin of central main Ethiopian rift: enriched asthenosphere vs. mantle plume contribution. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08634. [PMID: 35005282 PMCID: PMC8715302 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Major and trace element data are presented for basaltic lavas from western rift margin of central Main Ethiopian Rift located at Kella area to investigate the processes involved in the petrogenesis of the erupted magmas and the nature of mantle source compositions. Kella area is composed of Quaternary (<1.6 Ma), Miocene (10.6–8.3 Ma) and Oligocene basalts (30-29 Ma) ranging from alkaline to tholeiitic in composition. The geochemical variations of basaltic samples from Kella area exhibit two compositionally distinct basaltic groups. The Oligocene tholeiitic basalts display low MgO (5.29–6.11 wt.%), TiO2 (2.15–2.47 wt.%), P2O5 (0.28–0.34 wt.%), and high ratio of CaO/Al2O3 (0.68–0.72) and La/Nb (0.89–1.10). Whereas Quaternary and Miocene alkaline basalts display high MgO (7.40–8.86 wt.%), TiO2 (2.4–2.53 wt.%), P2O5 (0.44–0.52 wt.%) and low ratio of CaO/Al2O3 (0.62–0.66) and La/Nb (0.71–0.76). The contrasting incompatible element ratios (e.g., K/Nb, La/Nb, Rb/Zr and Zr/Nb) between tholeiite and alkaline basalts reflect differences in their mantle sources. Major and trace element variations, therefore, reflect the involvement of two geochemically distinct mantle sources in the petrogenesis of Kella basaltic lavas: i) the Oligocene tholeiite basaltic melts derived from enriched asthenosphere mantle source (E-MORB) and ii) the Miocene and Quaternary alkali basaltic melts show a close similarity with ocean island basalts (OIBs) geochemistry, and this end member ascribed to the arrival of Afar plume head. The geochemical modeling reveals that the Oligocene tholeiite basaltic melts produced by an equilibrium melting with 3–5 % degree of partial melting in spinel lherzolite mantle source, whereas the alkali basalts were produced with ∼2% degree of partial melting within spinel-garnet lherzolite transition zone mantle sources.
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Kebede B, Mammo T. Processing and interpretation of full tensor gravity anomalies of Southern Main Ethiopian Rift. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06872. [PMID: 33997403 PMCID: PMC8099759 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The study area is situated in the Southern Main Ethiopian Rift being bounded within the limit of 37o00″0′-38o50′00″E and 5o50′00″-7o00′00″N. It is well known that the complex geological structure of the Main Ethiopian Rift has attracted intense attention so far and numerous geophysical investigations have been performed using potential field data-sets in Central and Northern Main Ethiopian Rift with the exception of the Southern Main Ethiopian Rift which is poorly constrained. Analysis of Full Tensor Gravity anomalies helps in understanding of the nature of shallow subsurface structural features and has a paramount importance in building general understanding of subtle details about subsurface geology of the area. Separation of regional and residual gravity field is performed using upward continuation filtering technique. The residual gravity anomaly caused by local structures and anomalous body delineated four sub-basins with low amplitude response which is in agreement with the vertical gravity gradient anomaly (Gzz) and tilt derivative horizontal (TDX) that clearly outlined and characterize edges of the sub-basins. The sub-basins delineated are the northern and southern Abaya, Chamo and Gelana basins. The tilt angle method which is used to delineate major subsurface structures and determine the source depth results showed that the area was affected by different lineament trending NE-SW, N–S, NNE-SSW, NW-SE and E-W, directional analysis performed indicates that the dominant trend is in agreement with the regional fault orientations. The estimated depth to the top of the lineaments on average varies from 0.9 km to 3.1 km and it is relatively deeper in the basins compared to the surrounding areas giving clues to the amount of sediment infill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisrat Kebede
- School of Earth Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Ministry of Mines and Petroleum, P.O. Box 486, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Mammo
- School of Earth Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Superplume mantle tracked isotopically the length of Africa from the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5493. [PMID: 31792200 PMCID: PMC6889401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Seismological findings show a complex scenario of plume upwellings from a deep thermo-chemical anomaly (superplume) beneath the East African Rift System (EARS). It is unclear if these geophysical observations represent a true picture of the superplume and its influence on magmatism along the EARS. Thus, it is essential to find a geochemical tracer to establish where upwellings are connected to the deep-seated thermo-chemical anomaly. Here we identify a unique non-volatile superplume isotopic signature (‘C’) in the youngest (after 10 Ma) phase of widespread EARS rift-related magmatism where it extends into the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. This is the first sound evidence that the superplume influences the EARS far from the low seismic velocities in the magma-rich northern half. Our finding shows for the first time that superplume mantle exists beneath the rift the length of Africa from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean offshore southern Mozambique. Low seismic velocity anomalies reveal a complex scenario of plume upwellings from a deep thermo-chemical anomaly (superplume) in the mantle below the East African Rift, however, geophysical observations alone are insufficient to identify the extent of plume influence on the magmatism along the rift. Here, the authors use Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data to show that superplume mantle underlies the entire rift system, from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean south of Mozambique.
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Reyes-Velasco J, Manthey JD, Freilich X, Boissinot S. Diversification of African tree frogs (genusLeptopelis) in the highlands of Ethiopia. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2256-2270. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xenia Freilich
- Department of Biology; Queens College; City University of New York; Flushing NY USA
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Mairal M, Sanmartín I, Herrero A, Pokorny L, Vargas P, Aldasoro JJ, Alarcón M. Geographic barriers and Pleistocene climate change shaped patterns of genetic variation in the Eastern Afromontane biodiversity hotspot. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45749. [PMID: 28397796 PMCID: PMC5387718 DOI: 10.1038/srep45749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eastern African Afromontane forest is getting increased attention in conservation studies because of its high endemicity levels and shrinking geographic distribution. Phylogeographic studies have found evidence of high levels of genetic variation structured across the Great Rift System. Here, we use the epiphytic plant species Canarina eminii to explore causal explanations for this pattern. Phylogeographic analyses were undertaken using plastid regions and AFLP fragments. Population genetic analyses, Statistical Parsimony, and Bayesian methods were used to infer genetic diversity, genealogical relationships, structure, gene flow barriers, and the spatiotemporal evolution of populations. A strong phylogeographic structure was found, with two reciprocally monophyletic lineages on each side of the Great Rift System, high genetic exclusivity, and restricted gene flow among mountain ranges. We explain this pattern by topographic and ecological changes driven by geological rifting in Eastern Africa. Subsequent genetic structure is attributed to Pleistocene climatic changes, in which sky-islands acted as long-term refuges and cradles of genetic diversity. Our study highlights the importance of climate change and geographic barriers associated with the African Rift System in shaping population genetic patterns, as well as the need to preserve the high levels of exclusive and critically endangered biodiversity harboured by current patches of the Afromontane forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mairal
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Lisa Pokorny
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (RBGK), Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Aldasoro
- Instituto Botánico de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain.,Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Marisa Alarcón
- Instituto Botánico de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain
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Ebinger CJ, Bechtel TD, Forsyth DW, Bowin CO. Effective elastic plate thickness beneath the East African and Afar plateaus and dynamic compensation of the uplifts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb094ib03p02883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mollel GF, Swisher CC. The Ngorongoro Volcanic Highland and its relationships to volcanic deposits at Olduvai Gorge and East African Rift volcanism. J Hum Evol 2012; 63:274-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kasso M, Bekele A, Hemson G. Species composition, abundance and habitat association of rodents and insectivores from Chilalo-Galama Mountain range, Arsi, Ethiopia. Afr J Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2010.01222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Trauth MH, Maslin MA, Deino AL, Strecker MR, Bergner AGN, Dühnforth M. High- and low-latitude forcing of Plio-Pleistocene East African climate and human evolution. J Hum Evol 2007; 53:475-86. [PMID: 17959230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The late Cenozoic climate of East Africa is punctuated by episodes of short, alternating periods of extreme wetness and aridity, superimposed on a regime of subdued moisture availability exhibiting a long-term drying trend. These periods of extreme climate variability appear to correlate with maxima in the 400-thousand-year (kyr) component of the Earth's eccentricity cycle. Prior to 2.7 Ma the wet phases appear every 400 kyrs, whereas after 2.7 Ma, the wet phases appear every 800 kyrs, with periods of precessional-forced extreme climate variability at 2.7-2.5 Ma, 1.9-1.7 Ma, and 1.1-0.9 Ma before present. The last three major lake phases occur at the times of major global climatic transitions, such as the onset of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (2.7-2.5 Ma), intensification of the Walker Circulation (1.9-1.7 Ma), and the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution (1.0-0.7 Ma). High-latitude forcing is required to compress the Intertropical Convergence Zone so that East Africa becomes locally sensitive to precessional forcing, resulting in rapid shifts from wet to dry conditions. These periods of extreme climate variability may have provided a catalyst for evolutionary change and driven key speciation and dispersal events amongst mammals and hominins in East Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Trauth
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, POB 601553, D-14415 Potsdam, Germany.
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Lavrenchenko LA, Verheyen E. Evolutionary relationships among narrow-headed rats (genus Stenocephalemys, muridae, rodentia) inferred from complete cytochrome b gene sequences. RUSS J GENET+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795406040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Braile L, Keller G, Wendlandt R, Morgan P, Khan M. Chapter 5 The east african rift system. CONTINENTAL RIFTS:EVOLUTION, STRUCTURE, TECTONICS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0419-0254(06)80013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Yirgu G, Ebinger C, Maguire P. The Afar volcanic province within the East African Rift System: introduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.2006.259.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Yirgu
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Addis Ababa
PO Box 176, Addis Abada, Ethiopia
| | - C.J. Ebinger
- Department of Geology, Royal Holloway, University of London
Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - P.K.H. Maguire
- Department of Geology, University of Leicester
Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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Fadda C, Corti M, Verheyen E. Molecular phylogeny of Myomys/Stenocephalemys complex and its relationships with related African genera. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2001; 29:585-596. [PMID: 11336808 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-1978(00)00087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Partial 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene sequences were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships among Stenocephalemys albocaudata, S. griseicauda and Myomys albipes, three closely related Ethiopian endemic murines and a selection of related species (Myomys daltoni, Praomys delectorum, Mastomys natalensis, Hylomyscus kaimosae, and Colomys goslingi) from other African regions. The obtained phylogeny confirms the close relationship between M. albipes and the two Stenocephalemys species, but it also suggests that both the genera Myomys and Stenocephalemys are paraphyletic, as M. albipes is closer to Stenocephalemys than to M. daltoni and S. griseicauda is more closely related to M. albipes than to S. albocaudata. These data, if confirmed, would argue that M. albipes should be renamed S. albipes. In conclusion, our study suggests that morphological similarity is not always a reliable measure for close genetic relationship in murines. Morphological similarity among species that evolved under similar ecological conditions can be the result of convergent evolution rather than a consequence of recent common ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fadda
- Departement Biologie, RUCA, Universitair Centrum Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Genesis of the pliocene to recent bimodal mafic-felsic volcanism in the Debre Zeyt area, central Ethiopia: volcanological and geochemical constraints. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0899-5362(93)90032-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Beyth M. “Smooth” and “rough” propagation of spreading Southern Red Sea - Afar depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0899-5362(91)90001-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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WoldeGabriel G, Yemane T, Suwa G, White T, Asfaw B. Age of volcanism and rifting in the Burji-Soyoma area, Amaro Horst, southern Main Ethiopian Rift: geo- and biochronologic data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0899-5362(91)90107-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bohannon RG, Naeser CW, Schmidt DL, Zimmermann RA. The timing of uplift, volcanism, and rifting peripheral to the Red Sea: A case for passive rifting? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jb094ib02p01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Plio-Pleistocene volcanism and sedimentary facies changes at Gadeb prehistoric site, Ethiopia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01832395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Courtillot V, Armijo R, Tapponnier P. Kinematics of the Sinai triple junction and a two-phase model of Arabia-Africa rifting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1987.028.01.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Williams MAJ, Assefa G, Adamson DA. Depositional context of Plio-Pleistocene hominid-bearing formations in the Middle Awash valley, southern Afar Rift, Ethiopia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1986.025.01.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Physical aspects of magmatism in continental rifts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/gd008p0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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