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Veselý L, Štůsek R, Mikula O, Yang X, Heger D. Freezing-induced acidification of sea ice brine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174194. [PMID: 38925394 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The acidity of sea ice and snow plays a key role in the chemistry of the cryosphere; an important example lies in the photochemical catalytic release of reactive bromine in polar regions, facilitated at pHs below 6.5. We apply in-situ acid-base indicators to probe the microscopic acidity of the brine within the ice matrix in artificial sea water at a range of concentrations (0.35-70 PPT) and initial pHs (6-9). The results are supported by analogous measurements of the most abundant salts in seawater: NaCl, Na2SO4, and CaCO3. In the research herein, the acidity is expressed in terms of the Hammett acidity function, H2-. The obtained results show a pronounced acidity increase in sea water after freezing at -15 °C and during the subsequent cooling down to -50 °C. Importantly, we did not observe any significant hysteresis; the values of acidity upon warming markedly resembled those at the corresponding temperatures at cooling. The acidity increase is attributed to the minerals' crystallization, which is accompanied by a loss of the buffering capacity. Our observations show that lower salinity sea water samples (≤ 3.5 PPT) reach pH values below 6.5 at the temperature of -15 °C, whereas higher salinity ices attain such values only at -30 °C. The ensuing implications for polar chemistry and the relevance to the field measurements are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Veselý
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Štůsek
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Mikula
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Xin Yang
- British Antarctic Survey, UK Research Innovation, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dominik Heger
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Czech Republic.
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Volcanic ash, victims, and tsunami debris from the Late Bronze Age Thera eruption discovered at Çeşme-Bağlararası (Turkey). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2114213118. [PMID: 34969845 PMCID: PMC8740722 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114213118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of this study is multi-faceted, touching upon methodological advances in multidisciplinary approaches (earth sciences/geology–archaeology) as well as contributing to the historical and chronological understanding of the Late Bronze Age Thera eruption impacts. Our study presents physical evidence that very large, damaging tsunamis arrived even in the northern Aegean, an area previously assumed to be affected only by ash fallout. The tsunami deposits at Çeşme-Bağlararası contain the first victims (human and dog) ever identified related to the eruption and its immediate consequences. The work also introduces nine radiocarbon ages directly from the event deposit that will be of great interest and cause significant discussion amongst scholars, particularly given their context within a well-constrained, undisturbed, stratigraphic archaeological sequence. The Late Bronze Age Thera eruption was one of the largest natural disasters witnessed in human history. Its impact, consequences, and timing have dominated the discourse of ancient Mediterranean studies for nearly a century. Despite the eruption’s high intensity (Volcanic Explosivity Index 7; Dense Rock Equivalent of 78 to 86 km) [T. H. Druitt, F. W. McCoy, G. E. Vougioukalakis, Elements 15, 185–190 (2019)] and tsunami-generating capabilities [K. Minoura et al., Geology 28, 59–62 (2000)], few tsunami deposits are reported. In contrast, descriptions of pumice, ash, and tephra deposits are widely published. This mismatch may be an artifact of interpretive capabilities, given how rapidly tsunami sedimentology has advanced in recent years. A well-preserved volcanic ash layer and chaotic destruction horizon were identified in stratified deposits at Çeşme-Bağlararası, a western Anatolian/Aegean coastal archaeological site. To interpret these deposits, archaeological and sedimentological analysis (X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy instrumental neutron activation analysis, granulometry, micropaleontology, and radiocarbon dating) were performed. According to the results, the archaeological site was hit by a series of strong tsunamis that caused damage and erosion, leaving behind a thick layer of debris, distinguishable by its physical, biological, and chemical signature. An articulated human and dog skeleton discovered within the tsunami debris are in situ victims related to the Late Bronze Age Thera eruption event. Calibrated radiocarbon ages from well-constrained, short-lived organics from within the tsunami deposit constrain the event to no earlier than 1612 BCE. The deposit provides a time capsule that demonstrates the nature, enormity, and expansive geographic extent of this catastrophic event.
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The magnitude and impact of the 431 CE Tierra Blanca Joven eruption of Ilopango, El Salvador. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26061-26068. [PMID: 32989145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003008117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption from Ilopango volcano deposited thick ash over much of El Salvador when it was inhabited by the Maya, and rendered all areas within at least 80 km of the volcano uninhabitable for years to decades after the eruption. Nonetheless, the more widespread environmental and climatic impacts of this large eruption are not well known because the eruption magnitude and date are not well constrained. In this multifaceted study we have resolved the date of the eruption to 431 ± 2 CE by identifying the ash layer in a well-dated, high-resolution Greenland ice-core record that is >7,000 km from Ilopango; and calculated that between 37 and 82 km3 of magma was dispersed from an eruption coignimbrite column that rose to ∼45 km by modeling the deposit thickness using state-of-the-art tephra dispersal methods. Sulfate records from an array of ice cores suggest stratospheric injection of 14 ± 2 Tg S associated with the TBJ eruption, exceeding those of the historic eruption of Pinatubo in 1991. Based on these estimates it is likely that the TBJ eruption produced a cooling of around 0.5 °C for a few years after the eruption. The modeled dispersal and higher sulfate concentrations recorded in Antarctic ice cores imply that the cooling would have been more pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere. The new date confirms the eruption occurred within the Early Classic phase when Maya expanded across Central America.
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The sun of Rome is set! Volcanic dust veils and their political fallout. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17470-17472. [PMID: 32641507 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011054117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Climatic and societal impacts of a "forgotten" cluster of volcanic eruptions in 1108-1110 CE. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6715. [PMID: 32317759 PMCID: PMC7174372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently revised ice core chronologies for Greenland have newly identified one of the largest sulfate deposition signals of the last millennium as occurring between 1108 and 1113 CE. Long considered the product of the 1104 CE Hekla (Iceland) eruption, this event can now be associated with substantial deposition seen in Antarctica under a similarly revised chronology. This newly recognized bipolar deposition episode has consequently been deemed to reveal a previously unknown major tropical eruption in 1108 CE. Here we show that a unique medieval observation of a “dark” total lunar eclipse attests to a dust veil over Europe in May 1110 CE, corroborating the revised ice-core chronologies. Furthermore, careful evaluation of ice core records points to the occurrence of several closely spaced volcanic eruptions between 1108 and 1110 CE. The sources of these eruptions remain unknown, but we propose that Mt. Asama, whose largest Holocene eruption occurred in August 1108 CE and is credibly documented by a contemporary Japanese observer, is a plausible contributor to the elevated sulfate in Greenland. Dendroclimatology and historical documentation both attest, moreover, to severe climatic anomalies following the proposed eruptions, likely providing the environmental preconditions for subsistence crises experienced in Western Europe between 1109 and 1111 CE.
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Volcanic Fluxes Over the Last Millennium as Recorded in the Gv7 Ice Core (Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica). GEOSCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences10010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Major explosive volcanic eruptions may significantly alter the global atmosphere for about 2–3 years. During that period, volcanic products (mainly H2SO4) with high residence time, stored in the stratosphere or, for shorter times, in the troposphere are gradually deposited onto polar ice caps. Antarctic snow may thus record acidic signals providing a history of past volcanic events. The high resolution sulphate concentration profile along a 197 m long ice core drilled at GV7 (Northern Victoria land) was obtained by Ion Chromatography on around 3500 discrete samples. The relatively high accumulation rate (241 ± 13 mm we yr −1) and the 5-cm sampling resolution allowed a preliminary counted age scale. The obtained stratigraphy covers roughly the last millennium and 24 major volcanic eruptions were identified, dated, and tentatively ascribed to a source volcano. The deposition flux of volcanic sulphate was calculated for each signature and the results were compared with data from other Antarctic ice cores at regional and continental scale. Our results show that the regional variability is of the same order of magnitude as the continental one.
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Volcanic glass properties from 1459 C.E. volcanic event in South Pole ice core dismiss Kuwae caldera as a potential source. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14437. [PMID: 31595040 PMCID: PMC6783439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A large volcanic sulfate increase observed in ice core records around 1450 C.E. has been attributed in previous studies to a volcanic eruption from the submarine Kuwae caldera in Vanuatu. Both EPMA-WDS (electron microprobe analysis using a wavelength dispersive spectrometer) and SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy analysis using an energy dispersive spectrometer) analyses of five microscopic volcanic ash (cryptotephra) particles extracted from the ice interval associated with a rise in sulfate ca. 1458 C.E. in the South Pole ice core (SPICEcore) indicate that the tephra deposits are chemically distinct from those erupted from the Kuwae caldera. Recognizing that the sulfate peak is not associated with the Kuwae volcano, and likely not a large stratospheric tropical eruption, requires revision of the stratospheric sulfate injection mass that is used for parameterization of paleoclimate models. Future work is needed to confirm that a volcanic eruption from Mt. Reclus is one of the possible sources of the 1458 C.E. sulfate anomaly in Antarctic ice cores.
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Oppenheimer C, Orchard A, Stoffel M, Newfield TP, Guillet S, Corona C, Sigl M, Di Cosmo N, Büntgen U. The Eldgjá eruption: timing, long-range impacts and influence on the Christianisation of Iceland. CLIMATIC CHANGE 2018; 147:369-381. [PMID: 31258223 PMCID: PMC6560931 DOI: 10.1007/s10584-018-2171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Eldgjá lava flood is considered Iceland's largest volcanic eruption of the Common Era. While it is well established that it occurred after the Settlement of Iceland (circa 874 CE), the date of this great event has remained uncertain. This has hampered investigation of the eruption's impacts, if any, on climate and society. Here, we use high-temporal resolution glaciochemical records from Greenland to show that the eruption began in spring 939 CE and continued, at least episodically, until at least autumn 940 CE. Contemporary chronicles identify the spread of a remarkable haze in 939 CE, and tree ring-based reconstructions reveal pronounced northern hemisphere summer cooling in 940 CE, consistent with the eruption's high yield of sulphur to the atmosphere. Consecutive severe winters and privations may also be associated with climatic effects of the volcanic aerosol veil. Iceland's formal conversion to Christianity dates to 999/1000 CE, within two generations or so of the Eldgjá eruption. The end of the pagan pantheon is foretold in Iceland's renowned medieval poem, Vǫluspá ('the prophecy of the seeress'). Several lines of the poem describe dramatic eruptive activity and attendant meteorological effects in an allusion to the fiery terminus of the pagan gods. We suggest that they draw on first-hand experiences of the Eldgjá eruption and that this retrospection of harrowing volcanic events in the poem was intentional, with the purpose of stimulating Iceland's Christianisation over the latter half of the tenth century.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andy Orchard
- Faculty of English, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Dendrolab.ch, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Timothy P. Newfield
- Departments of History and Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Sébastien Guillet
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Corona
- Geolab UMR6042 CNRS, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Michael Sigl
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Di Cosmo
- Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ USA
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Global Change Research Centre and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Kjær HA, Vallelonga P, Svensson A, Elleskov L Kristensen M, Tibuleac C, Winstrup M, Kipfstuhl S. An Optical Dye Method for Continuous Determination of Acidity in Ice Cores. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10485-10493. [PMID: 27580680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The pH of polar ice is important for the stability and mobility of impurities in ice cores and can be strongly influenced by volcanic eruptions or anthropogenic emissions. We present a simple optical method for continuous determination of acidity in ice cores based on spectroscopically determined color changes of two common pH-indicator dyes, bromophenol blue, and chlorophenol red. The sealed-system method described here is not equilibrated with CO2, making it simpler than existing methods for pH determination in ice cores and offering a 10-90% peak response time of 45 s and a combined uncertainty of 9%. The method is applied to Holocene ice core sections from Greenland and Antarctica and compared to standard techniques such as electrical conductivity measurement (ECM) conducted on the solid ice, and electrolytic meltwater conductivity, EMWC. Acidity measured in the Greenland NGRIP ice core shows good agreement with acidity calculated from ion chromatography. Conductivity and dye-based acidity Hdye+ are found to be highly correlated in the Greenland NEGIS firn core (75.38° N, 35.56° W), with all signals greater than 3σ variability coinciding with either volcanic eruptions or possible wild fire activity. In contrast, the Antarctic Roosevelt Island ice core (79.36° S, 161.71° W) features an anticorrelation between conductivity and Hdye+, likely due to strong influence of marine salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Astrid Kjær
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Vallelonga
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Svensson
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Catalin Tibuleac
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mai Winstrup
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
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Severi M, Becagli S, Traversi R, Udisti R. Recovering Paleo-Records from Antarctic Ice-Cores by Coupling a Continuous Melting Device and Fast Ion Chromatography. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11441-7. [PMID: 26494022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the increasing interest in the understanding of global climatic changes and on natural processes related to climate yielded the development and improvement of new analytical methods for the analysis of environmental samples. The determination of trace chemical species is a useful tool in paleoclimatology, and the techniques for the analysis of ice cores have evolved during the past few years from laborious measurements on discrete samples to continuous techniques allowing higher temporal resolution, higher sensitivity and, above all, higher throughput. Two fast ion chromatographic (FIC) methods are presented. The first method was able to measure Cl(-), NO3(-) and SO4(2-) in a melter-based continuous flow system separating the three analytes in just 1 min. The second method (called Ultra-FIC) was able to perform a single chromatographic analysis in just 30 s and the resulting sampling resolution was 1.0 cm with a typical melting rate of 4.0 cm min(-1). Both methods combine the accuracy, precision, and low detection limits of ion chromatography with the enhanced speed and high depth resolution of continuous melting systems. Both methods have been tested and validated with the analysis of several hundred meters of different ice cores. In particular, the Ultra-FIC method was used to reconstruct the high-resolution SO4(2-) profile of the last 10,000 years for the EDML ice core, allowing the counting of the annual layers, which represents a key point in dating these kind of natural archives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Severi
- University of Florence , Chemistry Department "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Becagli
- University of Florence , Chemistry Department "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Rita Traversi
- University of Florence , Chemistry Department "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Udisti
- University of Florence , Chemistry Department "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Source of the great A.D. 1257 mystery eruption unveiled, Samalas volcano, Rinjani Volcanic Complex, Indonesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16742-7. [PMID: 24082132 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307520110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar ice core records attest to a colossal volcanic eruption that took place ca. A.D. 1257 or 1258, most probably in the tropics. Estimates based on sulfate deposition in these records suggest that it yielded the largest volcanic sulfur release to the stratosphere of the past 7,000 y. Tree rings, medieval chronicles, and computational models corroborate the expected worldwide atmospheric and climatic effects of this eruption. However, until now there has been no convincing candidate for the mid-13th century "mystery eruption." Drawing upon compelling evidence from stratigraphic and geomorphic data, physical volcanology, radiocarbon dating, tephra geochemistry, and chronicles, we argue the source of this long-sought eruption is the Samalas volcano, adjacent to Mount Rinjani on Lombok Island, Indonesia. At least 40 km(3) (dense-rock equivalent) of tephra were deposited and the eruption column reached an altitude of up to 43 km. Three principal pumice fallout deposits mantle the region and thick pyroclastic flow deposits are found at the coast, 25 km from source. With an estimated magnitude of 7, this event ranks among the largest Holocene explosive eruptions. Radiocarbon dates on charcoal are consistent with a mid-13th century eruption. In addition, glass geochemistry of the associated pumice deposits matches that of shards found in both Arctic and Antarctic ice cores, providing compelling evidence to link the prominent A.D. 1258/1259 ice core sulfate spike to Samalas. We further constrain the timing of the mystery eruption based on tephra dispersal and historical records, suggesting it occurred between May and October A.D. 1257.
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Palais JM, Sigurdsson H. Petrologic Evidence of Volatile Emissions from Major Historic and Pre-Historic Volcanic Eruptions. UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm052p0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Devine JD, Sigurdsson H, Davis AN, Self S. Estimates of sulfur and chlorine yield to the atmosphere from volcanic eruptions and potential climatic effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb089ib07p06309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ferris DG, Cole-Dai J, Reyes AR, Budner DM. South Pole ice core record of explosive volcanic eruptions in the first and second millennia A.D. and evidence of a large eruption in the tropics around 535 A.D. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Quantitative analytical methods are used to reconstruct the course of events during and after the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Tambora, Indonesia, on 10 and 11 April 1815. This was the world's greatest ash eruption (so far as is definitely known) since the end of the last Ice Age. This synthesis is based on data and methods from the fields of volcanology, oceanography, glaciology, meteorology, climatology, astronomy, and history.
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Ren J, Li C, Hou S, Xiao C, Qin D, Li Y, Ding M. A 2680 year volcanic record from the DT-401 East Antarctic ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Ammann CM, Naveau P. A statistical volcanic forcing scenario generator for climate simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Holocene thinning of the Greenland ice sheet. Nature 2009; 461:385-8. [PMID: 19759618 DOI: 10.1038/nature08355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
On entering an era of global warming, the stability of the Greenland ice sheet (GIS) is an important concern, especially in the light of new evidence of rapidly changing flow and melt conditions at the GIS margins. Studying the response of the GIS to past climatic change may help to advance our understanding of GIS dynamics. The previous interpretation of evidence from stable isotopes (delta(18)O) in water from GIS ice cores was that Holocene climate variability on the GIS differed spatially and that a consistent Holocene climate optimum-the unusually warm period from about 9,000 to 6,000 years ago found in many northern-latitude palaeoclimate records-did not exist. Here we extract both the Greenland Holocene temperature history and the evolution of GIS surface elevation at four GIS locations. We achieve this by comparing delta(18)O from GIS ice cores with delta(18)O from ice cores from small marginal icecaps. Contrary to the earlier interpretation of delta(18)O evidence from ice cores, our new temperature history reveals a pronounced Holocene climatic optimum in Greenland coinciding with maximum thinning near the GIS margins. Our delta(18)O-based results are corroborated by the air content of ice cores, a proxy for surface elevation. State-of-the-art ice sheet models are generally found to be underestimating the extent and changes in GIS elevation and area; our findings may help to improve the ability of models to reproduce the GIS response to Holocene climate.
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Loader N, Switsur V. Reconstructing Past Environmental Change Using Stable Isotopes in Tree-rings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/03746609609480374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vinther BM, Clausen HB, Fisher DA, Koerner RM, Johnsen SJ, Andersen KK, Dahl-Jensen D, Rasmussen SO, Steffensen JP, Svensson AM. Synchronizing ice cores from the Renland and Agassiz ice caps to the Greenland Ice Core Chronology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yalcin K, Wake CP, Kreutz KJ, Germani MS, Whitlow SI. Ice core paleovolcanic records from the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Handler P. Possible association between the climatic effects of stratospheric aerosols and sea surface temperatures in the Eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/joc.3370060104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Schönwiese CD, Malcher J. The CO2 temperature response. A comparison of the results from general circulation models with statistical assessments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/joc.3370070303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Moore J, Kekonen T, Grinsted A, Isaksson E. Sulfate source inventories from a Svalbard ice core record spanning the Industrial Revolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Vinther BM, Clausen HB, Johnsen SJ, Rasmussen SO, Andersen KK, Buchardt SL, Dahl-Jensen D, Seierstad IK, Siggaard-Andersen ML, Steffensen JP, Svensson A, Olsen J, Heinemeier J. A synchronized dating of three Greenland ice cores throughout the Holocene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kurbatov AV, Zielinski GA, Dunbar NW, Mayewski PA, Meyerson EA, Sneed SB, Taylor KC. A 12,000 year record of explosive volcanism in the Siple Dome Ice Core, West Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bay RC, Bramall NE, Price PB, Clow GD, Hawley RL, Udisti R, Castellano E. Globally synchronous ice core volcanic tracers and abrupt cooling during the last glacial period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lindeberg C, Bindler R, Renberg I, Emteryd O, Karlsson E, Anderson NJ. Natural fluctuations of mercury and lead in Greenland lake sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:90-5. [PMID: 16433337 DOI: 10.1021/es051223y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the current scenario of increasing global temperatures, it is valuable to assess the potential influence of changing climate on pollution distribution and deposition. In this study we use long-term sediment records from three lakes (spanning ca. 1000, 4800, and 8000 years, respectively) from the Greenland west coast to assess recent and long-term variations in mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb), including stable Pb isotopes (206Pb and 207Pb), in terms of pollution and climate influences. The temporal trends in sediment deposited from about the mid-19th century and forward are in general agreement with the history of industrial emissions at lower latitudes. Therefore, in recent sediment a possible influence from changing climate is difficult to assess. However, by using deeper sediment layers we show that changes in Greenland climate caused changes in the lake influx of material from regional aeolian activity, which resulted in large fluctuations in Hg and Pb concentrations and 206Pb/207Pb ratios. The aeolian material is primarily derived from glacio-fluvial material with low Hg and Pb concentrations and a different isotopic composition. For one of the lakes, the fluctuations in Hg concentrations (10 to 70 ng g(-1)) prior to the 19th century are equal to the anthropogenic increase in the uppermost layers, suggesting that when studying recent concentrations and time trends of pollution in relatively low-contaminated areas such as the Arctic, the early natural fluctuations must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Lindeberg
- Environmental Change Assessment, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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Gao C, Robock A, Self S, Witter JB, Steffenson JP, Clausen HB, Siggaard-Andersen ML, Johnsen S, Mayewski PA, Ammann C. The 1452 or 1453 A.D. Kuwae eruption signal derived from multiple ice core records: Greatest volcanic sulfate event of the past 700 years. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Andersen KK, Ditlevsen PD, Rasmussen SO, Clausen HB, Vinther BM, Johnsen SJ, Steffensen JP. Retrieving a common accumulation record from Greenland ice cores for the past 1800 years. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu L, Kang J, Petit JR, Simões JC, De Angelis M. The 4700 aB.P. volcanic signal detected in Vostok BH8 ice core, Antarctica. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03183662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Castellano E, Becagli S, Hansson M, Hutterli M, Petit JR, Rampino MR, Severi M, Steffensen JP, Traversi R, Udisti R. Holocene volcanic history as recorded in the sulfate stratigraphy of the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome C (EDC96) ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Castellano
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - S. Becagli
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - M. Hansson
- Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - M. Hutterli
- Physics Institute; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - J. R. Petit
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement du CNRS; Saint-Martin-d'Heres Cedex France
| | - M. R. Rampino
- Earth and Environmental Science Program; New York University; New York New York USA
| | - M. Severi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - J. P. Steffensen
- Department of Geophysics, Niels Bohr Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - R. Traversi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - R. Udisti
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Florence Italy
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Textor C, Graf HF, Timmreck C, Robock A. Emissions from volcanoes. ADVANCES IN GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-2167-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Dugmore AJ, Larsen G, Newton AJ. Tephrochronology and its Application to Late Quaternary Environmental Reconstruction, with Special Reference to the North Atlantic Islands. LECTURE NOTES IN STATISTICS 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-0231-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Mosley-Thompson E, Mashiotta TA, Thompson LG. High resolution ice core records of late Holocene volcanism: Current and future contributions from the Greenland PARCA core. VOLCANISM AND THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/139gm09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Yalcin K. A 100-year record of North Pacific volcanism in an ice core from Eclipse Icefield, Yukon Territory, Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Scaillet B, Luhr JF, Carroll MR. Petrological and volcanological constraints on volcanic sulfur emissions to the atmosphere. VOLCANISM AND THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/139gm02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Dunbar NW. Tephra layers in the Siple Dome and Taylor Dome ice cores, Antarctica: Sources and correlations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb002056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fedele FG, Giaccio B, Isaia R, Orsi G. The Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption, Heinrich Event 4, and palaeolithic change in Europe: A high-resolution investigation. VOLCANISM AND THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/139gm20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Matoba S, Narita H, Motoyama H, Kamiyama K, Watanabe O. Ice core chemistry of Vestfonna Ice Cap in Svalbard, Norway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumito Matoba
- Institute of Low Temperature Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Hideki Narita
- Institute of Low Temperature Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
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Robertson A, Overpeck J, Rind D, Mosley-Thompson E, Zielinski G, Lean J, Koch D, Penner J, Tegen I, Healy R. Hypothesized climate forcing time series for the last 500 years. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stothers RB. Major optical depth perturbations to the stratosphere from volcanic eruptions: Stellar extinction period, 1961-1978. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sommer S, Appenzeller C, Röthlisberger R, Hutterli MA, Stauffer B, Wagenbach D, Oerter H, Wilhelms F, Miller H, Mulvaney R. Glacio-chemical study spanning the past 2 kyr on three ice cores from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica: 1. Annually resolved accumulation rates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cole-Dai J, Mosley-Thompson E, Wight SP, Thompson LG. A 4100-year record of explosive volcanism from an East Antarctica ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Recent reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere temperatures and climate forcing over the past 1000 years allow the warming of the 20th century to be placed within a historical context and various mechanisms of climate change to be tested. Comparisons of observations with simulations from an energy balance climate model indicate that as much as 41 to 64% of preanthropogenic (pre-1850) decadal-scale temperature variations was due to changes in solar irradiance and volcanism. Removal of the forced response from reconstructed temperature time series yields residuals that show similar variability to those of control runs of coupled models, thereby lending support to the models' value as estimates of low-frequency variability in the climate system. Removal of all forcing except greenhouse gases from the approximately 1000-year time series results in a residual with a very large late-20th-century warming that closely agrees with the response predicted from greenhouse gas forcing. The combination of a unique level of temperature increase in the late 20th century and improved constraints on the role of natural variability provides further evidence that the greenhouse effect has already established itself above the level of natural variability in the climate system. A 21st-century global warming projection far exceeds the natural variability of the past 1000 years and is greater than the best estimate of global temperature change for the last interglacial.
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Affiliation(s)
- TJ Crowley
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. E-mail:
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Karlöf L, Winther JG, Isaksson E, Kohler J, Pinglot JF, Wilhelms F, Hansson M, Holmlund P, Nyman M, Pettersson R, Stenberg M, Thomassen MPA, van der Veen C, van de Wal RSW. A 1500 year record of accumulation at Amundsenisen western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, derived from electrical and radioactive measurements on a 120 m ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Scaillet B, Clemente B, Evans BW, Pichavant M. Redox control of sulfur degassing in silicic magmas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Briffa KR, Jones PD, Schweingruber FH, Osborn TJ. Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years. Nature 1998. [DOI: 10.1038/30943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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