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Wu C, Liu B, Wu D, Yang H, Mao X, Tan J, Liang Y, Sun JY, Xia R, Sun J, He G, Li M, Deng T, Zhou Z, Li YJ. Vertical profiling of black carbon and ozone using a multicopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in urban Shenzhen of South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149689. [PMID: 34425446 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Existing studies on vertical profiling of black carbon (BC) and ozone (O3) were mainly conducted in the rural areas, leading to limited knowledge of their vertical distributions in the urban area. To fill this knowledge gap, vertical profiling (0-500 m and 0-900 m, AGL) of BC and O3 was conducted in a highly urbanized area of Shenzhen in subtropical South China using a multicopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform. In total 32 flights were conducted from the 10th to 15th, December 2017 (winter campaign) and 42 flights from the 19th to 28th, August 2018 (summer campaign) with 4 time slots per day, including morning, afternoon, evening, and midnight. In general, equivalent BC (eBC) concentration decreased as the height increased with an overall slope of -0.13 μg m-3 per 100 m in the winter campaign and -0.08 μg m-3 per 100 m in the summer campaign. On the contrary, an increase of O3 level with altitude was observed (7.8 ppb per 100 m). Absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) exhibits a slightly increasing trend with height. Seasonality of eBC vertical profiles was observed in morning, afternoon and midnight flights, but not for evening flights. The analysis showed the shape of vertical profiles of eBC and O3 can be affected by planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) and air mass origin. Calculated heating rates due to BC show distinct seasonal variability for morning but not for afternoon, because of the counteracting effects by solar irradiance in the subtropical afternoon and eBC concentration in urban South China influenced by the monsoon climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Dui Wu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, CMA, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Honglong Yang
- Shenzhen Meteorological Bureau, CMA, Shenzhen 518040, China
| | - Xia Mao
- Shenzhen Meteorological Bureau, CMA, Shenzhen 518040, China
| | - Jian Tan
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yue Liang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jia Yin Sun
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rui Xia
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Key Laboratory of urban ecological Environmental Simulation and protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of PRC, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Guowen He
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tao Deng
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, CMA, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yong Jie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau.
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Deshler T, Hofmann DJ, Hereford JV. Ozone profile measurements within, at the edge of, and outside the Antarctic polar vortex in the spring of 1988. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id07p10023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Anderson JG, Wilmouth DM, Smith JB, Sayres DS. UV Dosage Levels in Summer: Increased Risk of Ozone Loss from Convectively Injected Water Vapor. Science 2012; 337:835-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1222978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Abstract
The average worldwide tropospheric mixing ratio of methane has increased by 11% from 1.52 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in January 1978 to 1.684 ppmv in September 1987, for an increment of 0.016 +/- 0.001 ppmv per year. Within the limits of our measurements, the global tropospheric mixing ratio for methane over the past decade is consistent either with a linear growth rate of 0.016 +/- 0.001 ppmv per year or with a slight lessening of the rate of growth over the past 5 years. No indications were found of an effect of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation-El Chichon events of 1982-83 on total global methane, although severe reductions were reported in the Pacific Northwest during that time period. The growth in tropospheric methane may have increased the water concentration in the stratosphere by as much as 28% since the 1940s and 45% over the past two centuries and thus could have increased the mass of precipitable water available for formation of polar stratospheric clouds.
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Solomon S, Portmann RW, Thompson DWJ. Contrasts between Antarctic and Arctic ozone depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:445-9. [PMID: 17202269 PMCID: PMC1761864 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604895104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This work surveys the depth and character of ozone depletion in the Antarctic and Arctic using available long balloon-borne and ground-based records that cover multiple decades from ground-based sites. Such data reveal changes in the range of ozone values including the extremes observed as polar air passes over the stations. Antarctic ozone observations reveal widespread and massive local depletion in the heart of the ozone "hole" region near 18 km, frequently exceeding 90%. Although some ozone losses are apparent in the Arctic during particular years, the depth of the ozone losses in the Arctic are considerably smaller, and their occurrence is far less frequent. Many Antarctic total integrated column ozone observations in spring since approximately the 1980s show values considerably below those ever observed in earlier decades. For the Arctic, there is evidence of some spring season depletion of total ozone at particular stations, but the changes are much less pronounced compared with the range of past data. Thus, the observations demonstrate that the widespread and deep ozone depletion that characterizes the Antarctic ozone hole is a unique feature on the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Solomon
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
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Solomon S, Portmann RW, Sasaki T, Hofmann DJ, Thompson DWJ. Four decades of ozonesonde measurements over Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kröger C. Stratospheric ozone reaches new minima above McMurdo Station, Antarctica, between 1998 and 2001. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Miller HL, Sanders RW, Solomon S. Observations and interpretation of column OClO seasonal cycles at two polar sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hofmann DJ, Oltmans SJ, Harris JM, Johnson BJ, Lathrop JA. Ten years of ozonesonde measurements at the south pole: Implications for recovery of springtime Antarctic ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Portmann RW, Solomon S, Garcia RR, Thomason LW, Poole LR, McCormick MP. Role of aerosol variations in anthropogenic ozone depletion in the polar regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hubinger S, Nee J. Absorption spectra of Cl2, Br2 and BrCl between 190 and 600 nm. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(94)03949-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Peter T. The stratospheric ozone layer-an overview. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1994; 83:69-79. [PMID: 15091752 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(94)90024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarises the knowledge on the properties of the stratospheric ozone layer. Dynamic, chemical, and microphysical aspects are reviewed with emphasis on chemistry. The questions addressed are as follows. Do we have a quantitative understanding of the Antarctic ozone hole? What lies behind the trend of slowly decreasing ozone columns over northern mid-latitudes? To what degree was chemistry responsible for the extremely low ozone levels over northern Europe in January 1992? The discovery of the ozone hole in 1985 exposed scientific neglect of the category of fast heterogeneous reactions taking place on particulate matter in the stratosphere. But even now after the wide acceptance of some heterogeneous reactions it is difficult to fully account for the rate at which Antarctic ozone is depleted each year in August. After reviewing the known heterogeneous reactions, possible hitherto unrecognised mechanisms are briefly outlined. The paper also includes a discussion of the chemical reactions which can occur even under relatively warm conditions on the ubiquitous, stratospheric aerosol particles and which could contribute to the observed mid-latitudinal ozone depletion. Finally, the paper underlines the importance of dynamic processes, that is, horizontal transport and vertical adiabatic motion, which appear to be the main cause of the anomalously low northern hemispheric ozone values during the 1991/1992 winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Peter
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, PO Box 3060, 6500 Mainz, Germany
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Prézelin BB, Boucher NP, Smith RC. Marine primary production under the influence of the Antarctic ozone hole: Icecolors '90. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/ar062p0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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Elliott S, Cicerone RJ, Turco RP, Drdla K, Tabazadeh A. Influence of the heterogeneous reaction HCl + HOCl on an ozone hole model with hydrocarbon additions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd03089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hofmann DJ, Oltmans SJ, Harris JM, Solomon S, Deshler T, Johnson BJ. Observation and possible causes of new ozone depletion in Antarctica in 1991. Nature 1992. [DOI: 10.1038/359283a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prather MJ. More rapid polar ozone depletion through the reaction of HOCI with HCI on polar stratospheric clouds. Nature 1992. [DOI: 10.1038/355534a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cicerone RJ, Elliott S, Turco RP. Reduced Antarctic Ozone Depletions in a Model with Hydrocarbon Injections. Science 1991; 254:1191-4. [PMID: 17776410 DOI: 10.1126/science.254.5035.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by increased losses of Antarctic stratospheric ozone and by improved understanding of the mechanism, a concept is suggested for action to arrest this ozone loss: injecting the alkanes ethane or propane (E or P) into the Antarctic stratosphere. A numerical model of chemical processes was used to explore the concept. The model results suggest that annual injections of about 50,000 tons of E or P could suppress ozone loss, but there are some scenarios where smaller E or P injections could increase ozone depletion. Further, key uncertainties must be resolved, induding initial concentrations of nitrogen-oxide species in austral spring, and several poorly defined physical and chemical processes must be quantifed. There would also be major difficulties in delivering and distributing the needed alkanes.
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Granier C, Brasseur G. Ozone and other trace gases in the Arctic and Antarctic regions: Three-dimensional model simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90jd01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Albritton DL, Fehsenfeld FC, Tuck AF. Instrumental Requirements for Global Atmospheric Chemistry. Science 1990; 250:75-81. [PMID: 17808237 DOI: 10.1126/science.250.4977.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The field of atmospheric chemistry is data-limited, primarily because of the challenge of measuring the key chemical constituents in the global environment. Several recent advances, however, in rugged, portable, remotesensing, ground-based instrumentation and accurate, fast-response airborne instrumentation have provided powerful tools for the understanding of stratospheric ozone, particularly in polar regions. Current discoveries of the role of heterogeneous chemical processes point to the need for better techniques for characterization of stratospheric aerosols. In the troposphere, advances in in situ, sensitive methods for detecting reactive nitrogen compounds have demonstrated the role that these compounds have in controlling global oxidation processes, but better measurements of the reservoir species by which the long-ranged transport of pollutant-reactive nitrogen compounds is thought to occur are urgently needed. The role of hydrocarbons, particularly those of natural origin, in ozone formation in rural areas has focused attention on the requirement for better speciation of these ubiquitous compounds. Lastly, rigorous instrument intercomparison experiments have provided unbiased estimates of measurement capabilities.
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Moore SB, Keyser LF, Leu MT, Turco RP, Smith RH. Heterogeneous reactions on nitric acid trihydrate. Nature 1990. [DOI: 10.1038/345333a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Henderson GS, Evans WFJ, McConnell JC. Effects of initial active chlorine concentrations on the Antarctic ozone spring depletion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id02p01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prather M, Jaffe AH. Global impact of the Antarctic ozone hole: Chemical propagation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id04p03473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The current understanding of stratospheric chemistry is reviewed with particular attention to the influence of human activity. Models are in good agreement with measurements for a variety of species in the mid-latitude stratosphere, with the possible exception of ozone (O(3)) at high altitude. Rates calculated for loss of O(3) exceed rates for production by about 40 percent at 40 kilometers, indicating a possible but as yet unidentified source of high-altitude O(3). The rapid loss of O(3) beginning in the mid-1970s at low altitudes over Antarctica in the spring is due primarily to catalytic cycles involving halogen radicals. Reactions on surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds play an important role in regulating the abundance of these radicals. Similar effects could occur in northern polar regions and in cold regions of the tropics. It is argued that the Antarctic phenomenon is likely to persist: prompt drastic reduction in the emission of industrial halocarbons is required if the damage to stratospheric O(3) is to be reversed.
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Jaramillo M, de Zafra RL, Barrett J, Emmons LK, Solomon PM, Parrish A. Measurements of stratospheric hydrogen cyanide at McMurdo Station, Antarctica: Further evidence of winter stratospheric subsidence? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rodriguez JM, Ko MKW, Sze ND, Pierce SD, Anderson JG, Fahey DW, Kelly K, Farmer CB, Toon GC, Coffey MT, Heidt LE, Mankin WG, Chan KR, Starr WL, Vedder JF, McCormick MP. Nitrogen and chlorine species in the spring Antarctic stratosphere: Comparison of models With Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Komhyr WD, Grass RD, Reitelbach PJ, Kuester SE, Franchois PR, Fanning ML. Total ozone, ozone vertical distributions, and stratospheric temperatures at South Pole, Antarctica, in 1986 and 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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de Zafra RL, Jaramillo M, Barrett J, Emmons LK, Solomon PM, Parrish A. New observations of a large concentration of ClO in the springtime lower stratosphere over Antarctica and its implications for ozone-depleting chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wahner A, Jakoubek RO, Mount GH, Ravishankara AR, Schmeltekopf AL. Remote sensing observations of daytime column NO2during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, August 22 to October 2, 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Toon GC, Farmer CB, Schaper PW, Blavier JF, Lowes LL. Ground-based infrared measurements of tropospheric source gases over Antarctica during the 1986 Austral Spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Proffitt MH, Powell JA, Tuck AF, Fahey DW, Kelly KK, Krueger AJ, Schoeberl MR, Gary BL, Margitan JJ, Chan KR, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR. A chemical definition of the boundary of the Antarctic ozone hole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brune WH, Anderson JG, Chan KR. In situ observations of ClO in the Antarctic: ER-2 aircraft results from 54°S to 72°S latitude. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Tuck AF, Watson RT, Condon EP, Margitan JJ, Toon OB. The planning and execution of ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft flights over Antarctica, August and September 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Chan KR, Strahan SE. Nitrous oxide as a dynamical tracer in the 1987 Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sanders RW, Solomon S, Carroll MA, Schmeltekopf AL. Visible and near-ultraviolet spectroscopy at McMurdo Station, Antarctica: 4. Overview and daily measurements of NO2, O3, and OClO during 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jones RL, Austin J, McKenna DS, Anderson JG, Fahey DW, Farmer CB, Heidt LE, Kelly KK, Murphy DM, Proffitt MH, Tuck AF, Vedder JF. Lagrangian photochemical modeling studies of the 1987 Antarctic spring vortex: 1. Comparison with AAOE observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hofmann DJ, Solomon S. Ozone destruction through heterogeneous chemistry following the eruption of El Chichón. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id04p05029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sze ND, Ko MKW, Weisenstein DK, Rodriguez JM, Stolarski RS, Schoeberl MR. Antarctic Ozone Hole: Possible implications for ozone trends in the southern hemisphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Carroll MA, Sanders RW, Solomon S, Schmeltekopf AL. Visible and near-ultraviolet spectroscopy at McMurdo Station, Antarctica: 6. Observations of BrO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Starr WL, Vedder JF. Measurements of ozone in the Antarctic atmosphere during August and September 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hofmann DJ, Harder JW, Rosen JM, Hereford JV, Carpenter JR. Ozone profile measurements at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, during the spring of 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cariolle D, Muller S, Cayla F, McCormick MP. Mountain waves, polar stratospheric clouds, and the ozone depletion over Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McKenzie RL, Roscoe HK. Zeeman modulation contrasted with pressure modulation in its use in measuring atmospheric NO from the ground. APPLIED OPTICS 1988; 27:3988-3993. [PMID: 20539505 DOI: 10.1364/ao.27.003988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Zeeman Modulator Radiometer (ZMR), recently built at Oxford to measure the column of NO from the ground by observing the sun, is contrasted with the calculated performance of a pressure modulator radiometer (PMR) observing in the same way. The ZMR is limited in the number of gases that can potentially be measured, but it is more suitable for absorption measurements from the ground because radiometric errors and errors in the correction for other atmospheric absorbers are less important. Both instruments are relatively insensitive to tropospheric NO, although the ZMR is more so. In principle, a PMR containing a variable mean pressure of NO can measure the vertical profile of NO from the ground. The vertical resolution would be 10km between 10 and 25km, and it would measure the total column above 25km. As such it would be especially useful in Antarctica since 10-25 km is the altitude region of the disappearance of ozone there in the spring. Because of its greater energy grasp, the PMR can also make useful measurements observing the moon. Again this would be especially useful in Antarctica, where the stratosphere is sunlit long before the surface.
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