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Wang L, Guo Q, Acharya S, Zheng X, Huynh V, Whitmore B, Yimit A, Malhotra M, Chatterji S, Rosin N, Labit E, Chipak C, Gorzo K, Haidey J, Elliott DA, Ram T, Zhang Q, Kuipers H, Gordon G, Biernaskie J, Guo J. Primary cilia signaling in astrocytes mediates development and regional-specific functional specification. Nat Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41593-024-01726-z. [PMID: 39103557 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Astrocyte diversity is greatly influenced by local environmental modulation. Here we report that the majority of astrocytes across the mouse brain possess a singular primary cilium localized to the cell soma. Comparative single-cell transcriptomics reveals that primary cilia mediate canonical SHH signaling to modulate astrocyte subtype-specific core features in synaptic regulation, intracellular transport, energy and metabolism. Independent of canonical SHH signaling, primary cilia are important regulators of astrocyte morphology and intracellular signaling balance. Dendritic spine analysis and transcriptomics reveal that perturbation of astrocytic cilia leads to disruption of neuronal development and global intercellular connectomes in the brain. Mice with primary ciliary-deficient astrocytes show behavioral deficits in sensorimotor function, sociability, learning and memory. Our results uncover a critical role for primary cilia in transmitting local cues that drive the region-specific diversification of astrocytes within the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizheng Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sandesh Acharya
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vanessa Huynh
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brandon Whitmore
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Askar Yimit
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mehr Malhotra
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Siddharth Chatterji
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole Rosin
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elodie Labit
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Colten Chipak
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelsea Gorzo
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jordan Haidey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A Elliott
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tina Ram
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qingrun Zhang
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hedwich Kuipers
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Grant Gordon
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jiami Guo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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2
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Taylor MM, Nelson KC, Dimitriou F. Skin Cancer Precursors: From Cancer Genomics to Early Diagnosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2024; 38:851-868. [PMID: 38782646 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Skin cancers, including melanoma and keratinocyte carcinomas, are responsible for increasing health care burden internationally. Risk stratification and early detection are paramount for prevention and less risky treatment to overall improve patient outcomes and disease morbidity. Here, the authors discuss the key concepts leading to skin cancer initiation and progression. The authors also outline precursor and progression models for melanoma and keratinocyte carcinomas, including discussion of genetic alterations associated with the various stages of progression. Finally, the authors discuss the significance of immunoediting and the drivers behind increased risk of cutaneous malignancy in the state of immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M Taylor
- John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Unit 1452, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kelly C Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Unit 1452, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Florentia Dimitriou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Unit 1484, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Hsieh AL, Bi WL, Ramesh V, Brastianos PK, Plotkin SR. Evolving concepts in meningioma management in the era of genomics. Cancer 2024; 130:2586-2600. [PMID: 38753473 PMCID: PMC11260245 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.35279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Meningioma is the most common type of primary brain tumor. Surgical resection followed by surveillance is the first-line treatment for the majority of symptomatic meningiomas; however, recent advances in molecular sequencing, DNA methylation, proteomics, and single-cell sequencing provide insights into further characterizing this heterogeneous group of tumors with a wide range of prognoses. A subset of these tumors are highly aggressive and cause severe morbidity and mortality. Therefore, identifying those individuals with a poor prognosis and intervening are critical. This review aims to help readers interpret the molecular profiling of meningiomas to identify patients with worse prognoses and guide the management and strategy for surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie L. Hsieh
- Department of Neurology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenya Linda Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vijaya Ramesh
- Department of Neurology and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Priscilla K Brastianos
- Department of Neurology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Central Nervous System Metastasis Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott R. Plotkin
- Department of Neurology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Patel HV, Joshi JS, Shah FD. Implicating clinical utility of altered expression of PTCH1 & SMO in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Mol Histol 2024; 55:379-389. [PMID: 38954185 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-024-10215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral cancer poses a significant burden on public health in India, with higher incidence and mortality rates. Despite advancements in treatment modalities, prognosis remains poor due to factors such as localized recurrence and lymph node metastasis, potentially influenced by cancer stem cells. Among signaling pathways implicated in CSC regulation, the Hedgehog pathway plays a crucial role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIAL & METHODS 97 OSCC patients' tissue samples were collected and subjected to RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze PTCH1 and SMO expression. Protein expression was assessed through immunohistochemistry. Clinicopathological parameters were correlated with gene and protein expression. Statistical analysis included Pearson chi-square tests, co-relation co-efficient tests, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and ROC curve analysis. RESULTS PTCH1 expression correlated with lymphatic permeation (p = 0.002) and tumor stage (p = 0.002), while SMO expression correlated with lymph node status (p = 0.034) and tumor stage (p = 0.021). PTCH1 gene expression correlated with lymph node status (p = 0.024). High PTCH1 gene expression was associated with shorter survival in tongue cancer patients. ROC curve analysis indicated diagnostic potential for PTCH1 and SMO gene and cytoplasmic SMO expression in distinguishing malignant tissues from adjacent normal tissues. CONCLUSION PTCH1 and SMO play a crucial role in oral cancer progression, correlating with tumor stages and metastatic potential. Despite not directly influencing overall survival, PTCH1 expression at specific anatomical sites hints at its prognostic implications. PTCH1 and SMO exhibit diagnostic potential, suggesting their utility as molecular markers in oral cancer management and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitarth V Patel
- Molecular Diagnostic and Research Lab-3, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
- Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigna S Joshi
- Molecular Diagnostic and Research Lab-3, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| | - Franky D Shah
- Molecular Diagnostic and Research Lab-3, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India.
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Liu YB, He LM, Sun M, Luo WJ, Lin ZC, Qiu ZP, Zhang YL, Hu A, Luo J, Qiu WW, Song BL. A sterol analog inhibits hedgehog pathway by blocking cholesterylation of smoothened. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:1264-1276.e7. [PMID: 38442710 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has long been a hotspot for anti-cancer drug development due to its important role in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. However, most clinically available Hh pathway inhibitors target the seven-transmembrane region (7TM) of smoothened (SMO), and the acquired drug resistance is an urgent problem in SMO inhibitory therapy. Here, we identify a sterol analog Q29 and show that it can inhibit the Hh pathway through binding to the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of SMO and blocking its cholesterylation. Q29 suppresses Hh signaling-dependent cell proliferation and arrests Hh-dependent medulloblastoma growth. Q29 exhibits an additive inhibitory effect on medulloblastoma with vismodegib, a clinically used SMO-7TM inhibitor for treating basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Importantly, Q29 overcomes resistance caused by SMO mutants against SMO-7TM inhibitors and inhibits the activity of SMO oncogenic variants. Our work demonstrates that the SMO-CRD inhibitor can be a new way to treat Hh pathway-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Bin Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Li-Ming He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Wen-Jun Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Zi-Cun Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Yu-Liang Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Ao Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Wen-Wei Qiu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China.
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Barker CA, Dufault S, Arron ST, Ho AL, Algazi AP, Dunn LA, Humphries AA, Hultman C, Lian M, Knott PD, Yom SS. Phase II, Single-Arm Trial of Induction and Concurrent Vismodegib With Curative-Intent Radiation Therapy for Locally Advanced, Unresectable Basal Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2024; 42:2327-2335. [PMID: 38630954 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Locally advanced, unresectable basal cell carcinoma (LA BCC) can be treated with radiation therapy (RT), but locoregional control (LRC) rates are unsatisfactory. Vismodegib is a hedgehog pathway inhibitor (HPI) active in BCC that may radiosensitize BCC. We evaluated the combination of vismodegib and RT for patients with LA BCC. METHODS In this multicenter, single-arm, phase II study, patients with unresectable LA BCC received 12 weeks of induction vismodegib, followed by 7 weeks of concurrent vismodegib and RT. The primary end point was LRC rate at 1 year after the end of treatment. Secondary end points included objective response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), safety, and patient-reported quality of life (PRQOL). RESULTS Twenty-four patients received vismodegib; five were unable to complete 12 weeks of induction therapy. LRC was achieved in 91% (95% CI, 68 to 98) of patients at 1 year. The response rate was 63% (95% CI, 38 to 84) after induction vismodegib and 83% (95% CI, 59 to 96) after concurrent vismodegib and RT. With a median follow-up of 5.7 years, 1-year PFS and OS rates were 100% and 96%, and at 5 years PFS and OS rates were 78% and 83%, respectively. Distant metastasis or BCC-related death has not been observed. The most frequent treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were dysgeusia, fatigue, and myalgias occurring in 83%, 75%, and 75% of patients. No grade 4 to 5 treatment-related AEs occurred. PRQOL demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements in all subscales, with emotions and functioning improvements persisting for a year after the end of treatment. CONCLUSION In patients with unresectable LA BCC, the combination of vismodegib and RT yielded high rates of LRC and PFS and durable improvements in PRQOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Barker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Suzanne Dufault
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sarah T Arron
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Alan L Ho
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alain P Algazi
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lara A Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Audrey A Humphries
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Carter Hultman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ming Lian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - P Daniel Knott
- Department of Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sue S Yom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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7
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Holic L. Common skin cancers and their association with other non-cutaneous primary malignancies: a review of the literature. Med Oncol 2024; 41:157. [PMID: 38758457 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that a history of skin cancer puts one at risk for additional primary skin cancers. However, more variable data exists for the risk of developing a non-cutaneous primary cancer following a diagnosis of skin cancer. The data are most variable for Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), the most common and least aggressive type of skin cancer. While early studies imply that BCC does not impart a larger risk of other primary non-cutaneous cancers, more recent studies with larger populations suggest otherwise. The cancers most significantly associated with BCC are lip, oropharyngeal, and salivary gland cancer. There is also burgeoning evidence to suggest a link between BCC and prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer, but more data are needed to draw a concrete conclusion. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), the second most common type of skin cancer, has a slightly more defined risk to other non-cutaneous primary malignancies. There is a notable link between SCC and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), possibly due to immunosuppression. There is also an increased risk of other cancers derived from squamous epithelium following SCC, including oropharyngeal, lip, and salivary gland cancer. Some studies also suggest an increased risk of respiratory tract cancer following SCC, possibly due to shared risk factors. Melanoma, a more severe type of skin cancer, shows a well-defined risk of additional primary non-cutaneous malignancies. The most significant of these risks include NHL, thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer along with a host of other cancers. Each of these three main skin cancer types has a profile of genetic mutations that have also been linked to non-cutaneous malignancies. In this review, we discuss a selection of these genes to highlight the complex interplay between different tumorigenesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Holic
- Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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8
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Idriss MH, Stull CM, Migden MR. Treatments on the horizon for locally advanced basal cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2024; 589:216821. [PMID: 38521198 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is one of the most common human cancers. Most cases of BCC are amenable to surgical and topical treatments with excellent prognosis if diagnosed timely and managed appropriately. However, in a small percentage of cases, it could be locally advanced BBC (laBCC) and not amenable to surgery or radiation, including recurrent, large tumors or tumors that invade deeper tissue. Hedgehog inhibitors (vismodegib and sonidegib) are approved as the first-line treatment of laBCC. PD-1 inhibitor immunotherapy (cemiplimab) is indicated for cases that progressed on or could not tolerate hedgehog inhibitors or when hedgehog inhibitors are contraindicated. Given the modest response and bothersome side effects of some of the agents above, there are reports of novel treatments, and clinical trials are currently evaluating multiple agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir H Idriss
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Carolyn M Stull
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael R Migden
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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9
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Liu X, Yam PT, Schlienger S, Cai E, Zhang J, Chen WJ, Torres Gutierrez O, Jimenez Amilburu V, Ramamurthy V, Ting AY, Branon TC, Cayouette M, Gen R, Marks T, Kong JH, Charron F, Ge X. Numb positively regulates Hedgehog signaling at the ciliary pocket. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3365. [PMID: 38664376 PMCID: PMC11045789 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling relies on the primary cilium, a cell surface organelle that serves as a signaling hub for the cell. Using proximity labeling and quantitative proteomics, we identify Numb as a ciliary protein that positively regulates Hh signaling. Numb localizes to the ciliary pocket and acts as an endocytic adaptor to incorporate Ptch1 into clathrin-coated vesicles, thereby promoting Ptch1 exit from the cilium, a key step in Hh signaling activation. Numb loss impedes Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-induced Ptch1 exit from the cilium, resulting in reduced Hh signaling. Numb loss in spinal neural progenitors reduces Shh-induced differentiation into cell fates reliant on high Hh activity. Genetic ablation of Numb in the developing cerebellum impairs the proliferation of granule cell precursors, a Hh-dependent process, resulting in reduced cerebellar size. This study highlights Numb as a regulator of ciliary Ptch1 levels during Hh signal activation and demonstrates the key role of ciliary pocket-mediated endocytosis in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | - Patricia T Yam
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Sabrina Schlienger
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Eva Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | - Wei-Ju Chen
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Oscar Torres Gutierrez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | | | - Vasanth Ramamurthy
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Alice Y Ting
- Departments of Genetics, of Biology, and by courtesy, of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tess C Branon
- Departments of Genetics, of Biology, and by courtesy, of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Interline Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michel Cayouette
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Risako Gen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tessa Marks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer H Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Frédéric Charron
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Xuecai Ge
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95340, USA.
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10
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Park H, Lee CH. The contribution of the nervous system in the cancer progression. BMB Rep 2024; 57:167-175. [PMID: 38523371 PMCID: PMC11058356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression is driven by genetic mutations, environmental factors, and intricate interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME comprises of diverse cell types, such as cancer cells, immune cells, stromal cells, and neuronal cells. These cells mutually influence each other through various factors, including cytokines, vascular perfusion, and matrix stiffness. In the initial or developmental stage of cancer, neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor are associated with poor prognosis of various cancers by communicating with cancer cells, immune cells, and peripheral nerves within the TME. Over the past decade, research has been conducted to prevent cancer growth by controlling the activation of neurotrophic factors within tumors, exhibiting a novel attemt in cancer treatment with promising results. More recently, research focusing on controlling cancer growth through regulation of the autonomic nervous system, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, has gained significant attention. Sympathetic signaling predominantly promotes tumor progression, while the role of parasympathetic signaling varies among different cancer types. Neurotransmitters released from these signalings can directly or indirectly affect tumor cells or immune cells within the TME. Additionally, sensory nerve significantly promotes cancer progression. In the advanced stage of cancer, cancer-associated cachexia occurs, characterized by tissue wasting and reduced quality of life. This process involves the pathways via brainstem growth and differentiation factor 15-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha-like signaling and hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin neurons. Our review highlights the critical role of neurotrophic factors as well as central nervous system on the progression of cancer, offering promising avenues for targeted therapeutic strategies. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(4): 167-175].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongryeol Park
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster D-48149, Germany, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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11
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Wachtel M, Surdez D, Grünewald TGP, Schäfer BW. Functional Classification of Fusion Proteins in Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1355. [PMID: 38611033 PMCID: PMC11010897 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas comprise a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin. More than 80 entities are associated with different mesenchymal lineages. Sarcomas with fibroblastic, muscle, bone, vascular, adipocytic, and other characteristics are distinguished. Nearly half of all entities contain specific chromosomal translocations that give rise to fusion proteins. These are mostly pathognomonic, and their detection by various molecular techniques supports histopathologic classification. Moreover, the fusion proteins act as oncogenic drivers, and their blockade represents a promising therapeutic approach. This review summarizes the current knowledge on fusion proteins in sarcoma. We categorize the different fusion proteins into functional classes, including kinases, epigenetic regulators, and transcription factors, and describe their mechanisms of action. Interestingly, while fusion proteins acting as transcription factors are found in all mesenchymal lineages, the others have a more restricted pattern. Most kinase-driven sarcomas belong to the fibroblastic/myofibroblastic lineage. Fusion proteins with an epigenetic function are mainly associated with sarcomas of unclear differentiation, suggesting that epigenetic dysregulation leads to a major change in cell identity. Comparison of mechanisms of action reveals recurrent functional modes, including antagonism of Polycomb activity by fusion proteins with epigenetic activity and recruitment of histone acetyltransferases by fusion transcription factors of the myogenic lineage. Finally, based on their biology, we describe potential approaches to block the activity of fusion proteins for therapeutic intervention. Overall, our work highlights differences as well as similarities in the biology of fusion proteins from different sarcomas and provides the basis for a functional classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Wachtel
- Department of Oncology and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Didier Surdez
- Balgrist University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich (UZH), CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas G. P. Grünewald
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp-Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a Partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beat W. Schäfer
- Department of Oncology and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Singh R, Ray A. Therapeutic potential of hedgehog signaling in advanced cancer types. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 386:49-80. [PMID: 38782501 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In this chapter, we have made an attempt to elucidate the relevance of hedgehog signaling pathway in tumorigenesis. Here, we have described different types of hedgehog signaling (canonical and non-canonical) with emphasis on the different mechanisms (mutation-driven, autocrine, paracrine and reverse paracrine) it adopts during tumorigenesis. We have discussed the role of hedgehog signaling in regulating cell proliferation, invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in both local and advanced cancer types, as reported in different studies based on preclinical and clinical models. We have specifically addressed the role of hedgehog signaling in aggressive neuroendocrine tumors as well. We have also elaborated on the studies showing therapeutic relevance of the inhibitors of hedgehog signaling in cancer. Evidence of the crosstalk of hedgehog signaling components with other signaling pathways and treatment resistance due to tumor heterogeneity have also been briefly discussed. Together, we have tried to put forward a compilation of the studies on therapeutic potential of hedgehog signaling in various cancers, specifically aggressive tumor types with a perspective into what is lacking and demands further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Anindita Ray
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
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13
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Patel HV, Joshi JS, Shah FD. A clinicopathological exploration of Hedgehog signaling: implications in oral carcinogenesis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:16525-16535. [PMID: 37712962 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05383-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hedgehog Signaling, a basic cancer stem cell pathway, plays a major role during the embryonic development, is known to play a quiescent role in adults. However, aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling in adults is known to play a role in cancer development. Hence, the aim of the study was to identify the role of Hedgehog signaling pathway in the Oral cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of Hedgehog signaling pathway was evaluated in 124 patients through the quantitative real-time PCR. The association between the gene expression and clinico-pathological parameters were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test and survival analysis was carried out using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS SHH and GLI1 was found to be significantly associated with the Lymph Node Status and SUFU was significantly associated with the Age. SMO and SUFU were found to have a worse prognosis in oral cancer patients. According to our findings, IHH plays a critical role in the activation of the HH signaling pathway in oral cancer. CONCLUSION These findings back up the use of the Hedgehog signaling pathway as a biomarker for early disease prediction in oral cancer, as well as its role in tumor aggressiveness and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitarth V Patel
- Molecular Diagnostic and Research Lab-3, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| | - Jigna S Joshi
- Molecular Diagnostic and Research Lab-3, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| | - Franky D Shah
- Molecular Diagnostic and Research Lab-3, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India.
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14
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Haynes D, Morgan EE, Chu EY. Cutaneous adverse reactions resulting from targeted cancer therapies: histopathologic and clinical findings. Hum Pathol 2023; 140:129-143. [PMID: 37146945 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeted cancer treatments-designed to interfere with specific molecular signals responsible for tumor survival and progression-have shown benefit over conventional chemotherapies but may lead to diverse cutaneous adverse effects. This review highlights clinically significant dermatologic toxicities and their associated histopathologic findings, resulting from various targeted cancer drugs. Case reports and series, clinical trials, reviews, and meta-analyses are included for analysis and summarized herein. Cutaneous side effects resulting from targeted cancer therapies were reported with incidences as high as 90% for certain medications, and reactions are often predictable based on mechanism(s) of action of a given drug. Common and important reaction patterns included: acneiform eruptions, neutrophilic dermatoses, hand-foot skin reaction, secondary cutaneous malignancies, and alopecia. Clinical and histopathologic recognition of these toxicities remains impactful for patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Haynes
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Eric E Morgan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
| | - Emily Y Chu
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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15
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Yang X, Pu S, Xiang B, Tang X, Chen J. A novel smoothed (SMO) point mutation in congenital tibial hemimelia: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:424. [PMID: 37626311 PMCID: PMC10463978 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital tibial hemimelia (CTH [MIM: 275220]) is a rare congenital limb deficiency that manifests as a shortened, curved, dysplastic or absent tibia with polydactyly. In previous studies, mutations of a distant sonic hedgehog (SHH) cis-regulator (ZRS) and a Shh repressor (GLI3) were identified. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we admitted a 20-month-old boy who manifested with right tibial deformity, varus foot, ankle dislocation, and ipsilateral preaxial polydactyly. After genetic sequencing and data analysis, the results revealed a 443 A > G mutation in the father and a 536 C > T mutation in the mother in exon 2 of the Smoothed (SMO) gene at 7q32.1, with the coexistence of both mutant alleles in the proband/patient. CONCLUSIONS Our report suggests that even though not previously reported, SMO mutations may be associated with limb anomalies such as tibial hemimelia via Hh signaling in humans and has implications for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #37 Guo-Xue-Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Siyu Pu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #37 Guo-Xue-Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #37 Guo-Xue-Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xueyang Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #37 Guo-Xue-Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #37 Guo-Xue-Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Laboratory of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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16
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Jing J, Wu Z, Wang J, Luo G, Lin H, Fan Y, Zhou C. Hedgehog signaling in tissue homeostasis, cancers, and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:315. [PMID: 37596267 PMCID: PMC10439210 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway in various biological events. HH signaling pathway exerts its biological effects through a complex signaling cascade involved with primary cilium. HH signaling pathway has important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. It plays a central role in the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells. Importantly, it has become increasingly clear that HH signaling pathway is associated with increased cancer prevalence, malignant progression, poor prognosis and even increased mortality. Understanding the integrative nature of HH signaling pathway has opened up the potential for new therapeutic targets for cancer. A variety of drugs have been developed, including small molecule inhibitors, natural compounds, and long non-coding RNA (LncRNA), some of which are approved for clinical use. This review outlines recent discoveries of HH signaling in tissue homeostasis and cancer and discusses how these advances are paving the way for the development of new biologically based therapies for cancer. Furthermore, we address status quo and limitations of targeted therapies of HH signaling pathway. Insights from this review will help readers understand the function of HH signaling in homeostasis and cancer, as well as opportunities and challenges of therapeutic targets for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guowen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hengyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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17
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Onodera S, Azuma T. Hedgehog-Related Mutation Causes Bone Malformations with or without Hereditary Gene Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12903. [PMID: 37629084 PMCID: PMC10454035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) family consists of numerous signaling mediators that play important roles at various stages of development. Thus, the Hh pathway is essential for bone tissue development and tumorigenesis. Gorlin syndrome is a skeletal and tumorigenic disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in Hh signaling. In this review, we first present the phenotype of Gorlin syndrome and the relationship between genotype and phenotype in bone and craniofacial tissues, including the causative gene as well as other Hh-related genes. Next, the importance of new diagnostic methods using next-generation sequencing and multiple gene panels will be discussed. We summarize Hh-related genetic disorders, including cilia disease, and the genetics of Hh-related bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Onodera
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan;
| | - Toshifumi Azuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan;
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
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18
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Laslo M, Hartmann M. Developing Scientific Communication Skills Using Primary Literature in an Undergraduate Cell Biology Course. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2023; 24:e00186-22. [PMID: 37614889 PMCID: PMC10443402 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.00186-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Being able to communicate scientifically is an important skill for students graduating with a science degree. Skills used in future graduate school and careers for science majors include oral and written communication, as well as science literacy and being able to create figures to display information. There is a consensus that these skills should be taught throughout an undergraduate science curriculum; however, many instructors have cited insufficient time to cover skills and develop materials to effectively incorporate these skills, especially into lower-level content-focused courses. Here, we present an active curriculum that can easily be incorporated into any content-focused undergraduate Cell Biology course. The curriculum is designed around scientific literature that engages students in a multitude of active learning activities to develop different types of scientific communication skills. This curriculum not only develops student skills and self-efficacy in scientific communication, it also engages them in course content and stimulates their interest in research. While making changes to a course to include scientific communication can be difficult, making small changes, such as addition of this curriculum to an already-existing content-focused course, could make a big difference in the skills and attitudes of early undergraduate science students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Laslo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Zilberg C, Lyons JG, Gupta R, Damian DL. The Immune Microenvironment in Basal Cell Carcinoma. Ann Dermatol 2023; 35:243-255. [PMID: 37550225 PMCID: PMC10407341 DOI: 10.5021/ad.22.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a key role in the suppression and progression of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). The primary aetiological factor for BCC development is exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) which, particularly in lighter Fitzpatrick skin types, leads to the accumulation of DNA damage. UVR has roles in the generation of an immunosuppressive environment, facilitating cancer progression. Rates of BCC are elevated in immunosuppressed patients, and BCC may undergo spontaneous immune-mediated regression. Histologic and immunohistochemical profiling of BCCs consistently demonstrates the presence of an immune infiltrate and associated immune proteins. Early studies of immune checkpoint inhibitors reveal promising results in BCC. Therefore, the host immune system and tumor responses to it are important in BCC pathogenesis. Understanding these interactions will be beneficial for disease prognostication and therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Zilberg
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| | - James Guy Lyons
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Diona Lee Damian
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Liu J, Zhang R, Mallick S, Patil S, Wientjens C, Flegel J, Krupp A, Strohmann C, Grassin C, Merten C, Pahl A, Grigalunas M, Waldmann H. A highly enantioselective intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition yields novel pseudo-natural product inhibitors of the Hedgehog signalling pathway. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7936-7943. [PMID: 37502335 PMCID: PMC10370549 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01240a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo combination of natural product (NP) fragments by means of efficient, complexity- and stereogenic character-generating transformations to yield pseudo-natural products (PNPs) may explore novel biologically relevant chemical space. Pyrrolidine- and tetrahydroquinoline fragments rarely occur in combination in nature, such that PNPs that embody both fragments might represent novel NP-inspired chemical matter endowed with bioactivity. We describe the synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolines by means of a highly enantioselective intramolecular exo-1,3-dipolar cycloaddition catalysed by the AgOAc/(S)-DMBiphep complex. The cycloadditions proceeded in excellent yields (up to 98%) and with very high enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee). Investigation of the resulting PNP collection in cell-based assays monitoring different biological programmes led to the discovery of a structurally novel and potent inhibitor of the Hedgehog signalling pathway that targets the Smoothened protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Street 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Street 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Shubhadip Mallick
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Street 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Sohan Patil
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Street 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Chantal Wientjens
- Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Street 6 44221 Dortmund Germany
| | - Jana Flegel
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Street 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Anna Krupp
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Street 6 44221 Dortmund Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Street 6 44221 Dortmund Germany
| | - Corentin Grassin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum University-Street 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Christian Merten
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum University-Street 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Axel Pahl
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Street 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Compound Management and Screening Center Otto-Hahn-Street 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Michael Grigalunas
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Street 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Street 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Street 6 44221 Dortmund Germany
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21
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Lear JT, Morris LM, Ness DB, Lewis LD. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors used in the treatment of advanced or treatment-refractory basal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2023; 16:1211-1220. [PMID: 37975712 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2285849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sonidegib and vismodegib are currently the only US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency-approved small-molecule Hedgehog pathway inhibitors (HHIs)for treating adults with advanced or refractory basal cell carcinoma (BCC) that is not amenable to conventional surgery or radiotherapy. At this time, there are no head-to-head clinical trials comparing these two HHIs for efficacy and safety to assist clinicians with determining which HHI may be best suited for their patients. AREAS COVERED This review briefly describes the pathogenesis of BCC, provides a detailed overview of the key pharmacokinetic profile differences between sonidegib and vismodegib, explains their pharmacodynamics, and highlights the therapeutic considerations when either HHI is used to treat special patient populations. EXPERT OPINION Although both HHIs act at the same molecular target in the Hedgehog pathway, there are significant differences in their pharmacokinetic profiles that may play a potential role in their efficacy and safety. Evidence-based recommendations serve to inform clinicians until direct comparative clinical trials of sonidegib versus vismodegib are conducted to determine the clinical relevance of the reported differences in their pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Lear
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Dermatology Center, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Linda M Morris
- Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine & The Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Dylan B Ness
- Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine & The Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Lionel D Lewis
- Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine & The Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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22
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Cheng C, Cong Q, Liu Y, Hu Y, Liang G, Dioneda KMM, Yang Y. Yap controls notochord formation and neural tube patterning by integrating mechanotransduction with FoxA2 and Shh expression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6927. [PMID: 37315133 PMCID: PMC10266736 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Correct notochord and neural tube (NT) formation is crucial to the development of the central nervous system and midline structures. Integrated biochemical and biophysical signaling controls embryonic growth and patterning; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we took the opportunities of marked morphological changes during notochord and NT formation and identified both necessary and sufficient roles of Yap, a key mechanosensor and mechanotransducer, in biochemical signaling activation during formation of notochord and floor plate, the ventral signaling centers that pattern the dorsal-ventral axis of NT and the surrounding tissues. We showed that Yap activation by a gradient of mechanical stress and tissue stiffness in the notochord and ventral NT induces FoxA2 and Shh expression. Hedgehog signaling activation rescued NT patterning defects caused by Yap deficiency, but not notochord formation. Therefore, mechanotransduction via Yap activation acts in feedforward mechanisms to induce FoxA2 expression for notochord formation and activate Shh expression for floor plate induction by synergistically interacting with FoxA2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuchen Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yizhong Hu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guoyan Liang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Marc Manquiquis Dioneda
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Zakaria NH, Hashad D, Saied MH, Hegazy N, Elkayal A, Tayae E. Genetic mutations in HER2-positive breast cancer: possible association with response to trastuzumab therapy. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:43. [PMID: 37202799 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HER2-positive breast cancer occurs in 15-20% of breast cancer patients and is characterized by poor prognosis. Trastuzumab is considered the key drug for treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer patients. It improves patient survival; however, resistance to trastuzumab remains a challenge in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Therefore, the prediction of response to trastuzumab is crucial to choose optimal treatment regimens. The aim of the study was to identify genetic variants that could predict response to anti-HER2-targeted therapy (trastuzumab) using next-generation sequencing. METHOD Genetic variants in the hotspot regions of 17 genes were studied in 24 Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) samples using Ion S5 next-generation sequencing system. FFPE samples were collected from HER2‑positive breast cancer patients previously treated with anti‑HER2‑targeted treatment (Trastuzumab). Patients were divided into two groups; trastuzumab-sensitive group and trastuzumab-resistant group based on their response to targeted therapy. RESULTS We identified 29 genetic variants in nine genes that only occurred in trastuzumab-resistant patients and could be associated with resistance to targeted therapy including TP53, ATM, RB1, MLH1, SMARCB1, SMO, GNAS, CDH1, and VHL. Four variants out of these 29 variants were repeated in more than one patient; two variants in TP53, one variant in ATM gene, and the last variant in RB1 gene. In addition, three genes were found to be mutated only in resistant patients; MLH1, SMARCB1 and SMO genes. Moreover, one novel allele (c.407A > G, p. Gln136Arg) was detected within exon 4 of TP53 gene in one resistant patient. CONCLUSION NGS sequencing is a useful tool to detect genetic variants that could predict response to trastuzumab therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermine H Zakaria
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Doaa Hashad
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa H Saied
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Neamat Hegazy
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Alyaa Elkayal
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman Tayae
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Lin WH, Cooper LM, Anastasiadis PZ. Cadherins and catenins in cancer: connecting cancer pathways and tumor microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1137013. [PMID: 37255594 PMCID: PMC10225604 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1137013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-catenin complexes are integral components of the adherens junctions crucial for cell-cell adhesion and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of these complexes is linked to cancer development via alteration of cell-autonomous oncogenic signaling pathways and extrinsic tumor microenvironment. Advances in multiomics have uncovered key signaling events in multiple cancer types, creating a need for a better understanding of the crosstalk between cadherin-catenin complexes and oncogenic pathways. In this review, we focus on the biological functions of classical cadherins and associated catenins, describe how their dysregulation influences major cancer pathways, and discuss feedback regulation mechanisms between cadherin complexes and cellular signaling. We discuss evidence of cross regulation in the following contexts: Hippo-Yap/Taz and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, key pathways involved in cell proliferation and growth; Wnt, Notch, and hedgehog signaling, key developmental pathways involved in human cancer; as well as TGFβ and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program, an important process for cancer cell plasticity. Moreover, we briefly explore the role of cadherins and catenins in mechanotransduction and the immune tumor microenvironment.
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25
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Vandenberg BN, Laughery MF, Cordero C, Plummer D, Mitchell D, Kreyenhagen J, Albaqshi F, Brown AJ, Mieczkowski PA, Wyrick JJ, Roberts SA. Contributions of replicative and translesion DNA polymerases to mutagenic bypass of canonical and atypical UV photoproducts. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2576. [PMID: 37142570 PMCID: PMC10160025 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UV exposure induces a mutation signature of C > T substitutions at dipyrimidines in skin cancers. We recently identified additional UV-induced AC > TT and A > T substitutions that could respectively cause BRAF V600K and V600E oncogenic mutations. The mutagenic bypass mechanism past these atypical lesions, however, is unknown. Here, we whole genome sequenced UV-irradiated yeast and used reversion reporters to delineate the roles of replicative and translesion DNA polymerases in mutagenic bypass of UV-lesions. Our data indicates that yeast DNA polymerase eta (pol η) has varied impact on UV-induced mutations: protecting against C > T substitutions, promoting T > C and AC > TT substitutions, and not impacting A > T substitutions. Surprisingly, deletion rad30Δ increased novel UV-induced C > A substitutions at CA dinucleotides. In contrast, DNA polymerases zeta (pol ζ) and epsilon (pol ε) participated in AC > TT and A > T mutations. These results uncover lesion-specific accurate and mutagenic bypass of UV lesions, which likely contribute to key driver mutations in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Vandenberg
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Marian F Laughery
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Cameron Cordero
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Dalton Plummer
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Debra Mitchell
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jordan Kreyenhagen
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Fatimah Albaqshi
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Alexander J Brown
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Piotr A Mieczkowski
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - John J Wyrick
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Steven A Roberts
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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Zhou P, Li S, Wang W, Tang Y, Jiang L. Congenital peribronchial myofibroblastic tumor (CPMT): a case report with long term follow-up and next-generation sequencing (NGS). BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:184. [PMID: 37081446 PMCID: PMC10116682 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital peribronchial myofibroblastic tumor (CPMT) is an extremely rare lung disease in infants. It shows benign behavior and has a favorable survival after surgical treatment. CPMT was reported only in cases. Here, we report the longest follow-up known case of CPMT and review the clinical, radiographic and histopathological features of the published literature. CASE PRESENTATION Ultrasound examination at 30 weeks of gestational age of a healthy 29-year-old female revealed a solid mass in the left lung. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a mass in the left lower lobe. The tumor was removed by lobectomy and pathologically diagnosed with CPMT. The tumor was composed of cartilage, spindle cells and oval cells. Vimentin was strongly positive. Smooth muscle actin (SMA) was positive in the spindle cells. The histopathologic and immunohistochemical features were similar to those in the literature. No ETV6-NTRK3 fusion or ALK rearrangement was detected. Gene mutations in JAK2 and SMO were detected by NGS. She is currently alive for 8 years with no evidence of disease recurrence. CONCLUSIONS CPMT is a rare lung tumor in infants. Surgical treatment is recommended for CPMT. The prognosis after successful surgery is favorable. The final diagnosis was histopathologic findings. Due to its cellularity, mitotic activity and rapid growth, long-term follow-up should be strengthened. The present patient is alive and well for 8 years after the surgery without recurrence. Gene mutations in JAK2 and SMO were detected, which may be associated with the formation of CPMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiya Wang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Sichuan, Chengdu, China.
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Mohebbi A. Ligand-based 3D pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, and molecular dynamic simulation of potential smoothened inhibitors. J Mol Model 2023; 29:143. [PMID: 37062794 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is a crucial regulator of various cellular processes. Dysregulated activation of the Smoothened (SMO) oncoprotein, a key component of the Hh pathway, has been implicated in several types of cancer. Although SMO inhibitors are important anti-cancer therapeutics, drug-resistant SMO mutants have emerged, limiting their efficacy. This study aimed to discover stable SMO inhibitors for both wild-type and mutant SMOs, using a 12-feature pharmacophore model validated for virtual screening. One lead compound, LCT10312, was identified with high affinity to SMO and showed a significant conformational change in the SMO structure upon binding. Molecular dynamic simulation revealed stable interaction of LCT10312 with SMO and large atom motions, indicating SMO structural fluctuation. The lead compound showed high predicted binding scores to several clinically relevant SMO mutants. METHODS A ligand-based pharmacophore model was developed from 25 structurally clustered SMO inhibitors using LigandScout v3.12 software and virtually screened for hit identification from a library of 511,878 chemicals. Molecular docking was employed to identify potential leads based on SMO affinities. Molecular dynamic simulation (MDS) with GROMACS v5.1.4 was performed to analyze the structural changes of SMO oncoprotein upon binding lead compound(s) and cyclopamine as the control for 100 ns. The binding affinity of lead compound(s) was predicted on clinical and laboratory SMO mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mohebbi
- Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Vista Aria Rena Gene Inc., Gorgan, Iran.
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Gu D, Soepriatna AH, Zhang W, Li J, Zhao J, Zhang X, Shu X, Wang Y, Landis BJ, Goergen CJ, Xie J. Activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway leads to fibrosis in aortic valves. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:43. [PMID: 36864465 PMCID: PMC9983197 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00980-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis is a pathological wound healing process characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition, which interferes with normal organ function and contributes to ~ 45% of human mortality. Fibrosis develops in response to chronic injury in nearly all organs, but the a cascade of events leading to fibrosis remains unclear. While hedgehog (Hh) signaling activation has been associated with fibrosis in the lung, kidney, and skin, it is unknown whether hedgehog signaling activation is the cause or the consequence of fibrosis. We hypothesize that activation of hedgehog signaling is sufficient to drive fibrosis in mouse models. RESULTS In this study, we provide direct evidence to show that activation of Hh signaling via expression of activated smoothened, SmoM2, is sufficient to induce fibrosis in the vasculature and aortic valves. We showed that activated SmoM2 -induced fibrosis is associated with abnormal function of aortic valves and heart. The relevance of this mouse model to human health is reflected in our findings that elevated GLI expression is detected in 6 out of 11 aortic valves from patients with fibrotic aortic valves. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that activating hedgehog signaling is sufficient to drive fibrosis in mice, and this mouse model is relevant to human aortic valve stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Gu
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, 1040 W. Walnut Street., Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Arvin H. Soepriatna
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Purdue University Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Room 3025, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA ,grid.40263.330000 0004 1936 9094School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Street, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, 1040 W. Walnut Street., Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Jun Li
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jenny Zhao
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, 1040 W. Walnut Street., Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord St., Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, 1040 W. Walnut Street., Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Xianhong Shu
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yongshi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Benjamin J. Landis
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, 1040 W. Walnut Street., Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Craig J. Goergen
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Purdue University Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Room 3025, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Jingwu Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, 1040 W. Walnut Street., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Basic and Translational Cancer Review Branch (BTC), Division of Basic and Integrative Biological Sciences (DBIB), Center for Scientific Review, National Institutes of Health, 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Luchini C, Mattiolo P, Basturk O, Mafficini A, Ozcan K, Lawlor RT, Hong SM, Brosens LA, Marchegiani G, Pea A, Manfrin E, Sciacca G, Zampieri F, Polati R, De Robertis R, Milella M, D'Onofrio M, Malleo G, Salvia R, Adsay V, Scarpa A. Acinar Cystic Transformation of the Pancreas: Histomorphology and Molecular Analysis to Unravel its Heterogeneous Nature. Am J Surg Pathol 2023; 47:379-386. [PMID: 36649476 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acinar cystic transformation (ACT) of the pancreas, previously called acinar cell cystadenoma, is a poorly understood and rare entity among pancreatic cystic lesions. This study aims to clarify its real nature. This research cohort included 25 patients with pancreatic ACT, representing the largest series in the literature. We describe their clinicopathological features and molecular profile using next-generation sequencing. ACT arose more often in women (F/M≃2:1), in the body-tail region, with a mean size of ~4 cm. At the latest follow-up, all patients were alive and disease free. Histologically, a typical acinar epithelium lined all cysts, intermingled with ductal-like epithelium in 11/25 (44%) cases. All the cases lacked any evidence of malignancy. Three ACT showed peculiar features: 1 showed an extensive and diffuse microcystic pattern, and the other 2 harbored foci of low-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) in the ductal-like epithelium. Next-generation sequencing revealed the presence of 2 pathogenic/likely pathogenic mutations in 2 different cases, 1 with ductal-like epithelium and 1 with PanIN, and affecting KRAS (c.34G>C, p.G12R) and SMO (c.1685G>A, p.R562Q) genes, respectively. The other case with PanIN was not available for sequencing. Overall, our findings support that ACT is a benign entity, potentially arising from heterogeneous conditions/background, including: (1) acinar microcysts, (2) malformations, (3) obstructive/inflammatory setting, (4) genetic predisposition, (5) possible neoplastic origin. Although all indications are that ACT is benign, the potential occurrence of driver mutations suggests discussing a potential role of long-term surveillance for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
- ARC-Net Research Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Mattiolo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
| | - Olca Basturk
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY
| | - Andrea Mafficini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
- ARC-Net Research Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Kerem Ozcan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY
| | - Rita T Lawlor
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
- ARC-Net Research Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lodewijk A Brosens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, and Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Antonio Pea
- Department of Surgery, The Pancreas Institute
| | - Erminia Manfrin
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
| | - Giuseppe Sciacca
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
| | | | - Rita Polati
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
| | | | - Michele Milella
- Department of Medicine, Section of Oncology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirko D'Onofrio
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Radiology
| | | | | | - Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology, Koç University Hospital and Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
- ARC-Net Research Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Danish H, Brastianos P. Novel Medical Therapies in Meningiomas. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1416:213-223. [PMID: 37432630 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-29750-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumor in adults and have been historically managed with surgery and radiation therapy. However, in patients with inoperable, recurrent or high-grade tumors, medical therapy is often needed. Traditional chemotherapy and hormone therapy have been largely ineffective. However, with improved understanding of the molecular drivers in meningioma, there has been increasing interest in targeted molecular and immune therapies. In this chapter, we will discuss recent advances in meningioma genetics and biology and review current clinical trials with targeted molecular treatment and other novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husain Danish
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Divisions of Neuro-Oncology and Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Priscilla Brastianos
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Divisions of Neuro-Oncology and Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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The multiomic landscape of meningiomas: a review and update. J Neurooncol 2023; 161:405-414. [PMID: 36840836 PMCID: PMC9988797 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Traditionally they have been understudied compared to other central nervous system (CNS) tumors. However over the last decade, there has been renewed interest in uncovering the molecular topography of these tumors, with landmark studies identifying key driver alterations contributing to meningioma development and progression. Recent work from several independent research groups have integrated different genomic and epigenomic platforms to develop a molecular-based classification scheme for meningiomas that could supersede histopathological grading in terms of diagnostic accuracy, biological relevance, and outcome prediction, keeping pace with contemporary grading schemes for other CNS tumors including gliomas and medulloblastomas. METHODS Here we summarize the studies that have uncovered key alterations in meningiomas which builds towards the discovery of consensus molecular groups in meningiomas by integrating these findings. These groups supersede WHO grade and other clinical factors in being able to accurately predict tumor biology and clinical outcomes following surgery. RESULTS Despite differences in the nomenclature of recently uncovered molecular groups across different studies, the biological similarities between these groups enables us to likely reconciliate these groups into four consensus molecular groups: two benign groups largely dichotomized by NF2-status, and two clinically aggressive groups defined by their hypermetabolic transcriptome, and by their preponderance of proliferative, cell-cycling pathways respectively. CONCLUSION Future work, including by our group and others are underway to validate these molecular groups and harmonize the nomenclature for routine clinical use.
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The role of Hedgehog and Notch signaling pathway in cancer. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:44. [PMID: 36517618 PMCID: PMC9751255 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch and Hedgehog signaling are involved in cancer biology and pathology, including the maintenance of tumor cell proliferation, cancer stem-like cells, and the tumor microenvironment. Given the complexity of Notch signaling in tumors, its role as both a tumor promoter and suppressor, and the crosstalk between pathways, the goal of developing clinically safe, effective, tumor-specific Notch-targeted drugs has remained intractable. Drugs developed against the Hedgehog signaling pathway have affirmed definitive therapeutic effects in basal cell carcinoma; however, in some contexts, the challenges of tumor resistance and recurrence leap to the forefront. The efficacy is very limited for other tumor types. In recent years, we have witnessed an exponential increase in the investigation and recognition of the critical roles of the Notch and Hedgehog signaling pathways in cancers, and the crosstalk between these pathways has vast space and value to explore. A series of clinical trials targeting signaling have been launched continually. In this review, we introduce current advances in the understanding of Notch and Hedgehog signaling and the crosstalk between pathways in specific tumor cell populations and microenvironments. Moreover, we also discuss the potential of targeting Notch and Hedgehog for cancer therapy, intending to promote the leap from bench to bedside.
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Unsworth SP, Tingle CF, Heisel CJ, Eton EA, Andrews CA, Chan MP, Bresler SC, Kahana A. Analysis of residual disease in periocular basal cell carcinoma following hedgehog pathway inhibition: Follow up to the VISORB trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265212. [PMID: 36455049 PMCID: PMC9714843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a common skin cancer caused by deregulated hedgehog signaling. BCC is often curable surgically; however, for orbital and periocular BCCs (opBCC), surgical excision may put visual function at risk. Our recent clinical trial highlighted the utility of vismodegib for preserving visual organs in opBCC patients: 67% of patients displayed a complete response histologically. However, further analysis of excision samples uncovered keratin positive, hedgehog active (Gli1 positive), proliferative micro-tumors. Sequencing of pre-treatment tumors revealed resistance conferring mutations present at low frequency. In addition, one patient with a low-frequency SMO W535L mutation recurred two years post study despite no clinical evidence of residual disease. Sequencing of this recurrent tumor revealed an enrichment for the SMO W535L mutation, revealing that vismodegib treatment enriched for resistant cells undetectable by traditional histology. In the age of targeted therapies, linking molecular genetic analysis to prospective clinical trials may be necessary to provide mechanistic understanding of clinical outcomes. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02436408.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby P. Unsworth
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Christina F. Tingle
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Curtis J. Heisel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Emily A. Eton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Andrews
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - May P. Chan
- Rogel Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Bresler
- Rogel Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Alon Kahana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Rogel Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Molecular Mechanisms and Targeted Therapies of Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911968. [PMID: 36233269 PMCID: PMC9570397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among human cutaneous malignancies, basal cell carcinoma is the most common. Solid advances in unveiling the molecular mechanisms of basal cell carcinoma have emerged in recent years. In Gorlin syndrome, which shows basal cell carcinoma predisposition, identification of the patched 1 gene (PTCH1) mutation was a dramatic breakthrough in understanding the carcinogenesis of basal cell carcinoma. PTCH1 plays a role in the hedgehog pathway, and dysregulations of this pathway are known to be crucial for the carcinogenesis of many types of cancers including sporadic as well as hereditary basal cell carcinoma. In this review, we summarize the clinical features, pathological features and hedgehog pathway as applied in basal cell carcinoma. Other crucial molecules, such as p53 and melanocortin-1 receptor are also discussed. Due to recent advances, therapeutic strategies based on the precise molecular mechanisms of basal cell carcinoma are emerging. Target therapies and biomarkers are also discussed.
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Nicheperovich A, Townsend-Nicholson A. Towards Precision Oncology: The Role of Smoothened and Its Variants in Cancer. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12101648. [PMID: 36294790 PMCID: PMC9605185 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (Smo) is a central signal transducer of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway which has been linked to diverse forms of tumours. Stimulated by advancements in structural and functional characterisation, the Smo receptor has been recognised as an important therapeutic target in Hh-driven cancers, and several Smo inhibitors have now been approved for cancer therapy. This receptor is also known to be an oncoprotein itself and its gain-of-function variants have been associated with skin, brain, and liver cancers. According to the COSMIC database, oncogenic mutations of Smo have been identified in various other tumours, although their oncogenic effect remains unknown in these tissues. Drug resistance is a common challenge in cancer therapies targeting Smo, and data analysis shows that healthy individuals also harbour resistance mutations. Based on the importance of Smo in cancer progression and the high incidence of resistance towards Smo inhibitors, this review suggests that detection of Smo variants through tumour profiling could lead to increased precision and improved outcomes of anti-cancer treatments.
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Jiang J. Hedgehog signaling mechanism and role in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 85:107-122. [PMID: 33836254 PMCID: PMC8492792 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication through evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways governs embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Deregulation of these signaling pathways has been implicated in a wide range of human diseases including cancer. One such pathway is the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, which was originally discovered in Drosophila and later found to play a fundamental role in human development and diseases. Abnormal Hh pathway activation is a major driver of basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and medulloblastoma. Hh exerts it biological influence through a largely conserved signal transduction pathway from the activation of the GPCR family transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo) to the conversion of latent Zn-finger transcription factors Gli/Ci proteins from their repressor (GliR/CiR) to activator (GliA/CiA) forms. Studies from model organisms and human patients have provided deep insight into the Hh signal transduction mechanisms, revealed roles of Hh signaling in a wide range of human cancers, and suggested multiple strategies for targeting this pathway in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Happ JT, Arveseth CD, Bruystens J, Bertinetti D, Nelson IB, Olivieri C, Zhang J, Hedeen DS, Zhu JF, Capener JL, Bröckel JW, Vu L, King CC, Ruiz-Perez VL, Ge X, Veglia G, Herberg FW, Taylor SS, Myers BR. A PKA inhibitor motif within SMOOTHENED controls Hedgehog signal transduction. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:990-999. [PMID: 36202993 PMCID: PMC9696579 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) cascade is central to development, tissue homeostasis and cancer. A pivotal step in Hh signal transduction is the activation of glioma-associated (GLI) transcription factors by the atypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) SMOOTHENED (SMO). How SMO activates GLI remains unclear. Here we show that SMO uses a decoy substrate sequence to physically block the active site of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) catalytic subunit (PKA-C) and extinguish its enzymatic activity. As a result, GLI is released from phosphorylation-induced inhibition. Using a combination of in vitro, cellular and organismal models, we demonstrate that interfering with SMO-PKA pseudosubstrate interactions prevents Hh signal transduction. The mechanism uncovered echoes one used by the Wnt cascade, revealing an unexpected similarity in how these two essential developmental and cancer pathways signal intracellularly. More broadly, our findings define a mode of GPCR-PKA communication that may be harnessed by a range of membrane receptors and kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Happ
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Corvin D Arveseth
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jessica Bruystens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Bertinetti
- Institute for Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Isaac B Nelson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cristina Olivieri
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Danielle S Hedeen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ju-Fen Zhu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jacob L Capener
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jan W Bröckel
- Institute for Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Lily Vu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C C King
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Victor L Ruiz-Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols,' Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xuecai Ge
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Gianluigi Veglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Institute for Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Benjamin R Myers
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Modulation of Hedgehog Signaling for the Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma and the Development of Preclinical Models. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102376. [PMID: 36289637 PMCID: PMC9598418 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. While the survivability of BCC is high, many patients are excluded from clinically available treatments due to health risks or personal choice. Further, patients with advanced or metastatic disease have severely limited treatment options. The dysregulation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling cascade drives onset and progression of BCC. As such, the modulation of this pathway has driven advancements in BCC research. In this review, we focus firstly on inhibitors that target the Hh pathway as chemotherapeutics against BCC. Two therapies targeting Hh signaling have been made clinically available for BCC patients, but these treatments suffer from limited initial efficacy and a high rate of chemoresistant tumor recurrence. Herein, we describe more recent developments of chemical scaffolds that have been designed to hopefully improve upon the available therapeutics. We secondly discuss the history and recent efforts involving modulation of the Hh genome as a method of producing in vivo models of BCC for preclinical research. While there are many advancements left to be made towards improving patient outcomes with BCC, it is clear that targeting the Hh pathway will remain at the forefront of research efforts in designing more effective chemotherapeutics as well as relevant preclinical models.
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Heppt MV, Gebhardt C, Hassel JC, Alter M, Gutzmer R, Leiter U, Berking C. Long-Term Management of Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194547. [PMID: 36230474 PMCID: PMC9559463 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Local therapies are no longer an option for locally advanced basal cell carcinoma. Abnormal activation of the hedgehog signaling pathway leads to uncontrolled tumor growth. Hedgehog pathway inhibitors are an effective treatment option for this kind of tumor. However, treatment-related toxicity under long-term treatment may lead to limitations in quality of life, and thus to therapy interruption or even discontinuation. This review summarizes pertinent treatment adjustments and novel therapeutic strategies for effective treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma. Abstract The first-line therapy for locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (laBCC) is Hedgehog pathway inhibitors (HHIs), as they achieve good efficacy and duration of response. However, toxicity in the course of long-term treatment may lead to a decrease in the quality of life, and consequently to interruption or even discontinuation of therapy. As HHI therapy is a balancing act between effectiveness, adverse events, quality of life, and adherence, numerous successful treatment strategies have evolved, such as dose reduction and dose interruptions with on-off treatment schedules or interruptions with re-challenge after progression. As a small percentage of patients show primary or acquired resistance to HHIs, the inhibition of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) has been approved as a second-line therapy, which may also be accompanied by immune-related toxicities and non-response. Thus, optimization of current treatment schedules, novel agents, and combination strategies are urgently needed for laBCC. Here, we narratively model the treatment sequence for patients with laBCC and summarize the current state of approved treatment regimens and therapeutic strategies to optimize the long-term management of laBCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus V. Heppt
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Christoffer Gebhardt
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica C. Hassel
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mareike Alter
- Department of Dermatology, Johannes Wesling Medical Center, Ruhr University Bochum Campus Minden, 32423 Minden, Germany
| | - Ralf Gutzmer
- Department of Dermatology, Johannes Wesling Medical Center, Ruhr University Bochum Campus Minden, 32423 Minden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Leiter
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Multifaceted investigation underlies diverse mechanisms contributing to the downregulation of Hedgehog pathway-associated genes INTU and IFT88 in lung adenocarcinoma and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:7794-7823. [PMID: 36084949 PMCID: PMC9596204 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling primarily functions in the control of mammalian embryonic development but also has roles in cancer. The Hh activation depends on ciliogenesis, a cellular process that describes outgrowth of the primary cilium from cell membrane. Ciliogenesis initiation requires a set of proteins known as planar cell polarity (PCP) effectors. Inturned (INTU) is a PCP effector that reportedly functions synergistically with Hh signaling in basal cell carcinoma, suggesting that INTU has an oncogenic role. In this study, we carried out a pan-cancer investigation on the prognostic significance of INTU in different types of cancer. We demonstrated that INTU downregulation correlated with reduced survival probabilities in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) patients. Similar expression patterns and prognostic values were identified for intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88), another Hh pathway-associated gene. We elucidated multiple mechanisms at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and translational levels that involved transcription factor 4 and non-coding RNAs-associated regulatory networks contributing to the reduction of INTU and IFT88 levels in LUAD and UCEC samples. Taken together, this study demonstrates the prognostic significance of the Hh-related genes INTU and IFT88 in LUAD and UCEC and further delineates multifaceted mechanisms leading to INTU and IFT88 downregulation in tumor samples.
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Kong Z, Xu M, Zhang Y, Huang W, Zhao X, Luo J, Song BL. The cation-π interaction in cysteine-rich domain of Smoothened is critical for its cholesterylation and function. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:1171-1179. [PMID: 35904215 PMCID: PMC9828284 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is critical for embryonic development and tissue renewal. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-like protein Smoothened (SMO) is the central signal transducer in the Hh pathway. Cholesterol binds and then covalently links to the D95 residue of cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of human SMO. The cholesterylation of CRD is critical for SMO activation. SMO cholesterylation is a Ca 2+-boosted autoreaction that requires the formation of an ester bond between the side chains of D95 and Y130 as an intermediate. It is unknown whether other residues of SMO are involved in the esterification between D95 and cholesterol. In this study, we find that the SMO-CRD(27-192) can undergo cholesterylation. In addition to D95 and Y130, the residues critical for cholesterol modification include Y85, T88, T90, W109, W119, K133, E160 and F166. T88, W109, W119 and F166 also seem to be involved in protein folding. Notably, we find that Y85 and K133 form a cation-π interaction whose disruption abolishes cholesterylation and ciliary localization of SMO. This study highlights the mechanism and function of cholesterol modification of SMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekai Kong
- />Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesTaiKang Center for Life and Medical SciencesTaiKang Medical SchoolWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Min Xu
- />Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesTaiKang Center for Life and Medical SciencesTaiKang Medical SchoolWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- />Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesTaiKang Center for Life and Medical SciencesTaiKang Medical SchoolWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Wenda Huang
- />Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesTaiKang Center for Life and Medical SciencesTaiKang Medical SchoolWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Xiaolu Zhao
- />Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesTaiKang Center for Life and Medical SciencesTaiKang Medical SchoolWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Jie Luo
- />Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesTaiKang Center for Life and Medical SciencesTaiKang Medical SchoolWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- />Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesTaiKang Center for Life and Medical SciencesTaiKang Medical SchoolWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
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Lemos T, Merchant A. The hedgehog pathway in hematopoiesis and hematological malignancy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:960943. [PMID: 36091167 PMCID: PMC9453489 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.960943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) pathway is a promising therapeutic target in hematological malignancies. Activation of the pathway has been tied to greater chances of relapse and poorer outcomes in several hematological malignancies and inhibiting the pathway has improved outcomes in several clinical trials. One inhibitor targeting the pathway via the protein Smoothened (SMO), glasdegib, has been approved by the FDA for use with a low dose cytarabine regiment in some high-risk acute myeloid leukemia patients (AML). If further clinical trials in glasdegib produce positive results, there may soon be more general use of HH inhibitors in the treatment of hematological malignancies.While there is clinical evidence that HH inhibitors may improve outcomes and help prevent relapse, a full understanding of any mechanism of action remains elusive. The bulk of AML cells exhibit primary resistance to SMO inhibition (SMOi), leading some to hypothesize that that clinical activity of SMOi is mediated through modulation of self-renewal and chemoresistance in rare cancer stem cells (CSC). Direct evidence that CSC are being targeted in patients by SMOi has proven difficult to produce, and here we present data to support the alternative hypothesis that suggests the clinical benefit observed with SMOi is being mediated through stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment.This paper's aims are to review the history of the HH pathway in hematopoiesis and hematological malignancy, to highlight the pre-clinical and clinical evidence for its use a therapeutic target, and to explore the evidence for stromal activation of the pathway acting to protect CSCs and enable self-renewal of AML and other diseases. Finally, we highlight gaps in the current data and present hypotheses for new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akil Merchant
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Canonical Hedgehog Pathway and Noncanonical GLI Transcription Factor Activation in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162523. [PMID: 36010600 PMCID: PMC9406872 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the fundamental pathways required for development and regulation of postnatal regeneration in a variety of tissues. The pathway has also been associated with cancers since the identification of a mutation in one of its components, PTCH, as the cause of Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome, which is associated with several cancers. Our understanding of the pathway in tumorigenesis has expanded greatly since that initial discovery over two decades ago. The pathway has tumor-suppressive and oncogenic functions depending on the context of the cancer. Furthermore, noncanonical activation of GLI transcription factors has been reported in a number of tumor types. Here, we review the roles of canonical Hedgehog signaling pathway and noncanonical GLI activation in cancers, particularly epithelial cancers, and discuss an emerging concept of the distinct outcomes that these modes have on cancer initiation and progression.
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Yao Y, Wang Y, Yang F, Wang C, Mao M, Gai Q, He J, Qin Y, Yao X, Lan X, Zhu J, Lu H, Zeng H, Yao X, Bian X, Wang Y. Targeting AKT and CK2 represents a novel therapeutic strategy for SMO constitutive activation-driven medulloblastoma. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1033-1044. [PMID: 35419951 PMCID: PMC9160449 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Sonic hedgehog subtype medulloblastoma is featured with overactivation of hedgehog pathway and can be targeted by SMO-specific inhibitors. However, the resistance is frequently developed leading to treatment failure of SMO inhibitors. W535L mutation of SMO (SMOW535L ) is thought to be an oncogenic driver for Sonic hedgehog subtype MB and confer resistance to SMO inhibitors. The regulation network of SMOW535L remains to be explored in comparison with wild-type SMO (SMOWT ). METHODS In this study, we profiled transcriptomes, methylomes, and interactomes of MB cells expression SMOWT or SMOW535L in the treatment of DMSO or SMO inhibitor, respectively. RESULTS Analysis of transcriptomic data indicated that SMO inhibitor disrupted processes of endocytosis and cilium organization in MB cells with SMOWT , which are necessary for SMO activation. In MB cells with SMOW535L , however, SMO inhibitor did not affect the two processes-related genes, implying resistance of SMOW535L toward SMO inhibitor. Moreover, we noticed that SMO inhibitor significantly inhibited metabolism-related pathways. Our metabolic analysis indicated that nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, beta-alanine metabolism, and synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies might be involved in SMOW535L function maintenance. Interactomic analysis revealed casein kinase II (CK2) as an important SMO-associated protein. Finally, we linked CK2 and AKT together and found combination of inhibitors targeting CK2 and AKT showed synergetic effects to inhibit the growth of MB cells with SMO constitutive activation mutation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our work described SMO-related transcriptomes, metabolomes, and interactomes under different SMO status and treatment conditions, identifying CK2 and AKT as therapeutic targets for SHH-subtype MB cells with SMO inhibitor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue‐Liang Yao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
- Fuzhou Medical College of Nanchang UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yan‐Xia Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Fei‐Cheng Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Chuan Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Min Mao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Qu‐Jing Gai
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Jiang He
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Yan Qin
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Xiao‐Xue Yao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Xi Lan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Hui‐Min Lu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Hui Zeng
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Xiao‐Hong Yao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Xiu‐Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer CenterSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
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Multiple Basal Cell Carcinomas in Immunocompetent Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133211. [PMID: 35804983 PMCID: PMC9264959 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary It is widely known that long-term treatment with immunosuppressive drugs represents a risk factor for the onset of malignancies, including multiple basal cell carcinomas. However, multiple basal carcinomas are ao found in the general population, and even in the absence of specific predisposing genetic mutations. This paper aims, through the retrospective evaluation of all patients diagnosed and surgically treated for basal cell carcinomas during 5 years at our Dermatological Division, to identify the characteristics of these subjects and any possible risk factors, useful for outlining specific surveillance programs. In our experience, multiple carcinomas were identified in over 24% of the subjects analyzed, with several lesions removed, ranging from 2 to 11, confirming the relevance of this phenomenon. Abstract Background: The onset of multiple BCCs is a relatively common condition, not only among patients undergoing chronic treatment with immunosuppressant drugs, but also in the general population, although specific risk factors for immunocompetent patients have not been identified. A putative role of somatic mutations in the hedgehog pathway should be considered. Methods: This study is a retrospective observation of all patients diagnosed and surgically treated for BCCs during 5 years at our Dermatological Division. For these patients, we evaluated clinical and histopathological characteristics and data about possible risk factors for BCC. Results: Five-hundred and six patients affected by multiple BCCs, accounting for the 24.2% of the entire sample, have been identified. In these patients, the total number of BCCs was 1516, ranging from 2 to 11. Subjects affected by multiple BCCs were more frequently males, with an older age at diagnosis; multiple BCCs developed mainly on the trunk and were often represented by a nodular histotype. The multivariate analysis highlighted that male gender, older age, nodular BCC, or face involvement at the first diagnosis are risk factors for the development of multiple BCCs. Conclusions: The frequency of multiple BCCs even among the non-immunocompromised population underlines the need to subject patients to a close surveillance program, to allow early diagnosis and treatment of additional cancers.
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Gaviria Agudelo C, Restrepo LM. Human Skin Cancer: an Overview Of Animal, Ex Vivo, and In Vitro Models. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-022-00361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Kandel N, Wang C. Hedgehog Autoprocessing: From Structural Mechanisms to Drug Discovery. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:900560. [PMID: 35669560 PMCID: PMC9163320 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.900560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays pivotal roles in embryonic development. In adults, Hh signaling is mostly turned off but its abnormal activation is involved in many types of cancer. Hh signaling is initiated by the Hh ligand, generated from the Hh precursor by a specialized autocatalytic process called Hh autoprocessing. The Hh precursor consists of an N-terminal signaling domain (HhN) and a C-terminal autoprocessing domain (HhC). During Hh autoprocessing, the precursor is cleaved between N- and C-terminal domain followed by the covalent ligation of cholesterol to the last residue of HhN, which subsequently leads to the generation of Hh ligand for Hh signaling. Hh autoprocessing is at the origin of canonical Hh signaling and precedes all downstream signaling events. Mutations in the catalytic residues in HhC can lead to congenital defects such as holoprosencephaly (HPE). The aim of this review is to provide an in-depth summary of the progresses and challenges towards an atomic level understanding of the structural mechanisms of Hh autoprocessing. We also discuss drug discovery efforts to inhibit Hh autoprocessing as a new direction in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabin Kandel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Chunyu Wang,
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48
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Song J, Ge Y, Sun X, Guan Q, Gong S, Wei M, Niu J, Zhao L. Noncoding RNAs related to the hedgehog pathway in cancer: clinical implications and future perspectives. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:115. [PMID: 35581586 PMCID: PMC9112456 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a type of malignant affliction threatening human health worldwide; however, the molecular mechanism of cancer pathogenesis remains to be elusive. The oncogenic hedgehog (Hh) pathway is a highly evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway in which the hedgehog-Patched complex is internalized to cellular lysosomes for degradation, resulting in the release of Smoothened inhibition and producing downstream intracellular signals. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) with diversified regulatory functions have the potency of controlling cellular processes. Compelling evidence reveals that Hh pathway, ncRNAs, or their crosstalk play complicated roles in the initiation, metastasis, apoptosis and drug resistance of cancer, allowing ncRNAs related to the Hh pathway to serve as clinical biomarkers for targeted cancer therapy. In this review, we attempt to depict the multiple patterns of ncRNAs in the progression of malignant tumors via interactions with the Hh crucial elements in order to better understand the complex regulatory mechanism, and focus on Hh associated ncRNA therapeutics aimed at boosting their application in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexin Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiutong Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqiang Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Shenyang Kangwei Medical Laboratory Analysis Co. LTD, Shenyang, 110000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jumin Niu
- Department of Gynecology, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, 110011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China. .,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
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Kaatz M, Mohr P, Livingstone E, Weichenthal M, Kreuter A, Pföhler C, Leiter U, Ulrich J, Utikal JS, Gutzmer R, Herbst R, Schadendorf D. Effectiveness, Safety and Utilization of Vismodegib for Locally Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma Under Real-world Conditions: Non-interventional Cohort Study JONAS. Acta Derm Venereol 2022; 102:adv00695. [DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v102.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with advanced basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) may not benefit sufficiently from standard treatment comprising surgery and radiation. Vismodegib, an oral selective hedgehog pathway inhibitor, is approved for treatment of patients with locally advanced BCC inappropriate for surgery or radiotherapy, or for patients with symptomatic metastatic BCC. In order to enhance understanding of the effectiveness, safety and utilization of vismodegib in clinical practice in Germany, a non-interventional study, JONAS, was conducted. A total of 53 patients with locally advanced BCC who initiated treatment with vismodegib between 2016 and 2018 were included in the study, which was embedded in the German ADOReg skin cancer registry. Duration of response, the primary endpoint, was 12.4 months, progression-free survival 32.2 months and overall response rate 77.4%. Most adverse events were mild to moderate. Overall, results confirmed previous findings, demonstrating favourable responses and manageable safety of vismodegib in patients with locally advanced BCC in clinical practice.
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50
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Song X, He H, Zhang Y, Fan J, Wang L. Mechanisms of action of triptolide against colorectal cancer: insights from proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:3084-3104. [PMID: 35366242 PMCID: PMC9037262 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that also possesses anticancer activity, including against colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the most frequent cancers around the world. In order to clarify how triptolide may be effective against CRC, we analyzed the proteome and phosphoproteome of CRC cell line HCT116 after incubation for 48 h with the drug (40 nM) or vehicle. Tandem mass tagging led to the identification of 403 proteins whose levels increased and 559 whose levels decreased in the presence of triptolide. We also identified 3,110 sites in proteins that were phosphorylated at higher levels and 3,161 sites phosphorylated at lower levels in the presence of the drug. Analysis of these differentially expressed and/or phosphorylated proteins showed that they were enriched in pathways involving ribosome biogenesis, PI3K−Akt signaling, MAPK signaling, nucleic acid binding as well as other pathways. Protein–protein interactions were explored using the STRING database, and we identified nine protein modules and 15 hub proteins. Finally, we identified 57 motifs using motif analysis of phosphosites and found 16 motifs were experimentally verified for known protein kinases, while 41 appear to be novel. These findings may help clarify how triptolide works against CRC and may guide the development of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiang Song
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.,College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Huanhuan He
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Jinke Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
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