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Hou J, Xue B, Ma R, Yu S, Zhu Y, Chen X, Lu J, Wan W. UV-enhanced photorefractive response rate in a thin-film lithium niobate microdisk. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3456-3459. [PMID: 38875644 DOI: 10.1364/ol.527579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The photorefractive (PR) effect plays a critical role in emerging photonic technologies, including dynamic volume holography and on-chip all-optical functionalities. Nevertheless, its slow response rate has posed a significant obstacle to its practical application. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the enhancement of the PR response rate in a high-Q thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) microdisk under UV light irradiation. At an irradiation intensity of 30 mW/cm2, the PR effect achieves a high response bandwidth of approximately 256 kHz. By employing this UV-assisted PR effect, we have achieved rapid laser-cavity locking and self-stabilization, where perturbations are automatically compensated. This technique paves the way toward real-time dynamic holography, editable photonic devices on a lithium niobate platform, and high-speed all-optical information processing.
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2
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Prosandeev S, Paillard C, Bellaiche L. Crossover from Linear to Quadratic Electro-optic Behavior in BaTiO_{3} and (Ba, Sr)TiO_{3} Solid Solution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:196901. [PMID: 38804941 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.196901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
We derive a numerical method based on coupled density functional theory and effective Hamiltonian schemes to calculate the linear and quadratic electro-optic response of ferroelectrics at finite temperature and in different frequency ranges. By applying the developed method to BaTiO_{3}, we successfully resolve apparent discrepancies in the experimental literature that reported a linear or quadratic electro-optic response when visible or terahertz radiation was employed to measure the optical index, respectively. We further demonstrate that (and explain why), in the case of the Ba_{1-x}Sr_{x}TiO_{3} disordered solid solutions, structural phase transitions not only lead to larger linear electro-optic constants, as previously demonstrated in the literature, but also significantly enhance the quadratic electro-optic constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Prosandeev
- Smart Functional Materials Center, Department of Physics and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Charles Paillard
- Smart Functional Materials Center, Department of Physics and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Laboratoire SPMS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - L Bellaiche
- Smart Functional Materials Center, Department of Physics and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
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3
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Zamboni R, Gauthier-Manuel L, Zaltron A, Lucchetti L, Chauvet M, Sada C. Opto-microfluidic coupling between optical waveguides and tilted microchannels in lithium niobate. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:28423-28436. [PMID: 37710896 DOI: 10.1364/oe.495406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a reconfigurable opto-microfluidic coupling between optical waveguides and tilted microfluidic channels in monolithic lithium niobate crystal. The light path connecting two waveguide arrays located on opposite sides of a microfluidic channel depends on the refractive index between the liquid phase and the hosting crystal. As a result, the optical properties of the flowing fluid, which is pumped into the microfluidic channel on demand, can be exploited to control the light pathways inside the optofluidic device. Proof-of-concept applications are herein presented, including microfluidic optical waveguide switching, optical refractive index sensing, and wavelength demultiplexing.
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Wang X, Cao Q, Wang R, Cao X, Liu S. Domain growth driven by a femtosecond laser in lithium niobate crystal. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:566-569. [PMID: 36723532 DOI: 10.1364/ol.469202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate to drive domain growth in lithium niobate crystal by using a focused infrared femtosecond laser without relative displacement or any additional treatment. The physical process has four stages: modified domain generation; thermoelectric field formation; domain inversion; and domain growth. The length of domain growth depends on drive energy (pulse energy) and drive time (number of pulses), up to 155 µm. We use this approach to rapidly fabricate two-dimensional period-inverted domain structures and perform frequency-doubling conversion based on quasi-phase-matching. Laser-driven domain growth delivers an efficient manufacturing route for tailored functional materials.
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Boes A, Chang L, Langrock C, Yu M, Zhang M, Lin Q, Lončar M, Fejer M, Bowers J, Mitchell A. Lithium niobate photonics: Unlocking the electromagnetic spectrum. Science 2023; 379:eabj4396. [PMID: 36603073 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj4396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LN), first synthesized 70 years ago, has been widely used in diverse applications ranging from communications to quantum optics. These high-volume commercial applications have provided the economic means to establish a mature manufacturing and processing industry for high-quality LN crystals and wafers. Breakthrough science demonstrations to commercial products have been achieved owing to the ability of LN to generate and manipulate electromagnetic waves across a broad spectrum, from microwave to ultraviolet frequencies. Here, we provide a high-level Review of the history of LN as an optical material, its different photonic platforms, engineering concepts, spectral coverage, and essential applications before providing an outlook for the future of LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Boes
- Integrated Photonics and Applications Centre (InPAC), School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Lin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communications System and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Carsten Langrock
- Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mengjie Yu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Marko Lončar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Martin Fejer
- Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John Bowers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- Integrated Photonics and Applications Centre (InPAC), School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Li YL, Li NN, Wang D, Chu F, Lee SD, Zheng YW, Wang QH. Tunable liquid crystal grating based holographic 3D display system with wide viewing angle and large size. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:188. [PMID: 35729102 PMCID: PMC9213428 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most ideal display approaches, holographic 3-dimensional (3D) display has always been a research hotspot since the holographic images reproduced in such system are very similar to what humans see the actual environment. However, current holographic 3D displays suffer from critical bottlenecks of narrow viewing angle and small size. Here, we propose a tunable liquid crystal grating-based holographic 3D display system with wide viewing angle and large size. Our tunable liquid crystal grating, providing an adjustable period and the secondary diffraction of the reconstructed image, enables to simultaneously implement two different hologram generation methods in achieving wide viewing angle and enlarged size, respectively. By using the secondary diffraction mechanism of the tunable liquid crystal grating, the proposed system breaks through the limitations of narrow viewing angle and small size of holographic 3D display. The proposed system shows a viewing angle of 57.4°, which is nearly 7 times of the conventional case with a single spatial light modulator, and the size of the reconstructed image is enlarged by about 4.2. The proposed system will have wide applications in medical diagnosis, advertising, education and entertainment and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Long Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan-Nan Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fan Chu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Sin-Doo Lee
- Display Technology Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Wei Zheng
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong-Hua Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
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8
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Ali RF, Gates BD. Lithium niobate particles with a tunable diameter and porosity for optical second harmonic generation. RSC Adv 2021; 12:822-833. [PMID: 35425117 PMCID: PMC8979055 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Uniform, porous particles of lithium niobate (LiNbO3) can be used as contrast agents in bioimaging, drug delivery carriers, nonlinear optical emitters, biosensors, photocatalysts and electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries. In this article, we introduce a hydrothermal method to prepare uniform, mesoporous LiNbO3 particles with a tunable diameter and porosity. These properties are each tuned by adjusting the reaction times of the hydrothermal process. This approach forms mesoporous LiNbO3 particles without the addition of organic additives (e.g., surfactants) or hard templates (e.g., silica). Formation of these LiNbO3 particles proceeds through an aqueous sol-gel reaction in which niobium hydroxide species are generated in situ and undergo a condensation reaction in the presence of lithium hydroxide to form a colloidal solution. A hydrothermal reaction using this solution resulted in the formation of uniform, solid, and semi-crystalline particles. A post-calcination step induces crystallinity in the product and transforms the particles into mesoporous materials composed of a rhombohedral LiNbO3 phase. An increase in reaction time results in an increase in the diameter of these particles from 580 to 1850 nm, but also decreases their porosity. These LiNbO3 particles were active towards second harmonic generation (SHG), and their SHG response resembled that of larger crystals of rhombohedral LiNbO3. This work also offers a viable strategy for manufacturing other materials (e.g., tantalates, titanates, niobates) with tunable dimensions and porosity that enable a broad range of applications in photonics, energy, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Faryad Ali
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Byron D Gates
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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In-plane quasi-single-domain BaTiO 3 via interfacial symmetry engineering. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6784. [PMID: 34811372 PMCID: PMC8608839 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of the in-plane domain evolution in ferroelectric thin films is not only critical to understanding ferroelectric phenomena but also to enabling functional device fabrication. However, in-plane polarized ferroelectric thin films typically exhibit complicated multi-domain states, not desirable for optoelectronic device performance. Here we report a strategy combining interfacial symmetry engineering and anisotropic strain to design single-domain, in-plane polarized ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin films. Theoretical calculations predict the key role of the BaTiO3/PrScO3 [Formula: see text] substrate interfacial environment, where anisotropic strain, monoclinic distortions, and interfacial electrostatic potential stabilize a single-variant spontaneous polarization. A combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy, piezoresponse force microscopy, ferroelectric hysteresis loop measurements, and second harmonic generation measurements directly reveals the stabilization of the in-plane quasi-single-domain polarization state. This work offers design principles for engineering in-plane domains of ferroelectric oxide thin films, which is a prerequisite for high performance optoelectronic devices.
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Coco MG, McDaniel SA, Cook G. Laser inscribed waveguide optical isolators in iron-doped lithium niobate. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:G139-G143. [PMID: 34613203 DOI: 10.1364/ao.427454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need for optical isolators that do not require a magnetic field, especially for uses such as on-chip optical devices and cold atom physics. As one approach, we propose using waveguides in photorefractive materials, such as Fe:LiNbO3, as optical isolator devices due to their unique asymmetric transmission properties that allow low loss transmission in one crystal orientation and attenuation in the flipped orientation. We utilize ultrafast laser inscription to fabricate photorefractive depressed cladding waveguides in Fe:LiNbO3 along the crystal c axis to demonstrate the operation of Fe:LiNbO3 waveguide optical isolators. We show the ability to write transmission and reflection gratings into these waveguides that provide an isolation ratio of approximately 5000:1 per cm of path length.
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Wang P, Wang J, Zheng Y, Shi H, Sun X, Liu W, Gao B. Reversible photoluminescence modulation of monolayer MoS 2 on a ferroelectric substrate by light irradiation and thermal annealing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:17265-17270. [PMID: 34346428 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02248b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monolayer semiconducting two-dimensional (2D) materials are strongly emerging materials for exploring the spin-valley coupling effect and fabricating novel optoelectronic devices due to their unique structural symmetry and band structures. Due to their atomic thickness, their excitonic optical response is highly sensitive to the dielectric environment. In this work, we present a novel approach to reversibly modulate the optical properties of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) via changing the dielectric properties of the substrate by laser irradiation and thermal annealing. We chose LiNbO3 as the substrate and recorded the PL spectra of monolayer MoS2 on LiNbO3 substrates with positive (P+) and negative (P-) ferroelectric polarities. A distinct PL intensity of the A peak was observed due to opposite doping by surface charges. Under light irradiation, the PL intensity of monolayer MoS2 on P+ Fe2O3-doped LiNbO3 gradually decreased with time due to the reduction of intrinsic p-doping, which originated from the drift of photo-excited electrons under a spontaneous polarization field and accumulation on the surface. The PL intensity was found to be restored by thermal annealing which could erase the charge redistribution. This study provides a strategy to reversibly modulate the optical properties of monolayer 2D materials on top of ferroelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Modern Optics, School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro-Optics and Photonic Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
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12
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Liu J, Stace T, Dai J, Xu K, Luiten A, Baynes F. Resonant Stimulated Photorefractive Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:033902. [PMID: 34328760 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.033902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present the first observations, and a complete theoretical explanation, of stimulated photorefractive scattering in a high- Q crystalline cavity. The standing-wave light field in the cavity induces an ultranarrow and long-lived Bragg grating through the photorefractive effect. The spatial phase of the grating is automatically matched to that of the standing wave. The scattering from the grating strengthens the standing wave, which then further reinforces the grating itself. Eventually, the mode is seen to split into a doublet, thereby disrupting the usual strict periodicity of the mode spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS) and The School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Thomas Stace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQUS), School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Jian Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Kun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Andre Luiten
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS) and The School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Fred Baynes
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS) and The School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
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Electron Polarons in Lithium Niobate: Charge Localization, Lattice Deformation, and Optical Response. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3), a material frequently used in optical applications, hosts different kinds of polarons that significantly affect many of its physical properties. In this study, a variety of electron polarons, namely free, bound, and bipolarons, are analyzed using first-principles calculations. We perform a full structural optimization based on density-functional theory for selected intrinsic defects with special attention to the role of symmetry-breaking distortions that lower the total energy. The cations hosting the various polarons relax to a different degree, with a larger relaxation corresponding to a larger gap between the defect level and the conduction-band edge. The projected density of states reveals that the polaron states are formerly empty Nb 4d states lowered into the band gap. Optical absorption spectra are derived within the independent-particle approximation, corrected by the GW approximation that yields a wider band gap and by including excitonic effects within the Bethe–Salpeter equation. Comparing the calculated spectra with the density of states, we find that the defect peak observed in the optical absorption stems from transitions between the defect level and a continuum of empty Nb 4d states. Signatures of polarons are further analyzed in the reflectivity and other experimentally measurable optical coefficients.
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Abstract
X-ray and neutron diffraction studies succeeded in the 1960s to determine the principal structural properties of congruent lithium niobate. However, the nature of the intrinsic defects related to the non-stoichiometry of this material remained an object of controversial discussion. In addition, the incorporation mechanism for dopants in the crystal lattice, showing a solubility range from about 0.1 mol% for rare earths to 9 mol% for some elements (e.g., Ti and Mg), stayed unresolved. Various different models for the formation of these defect structures were developed and required experimental verification. In this paper, we review the outstanding role of nuclear physics based methods in the process of unveiling the kind of intrinsic defects formed in congruent lithium niobate and the rules governing the incorporation of dopants. Complementary results in the isostructural compound lithium tantalate are reviewed for the case of the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition. We focus especially on the use of ion beam analysis under channeling conditions for the direct determination of dopant lattice sites and intrinsic defects and on Perturbed Angular Correlation measurements probing the local environment of dopants in the host lattice yielding independent and complementary information.
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Ali RF, Gates BD. Elucidating the role of precursors in synthesizing single crystalline lithium niobate nanomaterials: a study of effects of lithium precursors on nanoparticle quality. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:3214-3226. [PMID: 33528486 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08652e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A number of solution-based procedures have been realized for the synthesis of lithium niobate (LiNbO3) nanoparticles (NPs). Relatively little is, however, known about the influences of the selection of lithium (Li) precursors on the resulting dimensions, shapes, crystallinity, and purity of the products. A comparative study is provided herein on the role of different Li precursors during the synthesis of LiNbO3 NPs. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first systematic comparison of the effects of various Li reagents on the preparation of LiNbO3 NPs through solvothermal processes. This solution-phase approach was tuned by the inclusion of Li precursors that either lacked carbon based anions (e.g., F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, OH-, NO3-, or SO42-) or contained carbon-based anions (e.g., C2H5O-, C2H3OO-, C5H7OO-, or CO32-). All other variables were held constant during the synthesis, such as reaction temperature, solvent, niobium precursor, and surfactants. The results of these studies suggest that the type of Li precursor selected plays an important role in nanoparticle formation, such as through controlling the uniformity, crystallinity, and aggregation of LiNbO3 NPs. The average diameter of the resulting NPs can also vary from ∼30 to ∼830 nm as a function of the Li reagent used in the synthesis. The selection of Li precursors also influences the phase purity of the products. This comparative study on the preparation of crystalline LiNbO3 NPs represents a critical step forward to understand the influences and roles of precursors in the design of synthetic processes for the preparation of a variety of alkali metal niobates (e.g., including NaNbO3 and KNbO3) and crystalline metal oxide-based NPs containing other transition metals (e.g., titanium, tantalum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Faryad Ali
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Byron D Gates
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Wang W, Liu H, Zheng D, Kong Y, Zhang L, Xu J. Interaction between Mo and intrinsic or extrinsic defects of Mo doped LiNbO 3 from first-principles calculations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:255701. [PMID: 32106104 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab7ada] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) plays an important role in holographic storage, and molybdenum doped LiNbO3 (LN:Mo) is an excellent candidate for holographic data storage. In this paper, the basic features of Mo doped LiNbO3, such as the site preference, electronic structure, and the lattice distortions have been explored from first-principles calculations. Mo substituting Nb with its highest charge state +6 is found to be the most stable point defect form. The energy levels formed by Mo with different charge states are distributed in the band gap, which are responsible for the absorption in the visible region. The transition of Mo in different charge states implies molybdenum can serve as a photorefractive center in LN:Mo. In addition, the interactions between Mo and intrinsic or extrinsic point defects are also investigated in this work. Intrinsic defects [Formula: see text] could cause the movement of the [Formula: see text] energy levels. The exploration of Mo, Mg co-doped LiNbO3 reveals that although Mg ion could not shift the energy level of Mo, it can change the distribution of electrons in Mo and Mg co-doped LN (LN:Mo,Mg) which help with the photorefractive phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics & School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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de Oliveira I, Capovilla DA. Volatile and permanent optical gratings recorded in Bi 2TeO 5 photorefractive crystal under high cw intensity. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:2248-2253. [PMID: 32225754 DOI: 10.1364/ao.381665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the recording of optical gratings on photorefractive $ {{\rm Bi}_2}{{\rm TeO}_5} $Bi2TeO5 crystals using $ \lambda = 532\,\,{\rm nm} $λ=532nm wavelength light. We studied the behavior of this material under high light intensity and found the presence of fast and slow gratings, both of photorefractive nature and exhibiting quite significant light intensity dependence for the $ 1 - 13\,\,{\rm kW}/{{\rm m}^2} $1-13kW/m2 range. A permanent grating was found after the complete erasure of fast and slow holograms recorded at room temperature. The experimental results show that the diffraction efficiency of the permanent grating increases with the recorded light intensity. The permanent grating performance as an optical Bragg filter was characterized by measuring the angular selectivity approximately 1.0 mrad. We also show that the diffraction efficiency of the permanent grating is quite dependent on the direction of light polarization.
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Peddagopu N, Rossi P, Bonaccorso C, Bartasyte A, Paoli P, Malandrino G. Facile synthesis of novel lithium β-diketonate glyme adducts: the effect of molecular engineering on the thermal properties. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1002-1006. [PMID: 31932829 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04732h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel adducts of lithium hexafluoroacetylacetonato {Li(hfa)} with polyethers (monoglyme = {CH3OCH2CH2OCH3}, diglyme = {CH3O(CH2CH2O)2CH3}, triglyme = {CH3O(CH2CH2O)3CH3} and tetraglyme {CH3O(CH2CH2O)4CH3} have been synthesized through a single step reaction and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, 1H, and 13C NMR, single crystal X-ray diffraction studies along with thermal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Peddagopu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania and INSTM UdR Catania, V.le Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Rossi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Firenze, Via Santa Marta 3, 50136 Firenze, Italy
| | - Carmela Bonaccorso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, V.le Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Ausrine Bartasyte
- FEMTO-ST Institute, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté CNRS UMR 6174, 26 Rue de l'Epitaphe, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Paola Paoli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Firenze, Via Santa Marta 3, 50136 Firenze, Italy
| | - Graziella Malandrino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania and INSTM UdR Catania, V.le Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Kong Y, Bo F, Wang W, Zheng D, Liu H, Zhang G, Rupp R, Xu J. Recent Progress in Lithium Niobate: Optical Damage, Defect Simulation, and On-Chip Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1806452. [PMID: 31282003 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LN) is one of the most important synthetic crystals. In the past two decades, many breakthroughs have been made in material technology, theoretical understanding, and application of LN crystals. Recent progress in optical damage, defect simulation, and on-chip devices of LN are explored. Optical damage is one of the main obstacles for the practical usage of LN crystals. Recent results reveal that doping with ZrO2 not only leads to better optical damage resistance in the visible but also improves resistance in the ultraviolet region. It is still awkward to extract defect characteristics and their relationship with the physical properties of LN crystals directly from experimental investigations. Recent simulations provide detailed descriptions of intrinsic defect models, the site occupation of dopants and the variation of energy levels due to extrinsic defects. LN is considered to be one of the most promising platforms for integrated photonics. Benefiting from advances in smart-cut, direct wafer bonding and layer transfer techniques, great progress has been made in the past decade for LNs on insulators. Recent progress on on-chip LN micro-photonic devices and nonlinear optical effects, in particular photorefractive effects, are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfa Kong
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Fang Bo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dahuai Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hongde Liu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guoquan Zhang
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Romano Rupp
- Faculty of Physics, Vienna University, A-1090, Wien, Austria
- J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jingjun Xu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
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Saeed S, Liu H, Xue L, Zheng D, Liu S, Chen S, Kong Y, Rupp R, Xu J. Enhancement of Photorefraction in Vanadium-Doped Lithium Niobate through Iron and Zirconium Co-Doping. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3143. [PMID: 31561492 PMCID: PMC6804108 DOI: 10.3390/ma12193143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of mono-, double-, and tri-doped LiNbO3 crystals with vanadium were grown by Czochralski method, and their photorefractive properties were investigated. The response time for 0.1 mol% vanadium, 4.0 mol% zirconium, and 0.03 wt.% iron co-doped lithium niobate crystal at 488 nm was shortened to 0.53 s, which is three orders of magnitude shorter than the mono-iron-doped lithium niobate, with a maintained high diffraction efficiency of 57% and an excellent sensitivity of 9.2 cm/J. The Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and OH- absorption spectra were studied for all crystals tested. The defect structure is discussed, and a defect energy level diagram is proposed. The results show that vanadium, zirconium, and iron co-doped lithium niobate crystals with fast response and a moderately large diffraction efficiency can become another good candidate material for 3D-holographic storage and dynamic holography applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Saeed
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hongde Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Liyun Xue
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Dahuai Zheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Shiguo Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Shaolin Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yongfa Kong
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Romano Rupp
- Faculty of Physics, Vienna University, A-1090 Wien, Austria.
- Department of Complex Matter, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jingjun Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Rusing M, Weigel PO, Zhao J, Mookherjea S. Toward 3D Integrated Photonics Including Lithium Niobate Thin Films: A Bridge Between Electronics, Radio Frequency, and Optical Technology. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2019.2916115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ali RF, Bilton M, Gates BD. One-pot synthesis of sub-10 nm LiNbO 3 nanocrystals exhibiting a tunable optical second harmonic response. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2268-2275. [PMID: 36131980 PMCID: PMC9417713 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00171e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonics, dealing with the properties of light interacting with nanometer scale materials and structures, has emerged as a sought after platform for sensing and imaging applications, and is impacting fields that include advanced information technology, signal processing circuits, and cryptography. Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a unique photonic material, often referred to as the "silicon of photonics" due to its excellent optical properties. In this article, we introduce a solution-phase method to prepare single-crystalline LiNbO3 nanoparticles with average diameters of 7 nm. This one-pot approach forms well-dispersed LiNbO3 nanocrystals without additional organic additives (e.g., surfactants) to control growth and aggregation of the nanoparticles. Formation of these LiNbO3 nanocrystals proceeds through a non-aqueous sol-gel reaction, in which lithium hydroxide and niobium hydroxide species were generated in situ. The reaction proceeded through both a condensation and crystallization of these reactants to form the solid nanoparticles. These nanocrystals of LiNbO3 were active for optical second harmonic generation (SHG) with a tunable response from 400 to 500 nm. These nanoparticles could enable further development of non-linear optical techniques such as SHG microscopy for bioimaging, which requires the dimensions of nanoparticles to be well below 100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Faryad Ali
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Matthew Bilton
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Byron D Gates
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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Gorecki J, Apostolopoulos V, Ou JY, Mailis S, Papasimakis N. Optical Gating of Graphene on Photoconductive Fe:LiNbO 3. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5940-5945. [PMID: 29771493 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally nonvolatile, all-optical control of graphene's charge transport properties by virtue of an Fe:LiNbO3 photoconductive substrate. The substrate can register and sustain photoinduced charge distributions which modify locally the electrostatic environment of the graphene monolayer and allow spatial control of graphene resistivity. We present light-induced changes of graphene sheet resistivity as high as ∼370 Ω/sq (∼2.6-fold increase) under spatially nonuniform light illumination. The light-induced modifications in the sheet resistivity are stable at room temperature but can be reversed by uniform illumination or thermal annealing (100 °C for 4 h), thus restoring graphene's electrical properties to their initial, preillumination values. The process can be subsequently repeated by further spatially nonuniform illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Gorecki
- Optoelectronics Research Centre , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
| | | | - Jun-Yu Ou
- Optoelectronics Research Centre , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
| | - Sakellaris Mailis
- Optoelectronics Research Centre , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
| | - Nikitas Papasimakis
- Optoelectronics Research Centre , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
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Pang G, Liu H, Hou P, Qiao M, Han S. Optical phase conjugation of diffused light with infinite gain by using gated two-color photorefractive crystal LiNbO 3:Cu:Ce. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:2675-2678. [PMID: 29714256 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Light focusing in multiple scattering circumstances is important in biomedical imaging, manipulation, and therapy. Until now, many traditional photorefractive crystals have been used to generate an optical phase conjugated wavefront in an analogue time-reversed optical focusing technology. However, owing to erasure of a volume hologram during a reading procedure, the optical energy gain can never reach unity, limiting its application in delivering more energy into a target area. In this work, we investigated a gated two-color photorefractive crystal LiNbO3:Cu:Ce to generate optical phase conjugation of diffused light with infinite gain.
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Lu WG, Xiao R, Liu J, Wang L, Zhong H, Wang Y. Large-area rainbow holographic diffraction gratings on a curved surface using transferred photopolymer films. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:675-678. [PMID: 29444049 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of large-area holographic diffraction gratings on a curved surface from transferred photopolymer films by introducing a water-soluble interlayer. The holographic gratings on a curved surface have a diffraction efficiency of ∼63%, which is ∼80% of the recorded holographic film on a flat surface. By transferring a recorded holographic grating to a flat substrate, we obtained rainbow holographic gratings under white light illumination. This can be explained by the deformation of the holographic gratings. Our result provides a low-cost method for fabricating diffraction optical elements on a curved surface for optical systems.
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26
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Dai L, Wang L, Liu C, Han X, Yan Z, Xu Y. OH - absorption and holographic storage properties of Sc(0, 1, 2, 3):Ru:Fe:LiNbO 3 crystals. RSC Adv 2018; 8:5145-5150. [PMID: 35542425 PMCID: PMC9078127 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12606a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of Sc:Ru:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals with various levels of Sc2O3(0, 1, 2, and 3 mol%) doping were grown from congruent melts in air by using the Czochralski technique. The defect structures and photorefractive properties of the Sc:Ru:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals were investigated by acquiring infrared spectra of the crystals and performing two-wavelength nonvolatile experiments, respectively. Our results showed the holographic storage properties of Ru:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals to be enhanced by doping them with a high concentration of Sc2O3, and indicated Sc:Ru:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals to constitute a promising medium for holographic storage. A series of Sc:Ru:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals with various levels of Sc2O3(0, 1, 2, and 3 mol%) doping were grown from congruent melts in air by using the Czochralski technique.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dai
- College of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin 150080 China +86 451 86390731
| | - Luping Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin 150040 China
| | - Chunrui Liu
- College of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin 150080 China +86 451 86390731
| | - Xianbo Han
- College of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin 150080 China +86 451 86390731
| | - Zhehua Yan
- College of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin 150080 China +86 451 86390731
| | - Yuheng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin 150040 China.,Department of the Applied Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
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27
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Li D, Luo C, Xu Y, Zhang J, Wu L, Wang H, Shi S, Ling F, Yao J. Effect of optical pumping on the dielectric properties of 0.6CaTiO 3-0.4NdAlO 3 ceramics in the terahertz range. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:1-4. [PMID: 29328154 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dielectric properties of 0.6CaTiO3-0.4NdAlO3 ceramics under external optical fields were investigated by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in a frequency range of 0.2 THz to 1 THz at room temperature. It could be found that the variation of the real part of complex permittivity is approximately 0.31 in the frequency range of 0.2 THz to 1 THz. However the imaginary part of the dielectric constant does not change appreciably with the external optical field. The micromechanism of these results was attributed to the built-in electric field caused by the excited free carriers in the ceramics.
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Jiang H, Luo R, Liang H, Chen X, Chen Y, Lin Q. Fast response of photorefraction in lithium niobate microresonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:3267-3270. [PMID: 28957080 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.003267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed characterization of photorefraction in on-chip high-Q lithium niobate (LN) microresonators. We show that the photorefractive effect in these devices exhibits very distinctive temporal relaxation dynamics compared with those in bulk crystals and in mm-sized LN resonators. The relaxation of photorefraction is dominated by a fast time response with a time constant as small as 20.85 ms that is more than three-orders of magnitude faster than those observed in macroscopic devices. The observed fast response of photorefraction is of great potential as a convenient and energy-efficient approach for on-chip all-optical functionalities.
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29
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Control of Intrinsic Defects in Lithium Niobate Single Crystal for Optoelectronic Applications. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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High efficiency holographic Bragg grating with optically prolonged memory. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36148. [PMID: 27782197 PMCID: PMC5080573 DOI: 10.1038/srep36148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we show that photosensitive azo-dye doped Blue-phase liquid crystals (BPLC) formed by natural molecular self-assembly are capable of high diffraction efficiency holographic recording with memory that can be prolonged from few seconds to several minutes by uniform illumination with the reference beam. Operating in the Bragg regime, we have observed 50 times improvement in the grating diffraction efficiency and shorter recording time compared to previous investigations. The enabling mechanism is BPLC’s lattice distortion and index modulation caused by the action of light on the azo-dopant; upon photo-excitation, the azo-molecules undergo transformation from the oblong-shaped Trans-state to the bent-shaped Cis-state, imparting disorder and also cause the surrounding BPLC molecules to undergo coupled flow & reorientation leading to lattice distortion and index modulation. We also showed that the same mechanism at work here that facilitates lattice distortion can be used to frustrate free relaxation of the lattice distortion, thereby prolonging the lifetime of the written grating, provided the reference beam is kept on after recording. Due to the ease in BPLC fabrication and the availability of azo-dopants with photosensitivity throughout the entire visible spectrum, one can optimize the controlling material and optical parameters to obtain even better performance.
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31
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Isogai R, Suzuki S, Nakamura K, Nakamura Y, Takagi H, Goto T, Lim PB, Inoue M. Collinear volumetric magnetic holography with magnetophotonic microcavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:13153-13158. [PMID: 26074568 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.013153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hologram memory is a candidate for high-capacity data storage. Magnetic holograms formed as magnetization directions have been studied to realize rewritable hologram media. Recently, we reported that the magnetophotonic microcavity (MPM) can improve diffraction efficiency because of enhanced Faraday rotation angle and deep hologram writing. In this study, we demonstrated a clear reconstructed image from magnetic holograms in an MPM medium. The structural condition of MPMs for high diffraction efficiency was investigated, and the MPM medium was actually fabricated. The image reconstructed from the MPM medium had approximately twice the brightness of that reconstructed using a monolayer film.
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Odoulov S, Shumelyuk A, Badorreck H, Nolte S, Voit KM, Imlau M. Interference and holography with femtosecond laser pulses of different colours. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5866. [PMID: 25651807 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferometry and holography are two domains that are based on observation and recording of interference fringes from two light beams. While the aim of the first technique is to reveal and map the phase difference of two wave fronts, the main task of the second technique is to reconstruct one of the two recording waves via diffraction of the other wave from the recorded fringe pattern (hologram). To create fringes, mutually coherent waves from the same laser are commonly used. It is shown here that fringes can be observed and holograms can be recorded with ultrashort, sub-picosecond pulses even of different colour, generated in our experiment with two parametric amplifiers seeded, both by the same mode-locked Ti-sapphire laser. The appearance of permanent and transient gratings is confirmed by recording of an image-bearing hologram, by observation of two-beam coupling gain in a pump-probe experiment and by frequency conversion in Raman-Nath self-diffraction from a moving grating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguey Odoulov
- Optical Quantum Electronics Department, Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences, 46, Prospekt Nauki, 03 650 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alexandr Shumelyuk
- Optical Quantum Electronics Department, Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences, 46, Prospekt Nauki, 03 650 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Holger Badorreck
- Department of Physics, Osnabrueck University, D-49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Stefan Nolte
- Department of Physics, Osnabrueck University, D-49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Kay-Michael Voit
- Department of Physics, Osnabrueck University, D-49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Mirco Imlau
- Department of Physics, Osnabrueck University, D-49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
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Zheng M, Xie X, Zhang Z, Shi F, Wang X, Fu S, Liu Y. Biphotonic holographic grating recordings for different polarization configurations in spirooxazine-doped polymers. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:5815-5823. [PMID: 25321382 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.005815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Spirooxazine-doped polymers exhibit a fast photochromism response and high polarization sensitivity after irradiation in the short-wavelength range. Based on such properties, holographic grating recordings accompanying a linearly polarized blue-violet beam (405 nm) in a photochromic film were performed by two coherent green beams (532 nm) for s-s, p-p, s-p left-to-right circular polarization and right-to-right circular polarization. Under the biphotonic action of 405 and 532 nm, the temporal evolution of the diffraction efficiency was strongly dependent on the polarization configuration of the recording beams. It was found that the blue-violet irradiation plays a dual role in holographic recordings: generation of merocyanine aggregation and induction of anisotropy. The experimental results were precisely fitted with a phenomenological model, assuming the simultaneous formation of one absorption grating induced by the 532 nm light and two coupling phase gratings generated from the refractive index changes by recording and auxiliary beams. The existence of absorption and phase gratings was proved by observing the florescence emission of holographic gratings and testing the dependence of the diffraction efficiency on the reading beam polarization state, respectively. The results provided a good deal of insight into the photochromic behavior of spirooxazine in polymers and created a new range of applications in the field of high-density optical storage.
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Chen WT, Yang KY, Wang CM, Huang YW, Sun G, Chiang ID, Liao CY, Hsu WL, Lin HT, Sun S, Zhou L, Liu AQ, Tsai DP. High-efficiency broadband meta-hologram with polarization-controlled dual images. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:225-30. [PMID: 24329425 DOI: 10.1021/nl403811d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Holograms, the optical devices to reconstruct predesigned images, show many applications in our daily life. However, applications of hologram are still limited by the constituent materials and therefore their working range is trapped at a particular electromagnetic region. In recent years, the metasurfaces, an array of subwavelength antenna with varying sizes, show the abilities to manipulate the phase of incident electromagnetic wave from visible to microwave frequencies. Here, we present a reflective-type and high-efficiency meta-hologram fabricated by metasurface for visible wavelength. Using gold cross nanoantennas as building blocks to construct our meta-hologram devices with thickness ∼ λ/4, the reconstructed images of meta-hologram show polarization-controlled dual images with high contrast, functioning for both coherent and incoherent light sources within a broad spectral range and under a wide range of incidence angles. The flexibility demonstrated here for our meta-hologram paves the road to a wide range of applications related to holographic images at arbitrary electromagnetic wave region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ting Chen
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Huang L, Chen X, Mühlenbernd H, Zhang H, Chen S, Bai B, Tan Q, Jin G, Cheah KW, Qiu CW, Li J, Zentgraf T, Zhang S. Three-dimensional optical holography using a plasmonic metasurface. Nat Commun 2013. [PMCID: PMC3868226 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefitting from the flexibility in engineering their optical response, metamaterials have been used to achieve control over the propagation of light to an unprecedented level, leading to highly unconventional and versatile optical functionalities compared with their natural counterparts. Recently, the emerging field of metasurfaces, which consist of a monolayer of photonic artificial atoms, has offered attractive functionalities for shaping wave fronts of light by introducing an abrupt interfacial phase discontinuity. Here we realize three-dimensional holography by using metasurfaces made of subwavelength metallic nanorods with spatially varying orientations. The phase discontinuity takes place when the helicity of incident circularly polarized light is reversed. As the phase can be continuously controlled in each subwavelength unit cell by the rod orientation, metasurfaces represent a new route towards high-resolution on-axis three-dimensional holograms with a wide field of view. In addition, the undesired effect of multiple diffraction orders usually accompanying holography is eliminated. Holographic techniques allow for the construction of 3D images by controlling the wave front of light beams. Huang et al. develop ultrathin plasmonic metasurfaces to provide 3D optical holographic image reconstruction in the visible and near-infrared regions for circularly polarized light.
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Azimipour M, Pashaie R. Nonlinear optical signal processing on multiwavelength sensitive materials. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:4324-4326. [PMID: 24177084 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.004324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting salient features in the photodynamics of specific types of light sensitive materials, a new approach is presented for realization of parallel nonlinear operations with optics. We briefly review the quantum structure and mathematical models offered for the photodynamics of two multiwavelength sensitive materials, doped crystals of lithium niobate and thick layers of bacteriorhodopsin. Next, a special mode of these dynamics in each material is investigated and a graphical design procedure is offered to produce highly nonlinear optical responses that can be dynamically reshaped via applying minimum changes in the optical setup.
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A fundamental supply to the Lattice Compatibility Theory LCT: Ruthenium-doped Bi12SiO20 molecular structure behavior under UV exposure. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Sando D, Jaatinen E. Optical data encryption using time-dependent dynamics of refractive index changes in LiNbO3. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:19510-19517. [PMID: 24105498 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.019510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for optical encryption of information, based on the time-dependent dynamics of writing and erasure of refractive index changes in a bulk lithium niobate medium. Information is written into the photorefractive crystal with a spatially amplitude-modulated laser beam which when overexposed significantly degrades the stored data making it unrecognizable. We show that the degradation can be reversed and that a one-to-one relationship exists between the degradation and recovery rates. It is shown that this simple relationship can be used to determine the erasure time required for decrypting the scrambled index patterns. In addition, this method could be used as a straightforward general technique for determining characteristic writing and erasure rates in photorefractive media.
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Tian T, Kong Y, Liu S, Li W, Chen S, Rupp R, Xu J. Fast UV-Vis photorefractive response of Zr and Mg codoped LiNbO3:Mo. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:10460-10466. [PMID: 23669902 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.010460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of LN:Mo,Zr and LN:Mo,Mg crystals with different doping concentrations were grown and their holographic properties were investigated from UV to the visible range. Each crystal allows for holographic storage from UV to the visible as LN:Mo. When the concentration of MgO is enhanced to 6.5 mol%, the response time can be dramatically shortened to 0.22 s, 0.33 s, 0.37 s and 1.2 s for 351, 488, 532, and 671 nm laser, respectively. The results show that LN:Mo,Mg is a promising candidate for all-color holographic volume storage with fast response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Riscob B, Bhatt R, Vijayan N, Bhaumik I, Ganesamoorthy S, Wahab MA, Rashmi, Bhagavannarayana G. Structural, optical and thermal properties of Zr–Fe co-doped congruent LiNbO3single crystals. J Appl Crystallogr 2013. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889813005797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zr–Fe-doped congruent lithium niobate single crystals were grown by the Czochralski technique. The crystal structure and lattice parameter of the grown crystals were assessed by powder X-ray diffraction and the strain developed as a result of doping has been calculated (−1.19 × 10−3) by using the Williamson–Hall relation. The incorporated dopant concentration along with the dopant distribution in the specimen crystal was estimated by X-ray florescence spectrometry. A multi-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out to identify the crystalline perfection of the sample and revealed that the investigated crystal does not contain any structural grain boundaries but does contain point defects and micrometre size mosaic blocks. Birefringence measurements were carried out using a prism coupler spectrometer and found that the optical birefringence is 0.0822 for 532 nm and 0.705 for 1064 nm. A thermal conductivity (κ) study reveals that the doped sample has a lower κ value than the undoped equivalent.
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Abstract
The recent advances in the photorefraction of doped lithium niobate crystals are reviewed. Materials have always been the main obstacle for commercial applications of photorefractive holographic storage. Though iron-doped LiNbO3 is the mainstay of holographic data storage efforts, several shortcomings, especially the low response speed, impede it from becoming a commercial recording medium. This paper reviews the photorefractive characteristics of different dopants, especially tetravalent ions, doped and co-doped LiNbO3 crystals, including Hf, Zr and Sn monodoped LiNbO3, Hf and Fe, Zr and Fe doubly doped LiNbO3, Zr, Fe and Mn, Zr, Cu and Ce triply doped LiNbO3, Ru doped LiNbO3, and V and Mo monodoped LiNbO3. Among them, Zr, Fe and Mn triply doped LiNbO3 shows excellent nonvolatile holographic storage properties, and V and Mo monodoped LiNbO3 has fast response and multi-wavelength storage characteristics.
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Glaesener S, Esseling M, Denz C. Multiplexing and switching of virtual electrodes in optoelectronic tweezers based on lithium niobate. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:3744-6. [PMID: 23041845 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.003744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a method for trapping and arranging microparticles in arbitrary two-dimensional patterns with high flexibility. For this purpose, optoelectronic tweezers based on lithium niobate as photoconductor are used to create virtual electrodes through modulated illumination. The evolving field gradients arrange microparticles due to dielectrophoretic (DEP) forces and enable an all-optical approach for DEP. In order to increase flexibility further, we investigate multiplexed electrode structures for in situ reconfiguration of particle arrangements. Using the all-optical erasure of previously written virtual electrodes, we demonstrate electrode switching and sequential particle trapping in a microchannel for microfluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Glaesener
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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Yu YW, Cheng CY, Teng TC, Chen CH, Lin SH, Wu BR, Hsu CC, Chen YJ, Lee XH, Wu CY, Sun CC. Method of compensating for pixel migration in volume holographic optical disc (VHOD). OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:20863-20873. [PMID: 23037210 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.020863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Volume holographic optical disc (VHOD) technology is simpler than the angular multiplexing holographic system. However, disc rotation usually causes pixel migration, thus reducing signal quality. This study proposes a special geometrical arrangement to counteract pixel migration. Using paraxial approximation analysis, an optimal geometrical distance ratio, K, is calculated to compensate for pixel migration and improve image quality during disc rotation. The results of approximation analysis are confirmed by both simulation and experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeh-Wei Yu
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chung-Li 32001, Taiwan
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Marinova V, Liu RC, Lin SH, Hsu KY. Quasi-nonvolatile storage in Ru-doped Bi12SiO20 crystals by two-wavelength holography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:19628-19634. [PMID: 23037015 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.019628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged read-out process of a hologram recorded at near infrared with simultaneous green light exposure is measured in Ru-doped Bi12SiO20 crystal. The experimental results are confirmed by numerical simulations, suggesting two different traps involved in the space-charge transport mechanism. In addition, quasi-permanent holographic recording of image with fast updating speed by using two-wavelength recording is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Marinova
- Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, University Str., 1001, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan.
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Tian T, Kong Y, Liu S, Li W, Wu L, Chen S, Xu J. Photorefraction of molybdenum-doped lithium niobate crystals. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:2679-2681. [PMID: 22743493 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.002679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum-doped lithium niobate crystals were grown under different polarization conditions and their holographic properties were investigated. In contrast to current dopants, hexavalent molybdenum prefers niobium sites. Thereby, holographic storage becomes possible from the ultraviolet to the visible with considerably lower response time. The response time of 0.5 mol. % Mo-doped LiNbO(3) can be especially shortened to as small as 0.35 s with a still high saturation diffraction efficiency of about 60% at 351 nm. Molybdenum-doped lithium niobate thus is a promising candidate for all-color holographic storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Dong Y, Liu S, Kong Y, Chen S, Rupp R, Xu J. Fast photorefractive response of vanadium-doped lithium niobate in the visible region. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:1841-1843. [PMID: 22660047 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.001841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of vanadium-doped lithium niobate crystals was grown and their photorefractive properties were investigated with a 532 nm laser. At a total light intensity of 471 mW/cm(2), a short response time of only 0.57 s was achieved for 0.1 mol.% vanadium in LiNbO(3). The photorefractive process is dominated by the diffusion field instead of the photovoltaic field. The dominant charge carriers are electrons. The possible mechanism for the fast photorefractive response is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Dong
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Applied Physics School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
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Wu P, Sun SQ, Baig S, Wang MR. Enhanced non-volatile and updatable holography using a polymer composite system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:6052-6057. [PMID: 22418483 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.006052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Updatable holography is considered as the ultimate technique for true 3D information recording and display. However, there is no practical solution to preserve the required features of both non-volatility and reversibility which conflict with each other when the reading has the same wavelength as the recording. We demonstrate a non-volatile and updatable holographic approach by exploiting new features of molecular transformations in a polymer recording system. In addition, by using a new composite recording film containing photo-reconfigurable liquid-crystal (LC) polymer, the holographic recording is enhanced due to the collective reorientation of LC molecules around the reconfigured polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wu
- New Span Opto-Technology Inc., 16115 SW 117th Ave., A-15, Miami, Florida 33177, USA.
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Kushwaha SK, Maurya KK, Vijayan N, Kumar B, Bhatt R, Ganesamoorthy S, Bhagavannarayana G. Crystalline perfection, Raman, UV-VIS-NIR and prism coupler investigations on Cz-grown pure and Zn-doped LiNbO3 single crystals. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce06710b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wu J, Xue D. In situ Precursor-Template Route to Semi-Ordered NaNbO3 Nanobelt Arrays. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2011; 6:14. [PMID: 27502638 PMCID: PMC3211187 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-010-9757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We exploited a precursor-template route to chemically synthesize NaNbO3 nanobelt arrays. Na7(H3O)Nb6O19·14H2O nanobelt precursor was firstly prepared via a hydrothermal synthetic route using Nb foil. The aspect ratio of the precursor is controllable facilely depending on the concentration of NaOH aqueous solution. The precursor was calcined in air to yield single-crystalline monoclinic NaNbO3 nanobelt arrays. The proposed scheme for NaNbO3 nanobelt formation starting from Nb metal may be extended to the chemical fabrication of more niobate arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshu Wu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Department of Materials Science, Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116012, China
| | - Dongfeng Xue
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Department of Materials Science, Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116012, China.
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Xu C, Xu L, Leng X, Xu Y, Yang C. Defect structure and light-induced scattering of Zr-doped near-stoichiometric Mn:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals grown by TSSG method. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.201100436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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