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Deshler T, Hofmann DJ, Hereford JV. Ozone profile measurements within, at the edge of, and outside the Antarctic polar vortex in the spring of 1988. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id07p10023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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2
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Kuttippurath J, Kleinböhl A, Sinnhuber M, Bremer H, Küllmann H, Notholt J, Godin-Beekmann S, Tripathi O, Nikulin G. Arctic ozone depletion in 2002-2003 measured by ASUR and comparison with POAM observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Armin Kleinböhl
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Miriam Sinnhuber
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
- IMK, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Holger Bremer
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Harry Küllmann
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - Justus Notholt
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | | | - Omprakash Tripathi
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Grigory Nikulin
- Rossby Centre; Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute; Norrköping Sweden
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Müller R, Tilmes S, Grooß JU, McKenna DS, Müller M, Schmidt U, Toon GC, Stachnik RA, Margitan JJ, Elkins JW, Arvelius J, Russell JM. Chlorine activation and chemical ozone loss deduced from HALOE and balloon measurements in the Arctic during the winter of 1999-2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Müller
- Institut für Stratosphärenforschung (ICG-I); Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Institut für Stratosphärenforschung (ICG-I); Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Grooß
- Institut für Stratosphärenforschung (ICG-I); Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - Daniel S. McKenna
- Institut für Stratosphärenforschung (ICG-I); Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - Melanie Müller
- Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Ulrich Schmidt
- Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Geoffrey C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Robert A. Stachnik
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - James J. Margitan
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - James W. Elkins
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - James M. Russell
- Center for Atmospheric Sciences; Hampton University; Hampton Virginia USA
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Niedziela RF, Miller RE, Worsnop DR. Temperature- and Frequency-Dependent Optical Constants for Nitric Acid Dihydrate from Aerosol Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp981299z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. F. Niedziela
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - R. E. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - D. R. Worsnop
- Center for Chemical and Environmental Physics, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts
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Rex M, von der Gathen P, Harris NRP, Lucic D, Knudsen BM, Braathen GO, Reid SJ, De Backer H, Claude H, Fabian R, Fast H, Gil M, Kyrö E, Mikkelsen IS, Rummukainen M, Smit HG, Stähelin J, Varotsos C, Zaitcev I. In situ measurements of stratospheric ozone depletion rates in the Arctic winter 1991/1992: A Lagrangian approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Sen B, Sheldon WR, Benbrook JR. Ultraviolet-absorption photometer for measurement of ozone on a rocket-boosted payload. APPLIED OPTICS 1996; 35:6010-6014. [PMID: 21127616 DOI: 10.1364/ao.35.006010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We developed a rocket payload to perform in situ measurements of atmospheric ozone at the University of Houston. The ozone detector is a dual-beam UV-absorption photometer that uses the 253.7-nm radiation from a low-pressure mercury-vapor lamp to illuminate two identical absorption chambers. We describe the design features and the operation of the instrument. The fundamental resolution of the photometer is shown to be 2.7 × 10(15) molecules m(-3). We present the ozone profile measured during parachute descent following boosted ascent to 60 km by a Nike-Orion rocket. The uncertainty in the measurement of this ozone profile is estimated to be 8.2%.
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Santee ML, Froidevaux L, Manney GL, Read WG, Waters JW, Chipperfield MP, Roche AE, Kumer JB, Mergenthaler JL, Russell JM. Chlorine deactivation in the lower stratospheric polar regions during late winter: Results from UARS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Müller R, Crutzen PJ, Grooß JU, Brühl C, Russell JM, Tuck AF. Chlorine activation and ozone depletion in the Arctic vortex: Observations by the Halogen Occultation Experiment on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Taalas P, Kyrö E. 1987–1989 total ozone and ozone sounding observations in Northern Scandinavia and Antarctica, and the climatology of the lower stratosphere during 1965–1988 in Northern Finland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(92)90132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Tsay SC, Stamnes K. Ultraviolet radiation in the Arctic: The impact of potential ozone depletions and cloud effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Kyrö E, Taalas P, Jørgensen TS, Knudsen B, Stordahl F, Braathen G, Dahlback A, Neuber R, Krüger BC, Dorokhov V, Yuskov VA, Rudakov VV, Torres A. Analysis of the ozone soundings made during the first quarter of 1989 in the Arctic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dye JE, Baumgardner D, Gandrud BW, Kawa SR, Kelly KK, Loewenstein M, Ferry GV, Chan KR, Gary BL. Particle size distributions in Arctic polar stratospheric clouds, growth and freezing of sulfuric acid droplets, and implications for cloud formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rosen JM, Kjome NT, Khattatov VU, Rudakov VV, Yushkov VA. Observations of ozone and polar stratospheric clouds at Heiss Island during winter 1988–1989. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brune WH, Anderson JG, Toohey DW, Fahey DW, Kawa SR, Jones RL, McKenna DS, Poole LR. The Potential for Ozone Depletion in the Arctic Polar Stratosphere. Science 1991; 252:1260-6. [PMID: 17842951 DOI: 10.1126/science.252.5010.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the Arctic polar stratosphere is observed to be similar in many respects to that of the Antarctic polar stratosphere, where an ozone hole has been identified. Most of the available chlorine (HCl and ClONO(2)) was converted by reactions on polar stratospheric clouds to reactive ClO and Cl(2)O(2) throughout the Arctic polar vortex before midwinter. Reactive nitrogen was converted to HNO(3), and some, with spatial inhomogeneity, fell out of the stratosphere. These chemical changes ensured characteristic ozone losses of 10 to 15% at altitudes inside the polar vortex where polar stratospheric clouds had occurred. These local losses can translate into 5 to 8% losses in the vertical column abundance of ozone. As the amount of stratospheric chlorine inevitably increases by 50% over the next two decades, ozone losses recognizable as an ozone hole may well appear.
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Moan J. Ozone holes and biological consequences. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1991; 9:244-7. [PMID: 1907652 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(91)80159-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Moan
- Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Biophysics, Oslo, Norway
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Hofmann DJ, Deshler T. Stratospheric cloud observations during formation of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1989. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90jd02494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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McConnell JC, Evans WFJ, Templeton EMJ. Model simulation of chemical depletion of Arctic ozone during the winter of 1989. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hofmann DJ, Deshler T. Evidence from balloon measurements for chemical depletion of stratospheric ozone in the Arctic winter of 1989–90. Nature 1991. [DOI: 10.1038/349300a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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De Fabo EC, Noonan FP, Frederick JE. Biologically effective doses of sunlight for immune suppression at various latitudes and their relationship to changes in stratospheric ozone. Photochem Photobiol 1990; 52:811-7. [PMID: 2089430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb08686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using information on solar irradiance at different latitudes derived from a radiative transfer model and a detailed in vivo action spectrum for immune suppression in a murine system, we report here calculations of the "biologically effective" irradiance of sunlight for immune suppression. From 40 degrees N to 40 degrees S in summer, under normal stratospheric ozone concentrations this value ranged from 0.27 W/m2 (40 degrees N or S) to a peak of 0.33 W/m2 (20 degrees N or S) predicting that 50% immune suppression in the Balb/c mouse would occur after 21-26 min of sunlight exposure within this latitude range. We also found that the most effective wavelengths for immune suppression shift from a peak of 270 nm in the laboratory to near 315 nm in sunlight. Furthermore, using ozone depletion scenarios of 5 to 20%, at latitudes 20 degrees S and 40 degrees N, a 0.6% increase in biologically effective irradiance levels of solar UVB for immune suppression was predicted for each 1% decrease of ozone. This value rose to a nearly 1% increase for each 1% decrease in ozone at 60 degrees N latitude in wintertime. These data indicate that activation of immune suppression, in a murine model, requires relatively low levels of sunlight and that these levels are easily obtainable over most of the populated regions of the world. Since a UVB-activated photoreceptor, urocanic acid, regulates immune suppression in mice and since this same compound exists on other mammalian skin, including human skin, suppression of the mammalian immune system is predicted to increase if substantial stratospheric ozone depletion takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C De Fabo
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037
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Arnold F, Schlager H, Hoffmann J, Metzinger P, Spreng S. Evidence for stratospheric nitric acid condensation from balloon and rocket measurements in the Arctic. Nature 1989. [DOI: 10.1038/342493a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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