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Vassileva V, Georgieva M, Todorov D, Mishev K. Small Sized Yet Powerful: Nuclear Distribution C Proteins in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:119. [PMID: 38202427 PMCID: PMC10780334 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The family of Nuclear Distribution C (NudC) proteins plays a pivotal and evolutionarily conserved role in all eukaryotes. In animal systems, these proteins influence vital cellular processes like cell division, protein folding, nuclear migration and positioning, intracellular transport, and stress response. This review synthesizes past and current research on NudC family members, focusing on their growing importance in plants and intricate contributions to plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. Leveraging information from available genomic databases, we conducted a thorough characterization of NudC family members, utilizing phylogenetic analysis and assessing gene structure, motif organization, and conserved protein domains. Our spotlight on two Arabidopsis NudC genes, BOB1 and NMig1, underscores their indispensable roles in embryogenesis and postembryonic development, stress responses, and tolerance mechanisms. Emphasizing the chaperone activity of plant NudC family members, crucial for mitigating stress effects and enhancing plant resilience, we highlight their potential as valuable targets for enhancing crop performance. Moreover, the structural and functional conservation of NudC proteins across species suggests their potential applications in medical research, particularly in functions related to cell division, microtubule regulation, and associated pathways. Finally, we outline future research avenues centering on the exploration of under investigated functions of NudC proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valya Vassileva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.G.); (D.T.)
| | | | | | - Kiril Mishev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.G.); (D.T.)
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2
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Cmentowski V, Ciossani G, d'Amico E, Wohlgemuth S, Owa M, Dynlacht B, Musacchio A. RZZ-Spindly and CENP-E form an integrated platform to recruit dynein to the kinetochore corona. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114838. [PMID: 37984321 PMCID: PMC10711656 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome biorientation on the mitotic spindle is prerequisite to errorless genome inheritance. CENP-E (kinesin-7) and dynein-dynactin (DD), microtubule motors with opposite polarity, promote biorientation from the kinetochore corona, a polymeric structure whose assembly requires MPS1 kinase. The corona's building block consists of ROD, Zwilch, ZW10, and the DD adaptor Spindly (RZZS). How CENP-E and DD are scaffolded and mutually coordinated in the corona remains unclear. Here, we show that when corona assembly is prevented through MPS1 inhibition, CENP-E is absolutely required to retain RZZS at kinetochores. An RZZS phosphomimetic mutant bypasses this requirement, demonstrating the existence of a second receptor for polymeric RZZS. With active MPS1, CENP-E is dispensable for corona expansion, but strictly required for physiological kinetochore accumulation of DD. Thus, we identify the corona as an integrated scaffold where CENP-E kinesin controls DD kinetochore loading for coordinated bidirectional transport of chromosome cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Cmentowski
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Giuseppe Ciossani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Present address:
European Institute of OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Ennio d'Amico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Present address:
Division of Structural StudiesMRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Mikito Owa
- Department of PathologyNew York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Brian Dynlacht
- Department of PathologyNew York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
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3
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Ide AH, DeLuca KF, Wiggan O, Markus SM, DeLuca JG. The role of kinetochore dynein in checkpoint silencing is restricted to disassembly of the corona. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar76. [PMID: 37126397 PMCID: PMC10295480 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-04-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, kinetochore-microtubule attachments are monitored by a molecular surveillance system known as the spindle assembly checkpoint. The prevailing model posits that dynein evicts checkpoint proteins (e.g., Mad1, Mad2) from stably attached kinetochores by transporting them away from kinetochores, thus contributing to checkpoint silencing. However, the mechanism by which dynein performs this function, and its precise role in checkpoint silencing remain unresolved. Here, we find that dynein's role in checkpoint silencing is restricted to evicting checkpoint effectors from the fibrous corona, and not the outer kinetochore. Dynein evicts these molecules from the corona in a manner that does not require stable, end-on microtubule attachments. Thus, by disassembling the corona through indiscriminate microtubule encounters, dynein primes the checkpoint signaling apparatus so it can respond to stable end-on microtubule attachments and permit cells to progress through mitosis. Accordingly, we find that dynein function in checkpoint silencing becomes largely dispensable in cells in which checkpoint effectors are excluded from the corona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H. Ide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Keith F. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - O’Neil Wiggan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Steven M. Markus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Jennifer G. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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4
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Cmentowski V, Ciossani G, d’Amico E, Wohlgemuth S, Owa M, Dynlacht B, Musacchio A. A mechanism that integrates microtubule motors of opposite polarity at the kinetochore corona. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.25.538277. [PMID: 37163019 PMCID: PMC10168246 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.25.538277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome biorientation on the mitotic spindle is prerequisite to errorless genome inheritance. CENP-E (kinesin 7) and Dynein-Dynactin (DD), microtubule motors with opposite polarity, promote biorientation from the kinetochore corona, a polymeric structure whose assembly requires MPS1 kinase. The corona's building block consists of ROD, Zwilch, ZW10, and the DD adaptor Spindly (RZZS). How CENP-E and DD are scaffolded and mutually coordinated in the corona remains unclear. Here, we report near-complete depletion of RZZS and DD from kinetochores after depletion of CENP-E and the outer kinetochore protein KNL1. With inhibited MPS1, CENP-E, which we show binds directly to RZZS, is required to retain kinetochore RZZS. An RZZS phosphomimetic mutant bypasses this requirement. With active MPS1, CENP-E is dispensable for corona expansion, but strictly required for physiological kinetochore accumulation of DD. Thus, we identify the corona as an integrated scaffold where CENP-E kinesin controls DD kinetochore loading for coordinated bidirectional transport of chromosome cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Cmentowski
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Ciossani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ennio d’Amico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mikito Owa
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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5
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Abstract
The microtubule minus-end-directed motility of cytoplasmic dynein 1 (dynein), arguably the most complex and versatile cytoskeletal motor, is harnessed for diverse functions, such as long-range organelle transport in neuronal axons and spindle assembly in dividing cells. The versatility of dynein raises a number of intriguing questions, including how is dynein recruited to its diverse cargo, how is recruitment coupled to activation of the motor, how is motility regulated to meet different requirements for force production and how does dynein coordinate its activity with that of other microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) present on the same cargo. Here, these questions will be discussed in the context of dynein at the kinetochore, the supramolecular protein structure that connects segregating chromosomes to spindle microtubules in dividing cells. As the first kinetochore-localized MAP described, dynein has intrigued cell biologists for more than three decades. The first part of this Review summarizes current knowledge about how kinetochore dynein contributes to efficient and accurate spindle assembly, and the second part describes the underlying molecular mechanisms and highlights emerging commonalities with dynein regulation at other subcellular sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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6
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Lin L, Tijjani I, Guo H, An Q, Cao J, Chen X, Liu W, Wang Z, Norvienyeku J. Cytoplasmic dynein1 intermediate-chain2 regulates cellular trafficking and physiopathological development in Magnaporthe oryzae. iScience 2023; 26:106050. [PMID: 36866040 PMCID: PMC9971887 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein 1, a minus end-directed motor protein, is an essential microtubule-based molecular motor that mediates the movement of molecules to intracellular destinations in eukaryotes. However, the role of dynein in the pathogenesis of Magnaporthe oryzae is unknown. Here, we identified cytoplasmic dynein 1 intermediate-chain 2 genes in M. oryzae and functionally characterized it using genetic manipulations, and biochemical approaches. We observed that targeted the deletion of MoDYNC1I2 caused significant vegetative growth defects, abolished conidiation, and rendered the ΔModync1I2 strains non-pathogenic. Microscopic examinations revealed significant defects in microtubule network organization, nuclear positioning, and endocytosis ΔModync1I2 strains. MoDync1I2 is localized exclusively to microtubules during fungal developmental stages but co-localizes with the histone OsHis1 in plant nuclei upon infection. The exogenous expression of a histone gene, MoHis1, restored the homeostatic phenotypes of ΔModync1I2 strains but not pathogenicity. These findings could facilitate the development of dynein-directed remedies for managing the rice blast disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Lin
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ibrahim Tijjani
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hengyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Qiuli An
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiaying Cao
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China,Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China,Corresponding author
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China,Corresponding author
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7
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Vukušić K, Tolić IM. Polar Chromosomes—Challenges of a Risky Path. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091531. [PMID: 35563837 PMCID: PMC9101661 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of chromosome congression and alignment is at the core of mitotic fidelity. In this review, we discuss distinct spatial routes that the chromosomes take to align during prometaphase, which are characterized by distinct biomolecular requirements. Peripheral polar chromosomes are an intriguing case as their alignment depends on the activity of kinetochore motors, polar ejection forces, and a transition from lateral to end-on attachments to microtubules, all of which can result in the delayed alignment of these chromosomes. Due to their undesirable position close to and often behind the spindle pole, these chromosomes may be particularly prone to the formation of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule interactions, such as merotelic attachments. To prevent such errors, the cell employs intricate mechanisms to preposition the spindle poles with respect to chromosomes, ensure the formation of end-on attachments in restricted spindle regions, repair faulty attachments by error correction mechanisms, and delay segregation by the spindle assembly checkpoint. Despite this protective machinery, there are several ways in which polar chromosomes can fail in alignment, mis-segregate, and lead to aneuploidy. In agreement with this, polar chromosomes are present in certain tumors and may even be involved in the process of tumorigenesis.
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8
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Verma V, Maresca TJ. A celebration of the 25th anniversary of chromatin-mediated spindle assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:rt1. [PMID: 35076260 PMCID: PMC9236140 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-08-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of a bipolar spindle is required for the faithful segregation of chromosomes during cell division. Twenty-five years ago, a transformative insight into how bipolarity is achieved was provided by Rebecca Heald, Eric Karsenti, and colleagues in their landmark publication characterizing a chromatin-mediated spindle assembly pathway in which centrosomes and kinetochores were dispensable. The discovery revealed that bipolar spindle assembly is a self-organizing process where microtubules, which possess an intrinsic polarity, polymerize around chromatin and become sorted by mitotic motors into a bipolar structure. On the 25th anniversary of this seminal paper, we discuss what was known before, what we have learned since, and what may lie ahead in understanding the bipolar spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Verma
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
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9
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Vukušić K, Tolić IM. Anaphase B: Long-standing models meet new concepts. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:127-139. [PMID: 33849764 PMCID: PMC8406420 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic cell divisions ensure stable transmission of genetic information from a mother to daughter cells in a series of generations. To ensure this crucial task is accomplished, the cell forms a bipolar structure called the mitotic spindle that divides sister chromatids to the opposite sides of the dividing mother cell. After successful establishment of stable attachments of microtubules to chromosomes and inspection of connections between them, at the heart of mitosis, the cell starts the process of segregation. This spectacular moment in the life of a cell is termed anaphase, and it involves two distinct processes: depolymerization of microtubules bound to chromosomes, which is also known as anaphase A, and elongation of the spindle or anaphase B. Both processes ensure physical separation of disjointed sister chromatids. In this chapter, we review the mechanisms of anaphase B spindle elongation primarily in mammalian systems, combining different pioneering ideas and concepts with more recent findings that shed new light on the force generation and regulation of biochemical modules operating during spindle elongation. Finally, we present a comprehensive model of spindle elongation that includes structural, biophysical, and molecular aspects of anaphase B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruno Vukušić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Iva M Tolić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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10
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Habu T, Kim J. Dynein intermediate chain 2c (DNCI2c) complex is essential for exiting Mad2-dependent spindle assembly checkpoint. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119120. [PMID: 34400173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Mad2 protein plays a key role in the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) function. The SAC pathway delays mitotic progression into anaphase until all kinetochores attach to the spindle during mitosis. The formation of the Mad2-p31comet complex correlates with the completion of spindle attachment and the entry into anaphase during mitosis. Herein, we showed that dynein intermediate chain 2c (DNCI2c)-a subunit of dynein motor protein-forms an immunocomplex with p31comet during mitosis. DNCI2c-knockdown resulted in prolonged mitotic arrest in a Mad2-dependent manner. Furthermore, DNCI2c-knockdown-induced mitotic arrest was not rescued by p31comet overexpression. However, the combination of p31comet overexpression with the mitotic drug treatment reversed the mitotic arrest in DNCI2c-knockdown. Together, these results indicate that the DNCI2c-p31comet complex plays an important role in exiting Mad2-dependent SAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Habu
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8558, Japan.
| | - Jiyeong Kim
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8558, Japan
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11
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Campbell PC, de Graffenried CL. Alternate histories of cytokinesis: lessons from the trypanosomatids. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 31:2631-2639. [PMID: 33180676 PMCID: PMC7927182 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-12-0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Popular culture has recently produced several “alternate histories” that describe worlds where key historical events had different outcomes. Beyond entertainment, asking “could this have happened a different way?” and “what would the consequences be?” are valuable approaches for exploring molecular mechanisms in many areas of research, including cell biology. Analogous to alternate histories, studying how the evolutionary trajectories of related organisms have been selected to provide a range of outcomes can tell us about the plasticity and potential contained within the genome of the ancestral cell. Among eukaryotes, a group of model organisms has been employed with great success to identify a core, conserved framework of proteins that segregate the duplicated cellular organelles into two daughter cells during cell division, a process known as cytokinesis. However, these organisms provide relatively sparse sampling across the broad evolutionary distances that exist, which has limited our understanding of the true potential of the ancestral eukaryotic toolkit. Recent work on the trypanosomatids, a group of eukaryotic parasites, exemplifies alternate historical routes for cytokinesis that illustrate the range of eukaryotic diversity, especially among unicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Campbell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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12
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Maiato H. Mitosis under the macroscope. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:1-5. [PMID: 34172396 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cell Division Group, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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13
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Ferreira LT, Maiato H. Prometaphase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:52-61. [PMID: 34127384 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of a metaphase plate in which all chromosomes are attached to mitotic spindle microtubules and aligned at the cell equator is required for faithful chromosome segregation in metazoans. The achievement of this configuration relies on the precise coordination between several concurrent mechanisms that start upon nuclear envelope breakdown, mediate chromosome capture at their kinetochores during mitotic spindle assembly and culminate with the congression of all chromosomes to the spindle equator. This period is called 'prometaphase'. Because the nature of chromosome capture by mitotic spindle microtubules is error prone, the cell is provided of error correction mechanisms that sense and correct most erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments before committing to separate sister chromatids in anaphase. In this review, aimed for newcomers in the field, more than providing an exhaustive mechanistic coverage of each and every concurrent mechanism taking place during prometaphase, we provide an integrative overview of these processes that ultimately promote the subsequent faithful segregation of chromosomes during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa T Ferreira
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cell Division Group, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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14
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McIntosh JR. Anaphase A. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:118-126. [PMID: 33781672 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anaphase A is the motion of recently separated chromosomes to the spindle pole they face. It is accompanied by the shortening of kinetochore-attached microtubules. The requisite tubulin depolymerization may occur at kinetochores, at poles, or both, depending on the species and/or the time in mitosis. These depolymerization events are local and suggest that cells regulate microtubule dynamics in specific places, presumably by the localization of relevant enzymes and microtubule-associated proteins to specific loci, such as pericentriolar material and outer kinetochores. Motor enzymes can contribute to anaphase A, both by altering microtubule stability and by pushing or pulling microtubules through the cell. The generation of force on chromosomes requires couplings that can both withstand the considerable force that spindles can generate and simultaneously permit tubulin addition and loss. This chapter reviews literature on the molecules that regulate anaphase microtubule dynamics, couple dynamic microtubules to kinetochores and poles, and generate forces for microtubule and chromosome motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard McIntosh
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA.
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15
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Zhu X, Lazow MA, Schafer A, Bartlett A, Senthil Kumar S, Mishra DK, Dexheimer P, DeWire M, Fuller C, Leach JL, Fouladi M, Drissi R. A pilot radiogenomic study of DIPG reveals distinct subgroups with unique clinical trajectories and therapeutic targets. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:14. [PMID: 33431066 PMCID: PMC7798248 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An adequate understanding of the relationships between radiographic and genomic features in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is essential, especially in the absence of universal biopsy, to further characterize the molecular heterogeneity of this disease and determine which patients are most likely to respond to biologically-driven therapies. Here, a radiogenomics analytic approach was applied to a cohort of 28 patients with DIPG. Tumor size and imaging characteristics from all available serial MRIs were evaluated by a neuro-radiologist, and patients were divided into three radiographic response groups (partial response [PR], stable disease [SD], progressive disease [PD]) based on MRI within 2 months of radiotherapy (RT) completion. Whole genome and RNA sequencing were performed on autopsy tumor specimens. We report several key, therapeutically-relevant findings: (1) Certain radiologic features on first and subsequent post-RT MRIs are associated with worse overall survival, including PD following irradiation as well as present, new, and/or increasing peripheral ring enhancement, necrosis, and diffusion restriction. (2) Upregulation of EMT-related genes and distant tumor spread at autopsy are observed in a subset of DIPG patients who exhibit poorer radiographic response to irradiation and/or higher likelihood of harboring H3F3A mutations, suggesting possible benefit of upfront craniospinal irradiation. (3) Additional genetic aberrations were identified, including DYNC1LI1 mutations in a subgroup of patients with PR on post-RT MRI; further investigation into potential roles in DIPG tumorigenesis and/or treatment sensitivity is necessary. (4) Whereas most DIPG tumors have an immunologically “cold” microenvironment, there appears to be a subset which harbor a more inflammatory genomic profile and/or higher mutational burden, with a trend toward improved overall survival and more favorable radiographic response to irradiation, in whom immunotherapy should be considered. This study has begun elucidating relationships between post-RT radiographic response with DIPG molecular profiles, revealing radiogenomically distinct subgroups with unique clinical trajectories and therapeutic targets.
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16
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Lopes D, Maiato H. The Tubulin Code in Mitosis and Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112356. [PMID: 33114575 PMCID: PMC7692294 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The “tubulin code” combines different α/β-tubulin isotypes with several post-translational modifications (PTMs) to generate microtubule diversity in cells. During cell division, specific microtubule populations in the mitotic spindle are differentially modified, but only recently, the functional significance of the tubulin code, with particular emphasis on the role specified by tubulin PTMs, started to be elucidated. This is the case of α-tubulin detyrosination, which was shown to guide chromosomes during congression to the metaphase plate and allow the discrimination of mitotic errors, whose correction is required to prevent chromosomal instability—a hallmark of human cancers implicated in tumor evolution and metastasis. Although alterations in the expression of certain tubulin isotypes and associated PTMs have been reported in human cancers, it remains unclear whether and how the tubulin code has any functional implications for cancer cell properties. Here, we review the role of the tubulin code in chromosome segregation during mitosis and how it impacts cancer cell properties. In this context, we discuss the existence of an emerging “cancer tubulin code” and the respective implications for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Lopes
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Cell Division Group, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-22-040-8800
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17
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Dutta R, Sarkar SR. Role of Dynein and Dynactin (DCTN-1) in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.33805/2641-8991.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology and concept of degeneration in central nervous system is very complex and overwhelming at times. There is a complex mechanism which exists among different molecules in the cytoplasm of cell bodies of neurons, antegrade and retrograde axonal transport of cargoes and accumulation of certain substances and proteins which can influence the excitatory neurotransmitter like glutamate initiating the process of neurodegeneration. Neurons have extensive processes and communication between those processes and the cell body is crucial to neuronal function, viability and survival over time with progression of age. Researchers believe neurons are uniquely dependent on microtubule-based cargo transport. There is enough evidence to support that deficits in retrograde axonal transport contribute to pathogenesis in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Cytoplasmic dynein and its regulation by Dynactin (DCTN1) is the major molecular motor cargo involved in autophagy, mitosis and neuronal cell survival. Mutation in dynactin gene located in 2p13.1,is indeed studied very extensively and is considered to be involved directly or indirectly to various conditions like Perry syndrome, familial and sporadic Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Hereditary spastic paraplegia, Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA-5), Huntingtons disease, Alzheimers disease, Charcot marie tooth disease, Hereditary motor neuropathy 7B, prion disease, parkinsons disease, malformation of cortical development, polymicrogyria to name a few with exception of Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
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18
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Vukušić K, Buđa R, Tolić IM. Force-generating mechanisms of anaphase in human cells. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/18/jcs231985. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
What forces drive chromosome segregation remains one of the most challenging questions in cell division. Even though the duration of anaphase is short, it is of utmost importance for genome fidelity that no mistakes are made. Seminal studies in model organisms have revealed different mechanisms operating during chromosome segregation in anaphase, but the translation of these mechanisms to human cells is not straightforward. Recent work has shown that kinetochore fiber depolymerization during anaphase A is largely motor independent, whereas spindle elongation during anaphase B is coupled to sliding of interpolar microtubules in human cells. In this Review, we discuss the current knowledge on the mechanisms of force generation by kinetochore, interpolar and astral microtubules. By combining results from numerous studies, we propose a comprehensive picture of the role of individual force-producing and -regulating proteins. Finally, by linking key concepts of anaphase to most recent data, we summarize the contribution of all proposed mechanisms to chromosome segregation and argue that sliding of interpolar microtubules and depolymerization at the kinetochore are the main drivers of chromosome segregation during early anaphase in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruno Vukušić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Buđa
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva M. Tolić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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19
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Foster PJ, Fürthauer S, Shelley MJ, Needleman DJ. From cytoskeletal assemblies to living materials. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 56:109-114. [PMID: 30500745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many subcellular structures contain large numbers of cytoskeletal filaments. Such assemblies underlie much of cell division, motility, signaling, metabolism, and growth. Thus, understanding cell biology requires understanding the properties of networks of cytoskeletal filaments. While there are well established disciplines in biology dedicated to studying isolated proteins - their structure (Structural Biology) and behaviors (Biochemistry) - it is much less clear how to investigate, or even just describe, the structure and behaviors of collections of cytoskeletal filaments. One approach is to use methodologies from Mechanics and Soft Condensed Matter Physics, which have been phenomenally successful in the domains where they have been traditionally applied. From this perspective, collections of cytoskeletal filaments are viewed as materials, albeit very complex, 'active' materials, composed of molecules which use chemical energy to perform mechanical work. A major challenge is to relate these material level properties to the behaviors of the molecular constituents. Here we discuss this materials perspective and review recent work bridging molecular and network scale properties of the cytoskeleton, focusing on the organization of microtubules by dynein as an illustrative example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Foster
- Physics of Livings Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sebastian Fürthauer
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Michael J Shelley
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA; Courant Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Daniel J Needleman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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20
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Wynne CL, Vallee RB. Cdk1 phosphorylation of the dynein adapter Nde1 controls cargo binding from G2 to anaphase. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3019-3029. [PMID: 29930206 PMCID: PMC6122996 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201707081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nde1 plays a role in recruitment of cytoplasmic dynein to cargo. This study finds that Cdk1 phosphorylation of Nde1 enhances its recruitment by CENP-F. This interaction controls Nde1 and, in turn, dynein levels at the G2 nuclear envelope and mitotic kinetochores from prophase through anaphase. Cytoplasmic dynein is involved in diverse cell cycle–dependent functions regulated by several accessory factors, including Nde1 and Ndel1. Little is known about the role of these proteins in dynein cargo binding, and less is known about their cell cycle–dependent dynein regulation. Using Nde1 RNAi, mutant cDNAs, and a phosphorylation site–specific antibody, we found a specific association of phospho-Nde1 with the late G2-M nuclear envelope and prophase to anaphase kinetochores, comparable to the pattern for the Nde1 interactor CENP-F. Phosphomutant-Nde1 associated only with prometaphase kinetochores and showed weaker CENP-F binding in in vitro assays. Nde1 RNAi caused severe delays in mitotic progression, which were substantially rescued by both phosphomimetic and phosphomutant Nde1. Expression of a dynein-binding–deficient Nde1 mutant reduced kinetochore dynein by half, indicating a major role for Nde1 in kinetochore dynein recruitment. These results establish CENP-F as the first well-characterized Nde1 cargo protein, and reveal phosphorylation control of Nde1 cargo binding throughout a substantial fraction of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin L Wynne
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
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21
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McIntosh JR. Assessing the Contributions of Motor Enzymes and Microtubule Dynamics to Mitotic Chromosome Motions. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 33:1-22. [PMID: 28992437 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During my graduate work with Keith Porter, I became fascinated by the mitotic spindle, an interest that has motivated much of my scientific work ever since. I began spindle studies by using electron microscopes, instruments that have made significant contributions to our understanding of spindle organization. Such instruments have helped to elucidate the distributions of spindle microtubules, the interactions among them, their molecular polarity, and their associations with both kinetochores and spindle poles. Our lab has also investigated some processes of spindle physiology: microtubule dynamics, the actions of microtubule-associated proteins (including motor enzymes), the character of forces generated by specific spindle components, and factors that control mitotic progression. Here, I give a personal perspective on some of this intellectual history and on what recent discoveries imply about the mechanisms of chromosome motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard McIntosh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0347;
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22
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23
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Dynarrestin, a Novel Inhibitor of Cytoplasmic Dynein. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:357-369.e6. [PMID: 29396292 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant hedgehog (Hh) signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple cancers. Available inhibitors target Smoothened (Smo), which can acquire mutations causing drug resistance. Thus, compounds that inhibit Hh signaling downstream of Smo are urgently needed. We identified dynarrestin, a novel inhibitor of cytoplasmic dyneins 1 and 2. Dynarrestin acts reversibly to inhibit cytoplasmic dynein 1-dependent microtubule binding and motility in vitro without affecting ATP hydrolysis. It rapidly and reversibly inhibits endosome movement in living cells and perturbs mitosis by inducing spindle misorientation and pseudoprometaphase delay. Dynarrestin reversibly inhibits cytoplasmic dynein 2-dependent intraflagellar transport (IFT) of the cargo IFT88 and flux of Smo within cilia without interfering with ciliogenesis and suppresses Hh-dependent proliferation of neuronal precursors and tumor cells. As such, dynarrestin is a valuable tool for probing cytoplasmic dynein-dependent cellular processes and a promising compound for medicinal chemistry programs aimed at development of anti-cancer drugs.
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24
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Simões PA, Celestino R, Carvalho AX, Gassmann R. NudE regulates dynein at kinetochores but is dispensable for other dynein functions in the C. elegans early embryo. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.212159. [PMID: 29192061 PMCID: PMC5818066 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.212159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In mitosis, the molecular motor dynein is recruited to kinetochores by the Rod-Zw10-Zwilch complex (RZZ) and Spindly to control spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) signaling and microtubule attachment. How the ubiquitous dynein co-factors Lis1 and NudE contribute to these functions remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the C. elegans NudE homolog NUD-2 is dispensable for dynein- and LIS-1-dependent mitotic spindle assembly in the zygote. This facilitates functional characterization of kinetochore-localized NUD-2, which is recruited by the CENP-F-like proteins HCP-1 and HCP-2 independently of RZZ-Spindly and dynein-LIS-1. Kinetochore dynein levels are reduced in Δnud-2 embryos, and, as occurs upon RZZ inhibition, loss of NUD-2 delays the formation of load-bearing kinetochore-microtubule attachments and causes chromatin bridges in anaphase. Survival of Δnud-2 embryos requires a functional SAC, and kinetochores without NUD-2 recruit an excess of SAC proteins. Consistent with this, SAC signaling in early Δnud-2 embryos extends mitotic duration and prevents high rates of chromosome mis-segregation. Our results reveal that both NUD-2 and RZZ-Spindly are essential for dynein function at kinetochores, and that the gain in SAC strength during early embryonic development is relevant under conditions that mildly perturb mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia A Simões
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Celestino
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana X Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal .,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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25
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Martini S, Soliman T, Gobbi G, Mirandola P, Carubbi C, Masselli E, Pozzi G, Parker PJ, Vitale M. PKCε Controls Mitotic Progression by Regulating Centrosome Migration and Mitotic Spindle Assembly. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:3-15. [PMID: 29021232 PMCID: PMC5755688 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To form a proper mitotic spindle, centrosomes must be duplicated and driven poleward in a timely and controlled fashion. Improper timing of centrosome separation and errors in mitotic spindle assembly may lead to chromosome instability, a hallmark of cancer. Protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) has recently emerged as a regulator of several cell-cycle processes associated with the resolution of mitotic catenation during the metaphase-anaphase transition and in regulating the abscission checkpoint. However, an engagement of PKCε in earlier (pre)mitotic events has not been addressed. Here, we now establish that PKCε controls prophase-to-metaphase progression by coordinating centrosome migration and mitotic spindle assembly in transformed cells. This control is exerted through cytoplasmic dynein function. Importantly, it is also demonstrated that the PKCε dependency of mitotic spindle organization is correlated with the nonfunctionality of the TOPO2A-dependent G2 checkpoint, a characteristic of many transformed cells. Thus, PKCε appears to become specifically engaged in a programme of controls that are required to support cell-cycle progression in transformed cells, advocating for PKCε as a potential cancer therapeutic target.Implications: The close relationship between PKCε dependency for mitotic spindle organization and the nonfunctionality of the TOPO2A-dependent G2 checkpoint, a hallmark of transformed cells, strongly suggests PKCε as a therapeutic target in cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 16(1); 3-15. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya Soliman
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuliana Gobbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Prisco Mirandola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cecilia Carubbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Masselli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Pozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- King's College London, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
- CoreLab, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
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26
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Mechanisms of Chromosome Congression during Mitosis. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6010013. [PMID: 28218637 PMCID: PMC5372006 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome congression during prometaphase culminates with the establishment of a metaphase plate, a hallmark of mitosis in metazoans. Classical views resulting from more than 100 years of research on this topic have attempted to explain chromosome congression based on the balance between opposing pulling and/or pushing forces that reach an equilibrium near the spindle equator. However, in mammalian cells, chromosome bi-orientation and force balance at kinetochores are not required for chromosome congression, whereas the mechanisms of chromosome congression are not necessarily involved in the maintenance of chromosome alignment after congression. Thus, chromosome congression and maintenance of alignment are determined by different principles. Moreover, it is now clear that not all chromosomes use the same mechanism for congressing to the spindle equator. Those chromosomes that are favorably positioned between both poles when the nuclear envelope breaks down use the so-called "direct congression" pathway in which chromosomes align after bi-orientation and the establishment of end-on kinetochore-microtubule attachments. This favors the balanced action of kinetochore pulling forces and polar ejection forces along chromosome arms that drive chromosome oscillatory movements during and after congression. The other pathway, which we call "peripheral congression", is independent of end-on kinetochore microtubule-attachments and relies on the dominant and coordinated action of the kinetochore motors Dynein and Centromere Protein E (CENP-E) that mediate the lateral transport of peripheral chromosomes along microtubules, first towards the poles and subsequently towards the equator. How the opposite polarities of kinetochore motors are regulated in space and time to drive congression of peripheral chromosomes only now starts to be understood. This appears to be regulated by position-dependent phosphorylation of both Dynein and CENP-E and by spindle microtubule diversity by means of tubulin post-translational modifications. This so-called "tubulin code" might work as a navigation system that selectively guides kinetochore motors with opposite polarities along specific spindle microtubule populations, ultimately leading to the congression of peripheral chromosomes. We propose an integrated model of chromosome congression in mammalian cells that depends essentially on the following parameters: (1) chromosome position relative to the spindle poles after nuclear envelope breakdown; (2) establishment of stable end-on kinetochore-microtubule attachments and bi-orientation; (3) coordination between kinetochore- and arm-associated motors; and (4) spatial signatures associated with post-translational modifications of specific spindle microtubule populations. The physiological consequences of abnormal chromosome congression, as well as the therapeutic potential of inhibiting chromosome congression are also discussed.
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27
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Asbury CL. Anaphase A: Disassembling Microtubules Move Chromosomes toward Spindle Poles. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:E15. [PMID: 28218660 PMCID: PMC5372008 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The separation of sister chromatids during anaphase is the culmination of mitosis and one of the most strikingly beautiful examples of cellular movement. It consists of two distinct processes: Anaphase A, the movement of chromosomes toward spindle poles via shortening of the connecting fibers, and anaphase B, separation of the two poles from one another via spindle elongation. I focus here on anaphase A chromosome-to-pole movement. The chapter begins by summarizing classical observations of chromosome movements, which support the current understanding of anaphase mechanisms. Live cell fluorescence microscopy studies showed that poleward chromosome movement is associated with disassembly of the kinetochore-attached microtubule fibers that link chromosomes to poles. Microtubule-marking techniques established that kinetochore-fiber disassembly often occurs through loss of tubulin subunits from the kinetochore-attached plus ends. In addition, kinetochore-fiber disassembly in many cells occurs partly through 'flux', where the microtubules flow continuously toward the poles and tubulin subunits are lost from minus ends. Molecular mechanistic models for how load-bearing attachments are maintained to disassembling microtubule ends, and how the forces are generated to drive these disassembly-coupled movements, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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28
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Grishchuk EL. Biophysics of Microtubule End Coupling at the Kinetochore. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 56:397-428. [PMID: 28840247 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main physiological function of mitotic kinetochores is to provide durable attachment to spindle microtubules, which segregate chromosomes in order to partition them equally between the two daughter cells. Numerous kinetochore components that can bind directly to microtubules have been identified, including ATP-dependent motors and various microtubule-associated proteins with no motor activity. A major challenge facing the field is to explain chromosome motions based on the biochemical and structural properties of these individual kinetochore components and their assemblies. This chapter reviews the molecular mechanisms responsible for the motions associated with dynamic microtubule tips at the single-molecule level, as well as the activities of multimolecular ensembles called couplers. These couplers enable persistent kinetochore motion even under load, but their exact composition and structure remain unknown. Because no natural or artificial macro-machines function in an analogous manner to these molecular nano-devices, understanding their underlying biophysical mechanisms will require conceptual advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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29
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McIntosh JR, Hays T. A Brief History of Research on Mitotic Mechanisms. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:E55. [PMID: 28009830 PMCID: PMC5192435 DOI: 10.3390/biology5040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes in summary form some of the most important research on chromosome segregation, from the discovery and naming of mitosis in the nineteenth century until around 1990. It gives both historical and scientific background for the nine chapters that follow, each of which provides an up-to-date review of a specific aspect of mitotic mechanism. Here, we trace the fruits of each new technology that allowed a deeper understanding of mitosis and its underlying mechanisms. We describe how light microscopy, including phase, polarization, and fluorescence optics, provided descriptive information about mitotic events and also enabled important experimentation on mitotic functions, such as the dynamics of spindle fibers and the forces generated for chromosome movement. We describe studies by electron microscopy, including quantitative work with serial section reconstructions. We review early results from spindle biochemistry and genetics, coupled to molecular biology, as these methods allowed scholars to identify key molecular components of mitotic mechanisms. We also review hypotheses about mitotic mechanisms whose testing led to a deeper understanding of this fundamental biological event. Our goal is to provide modern scientists with an appreciation of the work that has laid the foundations for their current work and interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard McIntosh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Thomas Hays
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Medical School and College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55455, USA.
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30
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Sharif SR, Islam A, Moon IS. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine Kinase Interacts with Dynein-Lis1-NudE1 Complex and Regulates Cell Division. Mol Cells 2016; 39:669-79. [PMID: 27646688 PMCID: PMC5050531 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine kinase (GlcNAc kinase or NAGK) primarily catalyzes phosphoryl transfer to GlcNAc during amino sugar metabolism. Recently, it was shown NAGK interacts with dynein light chain roadblock type 1 (DYNLRB1) and upregulates axo-dendritic growth, which is an enzyme activity-independent, non-canonical structural role. The authors examined the distributions of NAGK and NAGK-dynein complexes during the cell cycle in HEK293T cells. NAGK was expressed throughout different stages of cell division and immunocytochemistry (ICC) showed NAGK was localized at nuclear envelope, spindle microtubules (MTs), and kinetochores (KTs). A proximity ligation assay (PLA) for NAGK and DYNLRB1 revealed NAGK-dynein complex on nuclear envelopes in prophase cells and on chromosomes in metaphase cells. NAGK-DYNLRB1 PLA followed by Lis1/NudE1 immunostaining showed NAGK-dynein complexes were colocalized with Lis1 and NudE1 signals, and PLA for NAGK-Lis1 showed similar signal patterns, suggesting a functional link between NAGK and dynein-Lis1 complex. Subsequently, NAGK-dynein complexes were found in KTs and on nuclear membranes where KTs were marked with CENP-B ICC and nuclear membrane with lamin ICC. Furthermore, knockdown of NAGK by small hairpin (sh) RNA was found to delay cell division. These results indicate that the NAGK-dynein interaction with the involvements of Lis1 and NudE1 plays an important role in prophase nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) and metaphase MT-KT attachment during eukaryotic cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Ridita Sharif
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk Medical Institute, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066,
Korea
| | - Ariful Islam
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk Medical Institute, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066,
Korea
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk Medical Institute, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066,
Korea
- Section of Neuroscience, Dongguk Medical Institute, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066,
Korea
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Dynein Regulators Are Important for Ecotropic Murine Leukemia Virus Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:6896-6905. [PMID: 27194765 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00863-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED During the early steps of infection, retroviruses must direct the movement of the viral genome into the nucleus to complete their replication cycle. This process is mediated by cellular proteins that interact first with the reverse transcription complex and later with the preintegration complex (PIC), allowing it to reach and enter the nucleus. For simple retroviruses, such as murine leukemia virus (MLV), the identities of the cellular proteins involved in trafficking of the PIC in infection are unknown. To identify cellular proteins that interact with the MLV PIC, we developed a replication-competent MLV in which the integrase protein was tagged with a FLAG epitope. Using a combination of immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we established that the microtubule motor dynein regulator DCTN2/p50/dynamitin interacts with the MLV preintegration complex early in infection, suggesting a direct interaction between the incoming viral particles and the dynein complex regulators. Further experiments showed that RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of either DCTN2/p50/dynamitin or another dynein regulator, NudEL, profoundly reduced the efficiency of infection by ecotropic, but not amphotropic, MLV reporters. We propose that the cytoplasmic dynein regulators are a critical component of the host machinery needed for infection by the retroviruses entering the cell via the ecotropic envelope pathway. IMPORTANCE Retroviruses must access the chromatin of host cells to integrate the viral DNA, but before this crucial event, they must reach the nucleus. The movement through the cytoplasm-a crowded environment where diffusion is slow-is thought to utilize retrograde transport along the microtubule network by the dynein complex. Different viruses use different components of this multisubunit complex. We found that the preintegration complex of murine leukemia virus (MLV) interacts with the dynein complex and that regulators of this complex are essential for infection. Our study provides the first insight into the requirements for retrograde transport of the MLV preintegration complex.
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Maiato H. Miguel Mota (1922-2016)-the kinetochore engine(er). Chromosome Res 2016; 24:281-3. [PMID: 27106904 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-016-9523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Lab., IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Silva PMA, Tavares ÁA, Bousbaa H. Co-silencing of human Bub3 and dynein highlights an antagonistic relationship in regulating kinetochore-microtubule attachments. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3588-94. [PMID: 26526612 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the spindle assembly checkpoint protein Bub3 is involved in regulating kinetochore-microtubule (KT-MT) attachments. Also, Bub3 was reported to interact with the microtubule motor protein dynein. Here we examined how this interaction contributes to KT-MT attachments. Depletion of Bub3 or dynein induced misaligned chromosomes, consistent with their role in KT-MT attachments. Unexpectedly, co-silencing of both proteins partially suppressed the misalignment phenotype and restored chromosome congression. Consistent with these observations, KT-MT attachments in co-depleted cells were stable, able to drive chromosome congression, and produce inter- and intra-kinetochore stretch, indicating they are functional. We suggest that a mutual antagonism exists between Bub3 and dynein to ensure optimal KT-MT attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M A Silva
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Álvaro A Tavares
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Departamento Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Hassan Bousbaa
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
A metaphase spindle is a complex structure consisting of microtubules and a myriad of different proteins that modulate microtubule dynamics together with chromatin and kinetochores. A decade ago, a full description of spindle formation and function seemed a lofty goal. Here, we describe how work in the last 10 years combining cataloging of spindle components, the characterization of their biochemical activities using single-molecule techniques, and theory have advanced our knowledge. Taken together, these advances suggest that a full understanding of spindle assembly and function may soon be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Reber
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany Integrative Research Institute (IRI) for the Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Ferreira JG, Pereira AL, Maiato H. Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins and their roles in cell division. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 309:59-140. [PMID: 24529722 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800255-1.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are cellular components that are required for a variety of essential processes such as cell motility, mitosis, and intracellular transport. This is possible because of the inherent dynamic properties of microtubules. Many of these properties are tightly regulated by a number of microtubule plus-end-binding proteins or +TIPs. These proteins recognize the distal end of microtubules and are thus in the right context to control microtubule dynamics. In this review, we address how microtubule dynamics are regulated by different +TIP families, focusing on how functionally diverse +TIPs spatially and temporally regulate microtubule dynamics during animal cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G Ferreira
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Cell Division Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana L Pereira
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Cell Division Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
A critical requirement for mitosis is the distribution of genetic material to the two daughter cells. The central player in this process is the macromolecular kinetochore structure, which binds to both chromosomal DNA and spindle microtubule polymers to direct chromosome alignment and segregation. This review will discuss the key kinetochore activities required for mitotic chromosome segregation, including the recognition of a specific site on each chromosome, kinetochore assembly and the formation of kinetochore-microtubule connections, the generation of force to drive chromosome segregation, and the regulation of kinetochore function to ensure that chromosome segregation occurs with high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute and Department of Biology, MIT Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
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Sutradhar S, Paul R. Tug-of-war between opposing molecular motors explains chromosomal oscillation during mitosis. J Theor Biol 2013; 344:56-69. [PMID: 24333041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomes move towards and away from the centrosomes during the mitosis. This oscillation is observed when the kinetochore, a specific protein structure on the chromosome is captured by centrosome-nucleated polymer called microtubules. We present a computational model, incorporating activities of various molecular motors and microtubule dynamics, to demonstrate the observed oscillation. The model is robust and is not restricted to any particular cell type. Quantifying the average velocity, amplitude and periodicity of the chromosomal oscillation, we compare numerical results with the available experimental data. Our analysis supports a tug-of-war like mechanism between opposing motors that changes the course of chromosomal oscillation. It turns out that, various modes of oscillation can be fully understood by assembling the dynamics of molecular motors. Near the stall regime, when opposing motors are engaged in a tug-of-war, sufficiently large kinetochore-microtubule generated force may prolong the stall durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sutradhar
- Department of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - R Paul
- Department of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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38
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Makani V, Hall J, Qamar K, Jain P, Jang Y, Hensley K, Park JJ. Tianeptine interferes with microtubule organization and hormone secretion of pheochromocytoma cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:175-87. [PMID: 23933152 PMCID: PMC3796025 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma originates from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla and sympathetic paraganglia. 36-53% of pheochromocytoma becomes malignant and, thereafter, resistant to conventional treatments. Pheochromocytoma also causes hyper-secretion of catecholamines that cause severe hypertension. We found that an antidepressant, tianeptine, interfered with normal life cycle of pheochromocytoma cells at its clinical doses. Treatment with tianeptine caused microtubule bundling and specific degradation of cytoplasmic dynein, a retrograde microtubule motor that mediates various microtubule-dependent processes during interphase and mitosis, in the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Tianeptine also increased the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins, slowed cell cycle progression, and increased apoptosis in PC12 cells. Importantly, tianeptine treatment decreased high K(+)-stimulated secretion of norepinephrine and chromogranin A in PC12 cells and of epinephrine in the mouse pheochromocytoma MPC cells. Our study demonstrates, for the first time, that tianeptine interferes with normal life cycle of pheochromocytoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishruti Makani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - James Hall
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Khola Qamar
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Priyanka Jain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Yonggil Jang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Kenneth Hensley
- Department of Pathology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Joshua J. Park
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio 43614
- To whom correspondence should be addressed., Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio 43614, , Phone: (419) 383-4085, Fax: (419) 383-3008
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Rao L, Romes EM, Nicholas MP, Brenner S, Tripathy A, Gennerich A, Slep KC. The yeast dynein Dyn2-Pac11 complex is a dynein dimerization/processivity factor: structural and single-molecule characterization. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:2362-77. [PMID: 23761070 PMCID: PMC3727929 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-03-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the role of accessory chains in dynein single-molecule motility shows that the dynein light chain (LC) and intermediate chain (IC) promote motor dimerization, increase velocity, and potentiate processivity. The crystal structure of the yeast LC–IC complex is determined, and the interaction is biochemically characterized. Cytoplasmic dynein is the major microtubule minus end–directed motor. Although studies have probed the mechanism of the C-terminal motor domain, if and how dynein's N-terminal tail and the accessory chains it binds regulate motor activity remain to be determined. Here, we investigate the structure and function of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae dynein light (Dyn2) and intermediate (Pac11) chains in dynein heavy chain (Dyn1) movement. We present the crystal structure of a Dyn2-Pac11 complex, showing Dyn2-mediated Pac11 dimerization. To determine the molecular effects of Dyn2 and Pac11 on Dyn1 function, we generated dyn2Δ and dyn2Δpac11Δ strains and analyzed Dyn1 single-molecule motor activity. We find that the Dyn2-Pac11 complex promotes Dyn1 homodimerization and potentiates processivity. The absence of Dyn2 and Pac11 yields motors with decreased velocity, dramatically reduced processivity, increased monomerization, aggregation, and immobility as determined by single-molecule measurements. Deleting dyn2 significantly reduces Pac11-Dyn1 complex formation, yielding Dyn1 motors with activity similar to Dyn1 from the dyn2Δpac11Δ strain. Of interest, motor phenotypes resulting from Dyn2-Pac11 complex depletion bear similarity to a point mutation in the mammalian dynein N-terminal tail (Loa), highlighting this region as a conserved, regulatory motor element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Rao
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
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40
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Raaijmakers JA, Tanenbaum ME, Medema RH. Systematic dissection of dynein regulators in mitosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:201-15. [PMID: 23589491 PMCID: PMC3628524 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201208098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is a large minus end-directed motor complex with multiple functions during cell division. The dynein complex interacts with various adaptor proteins, including the dynactin complex, thought to be critical for most dynein functions. Specific activities have been linked to several subunits and adaptors, but the function of the majority of components has remained elusive. Here, we systematically address the function of each dynein-dynactin subunit and adaptor protein in mitosis. We identify the essential components that are required for all mitotic functions of dynein. Moreover, we find specific dynein recruitment factors, and adaptors, like Nde1/L1, required for activation, but largely dispensable for dynein localization. Most surprisingly, our data show that dynactin is not required for dynein-dependent spindle organization, but acts as a dynein recruitment factor. These results provide a comprehensive overview of the role of dynein subunits and adaptors in mitosis and reveal that dynein forms distinct complexes requiring specific recruiters and activators to promote orderly progression through mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonne A Raaijmakers
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
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41
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Ng PY, Cheng TS, Zhao H, Ye S, Sm Ang E, Khor EC, Feng HT, Xu J, Zheng MH, Pavlos NJ. Disruption of the dynein-dynactin complex unveils motor-specific functions in osteoclast formation and bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:119-34. [PMID: 22887640 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclastic bone resorption requires strict interplay between acidified carrier vesicles, motor proteins, and the underlying cytoskeleton in order to sustain the specialized structural and functional polarization of the ruffled border. Cytoplasmic dynein, a large processive mechanochemical motor comprising heavy, intermediate, and light chains coupled to the dynactin cofactor complex, powers unilateral motility of diverse cargos to microtubule minus-ends. We have recently shown that regulators of the dynein motor complex constitute critical components of the osteoclastic bone resorptive machinery. Here, by selectively modulating endogenous dynein activity, we show that the integrity of the dynein-dynactin motor complex is an essential requirement for both osteoclast formation and function. Systematic dissection of the osteoclast dynein-dynactin complex revealed that it is differentially localized throughout RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and activation, undergoing microtubule-coupled reorganization upon the establishment of cellular polarization. In osteoclasts actively resorbing bone, dynein-dynactin intimately co-localizes with the CAP-Gly domain-containing microtubule plus-end protein CLIP-170 at the resorptive front, thus orientating the ruffled border as a microtubule plus-end domain. Unexpectedly, disruption of the dynein-dynactin complex by exogenous p50/dynamitin expression retards osteoclast formation in vitro, owing largely to prolonged mitotic stasis of osteoclast progenitor cells. More importantly, loss of osteoclastic dynein activity results in a drastic redistribution of key intracellular organelles, including the Golgi and lysosomes, an effect that coincides with impaired cathepsin K secretion and diminished bone resorptive function. Collectively, these data unveil a previously unrecognized role for the dynein-dynactin motor complex in osteoclast formation and function, serving not only to regulate their timely maturation but also the delivery of osteolytic cargo that is essential to the bone resorptive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ying Ng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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42
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Tamura N, Draviam VM. Microtubule plus-ends within a mitotic cell are 'moving platforms' with anchoring, signalling and force-coupling roles. Open Biol 2012; 2:120132. [PMID: 23226599 PMCID: PMC3513837 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule polymer grows and shrinks predominantly from one of its ends called the 'plus-end'. Plus-end regulation during interphase is well understood. However, mitotic regulation of plus-ends is only beginning to be understood in mammalian cells. During mitosis, the plus-ends are tethered to specialized microtubule capture sites. At these sites, plus-end-binding proteins are loaded and unloaded in a regulated fashion. Proper tethering of plus-ends to specialized sites is important so that the microtubule is able to translate its growth and shrinkage into pushing and pulling forces that move bulky subcellular structures. We discuss recent advances on how mitotic plus-ends are tethered to distinct subcellular sites and how plus-end-bound proteins can modulate the forces that move subcellular structures. Using end binding 1 (EB1) as a prototype plus-end-binding protein, we highlight the complex network of plus-end-binding proteins and their regulation through phosphorylation. Finally, we develop a speculative 'moving platform' model that illustrates the plus-end's role in distinguishing correct versus incorrect microtubule interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viji M. Draviam
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
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Dunsch AK, Hammond D, Lloyd J, Schermelleh L, Gruneberg U, Barr FA. Dynein light chain 1 and a spindle-associated adaptor promote dynein asymmetry and spindle orientation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 198:1039-54. [PMID: 22965910 PMCID: PMC3444778 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201202112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric cortical localization of dynein during spindle orientation requires dynein light chain 1 and a spindle-microtubule–associated adaptor formed by CHIA and HMMR. The cytoplasmic dynein motor generates pulling forces to center and orient the mitotic spindle within the cell. During this positioning process, dynein oscillates from one pole of the cell cortex to the other but only accumulates at the pole farthest from the spindle. Here, we show that dynein light chain 1 (DYNLL1) is required for this asymmetric cortical localization of dynein and has a specific function defining spindle orientation. DYNLL1 interacted with a spindle-microtubule–associated adaptor formed by CHICA and HMMR via TQT motifs in CHICA. In cells depleted of CHICA or HMMR, the mitotic spindle failed to orient correctly in relation to the growth surface. Furthermore, CHICA TQT motif mutants localized to the mitotic spindle but failed to recruit DYNLL1 to spindle microtubules and did not correct the spindle orientation or dynein localization defects. These findings support a model where DYNLL1 and CHICA-HMMR form part of the regulatory system feeding back spindle position to dynein at the cell cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja K Dunsch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, England, UK
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44
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Paramanik V, Thakur MK. Estrogen receptor β and its domains interact with casein kinase 2, phosphokinase C, and N-myristoylation sites of mitochondrial and nuclear proteins in mouse brain. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22305-16. [PMID: 22566700 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.351262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The localization of estrogen receptor (ER)β in mitochondria suggests ERβ-dependent regulation of genes, which is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the ERβ interacting mitochondrial as well as nuclear proteins in mouse brain using pull-down assay and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectroscopy (MALDI-MS). In the case of mitochondria, ERβ interacted with six proteins of 35-152 kDa, its transactivation domain (TAD) interacted with four proteins of 37-172 kDa, and ligand binding domain (LBD) interacted with six proteins of 37-161 kDa. On the other hand, in nuclei, ERβ interacted with seven proteins of 30-203 kDa, TAD with ten proteins of 31-160 kDa, and LBD with fourteen proteins of 42-179 kDa. For further identification, these proteins were cleaved by trypsin into peptides and analyzed by MALDI-MS using mascot search engine, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and far-Western blotting. To find the consensus binding motifs in interacting proteins, their unique tryptic peptides were analyzed by the motif scan software. All the interacting proteins were found to contain casein kinase (CK) 2, phosphokinase (PK)C phosphorylation, and N-myristoylation sites. These were further confirmed by peptide pull-down assays using specific mutations in the interacting sites. Thus, the present findings provide evidence for the interaction of ERβ with specific mitochondrial and nuclear proteins through consensus CK2, PKC phosphorylation, and N-myristoylation sites, and may represent an essential step toward designing selective ER modulators for regulating estrogen-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Paramanik
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, India
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45
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Kaplan A, Reiner O. Linking cytoplasmic dynein and transport of Rab8 vesicles to the midbody during cytokinesis by the doublecortin domain-containing 5 protein. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3989-4000. [PMID: 22159412 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.085407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Completion of mitosis requires microtubule-dependent transport of membranes to the midbody. Here, we identified a role in cytokinesis for doublecortin domain-containing protein 5 (DCDC5), a member of the doublecortin protein superfamily. DCDC5 is a microtubule-associated protein expressed in both specific and dynamic fashions during mitosis. We show that DCDC5 interacts with cytoplasmic dynein and Rab8 (also known as Ras-related protein Rab-8A), as well as with the Rab8 nucleotide exchange factor Rabin8 (also known as Rab-3A-interacting protein). Following DCDC5 knockdown, the durations of the metaphase to anaphase transition and cytokinesis, and the proportion of multinucleated cells increases, whereas cell viability decreases. Furthermore, knockdown of DCDC5 or addition of a dynein inhibitor impairs the entry of Golgi-complex-derived Rab8-positive vesicles to the midbody. These findings suggest that DCDC5 plays an important role in mediating dynein-dependent transport of Rab8-positive vesicles and in coordinating late cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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46
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Abstract
The mechanisms that move chromatids poleward during anaphase A have fascinated researchers for decades. There is now growing evidence that this movement is tightly linked to the active depolymerization of both ends of kinetochore-associated microtubules, a mechanism we refer to as "Pacman-Flux." Contemporary data suggest that this is catalyzed by the integration of multiple enzymatic activities including (1) microtubule-end depolymerases housed at the pole or kinetochore, (2) microtubule-severing enzymes used to uncap the ends of kinetochore-associated microtubules, and (3) molecular motors which drive tubulins towards the pole or into kinetochores.
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Huang X, Wang HL, Qi ST, Wang ZB, Tong JS, Zhang QH, Ouyang YC, Hou Y, Schatten H, Qi ZQ, Sun QY. DYNLT3 is required for chromosome alignment during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. Reprod Sci 2011; 18:983-9. [PMID: 21693773 DOI: 10.1177/1933719111401664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dynein light chain, Tctex-type 3 (DYNLT3), is a member of the cytoplasmic dynein DYNLT light chain family and has been reported to have a potential role in chromosome congression in human mitosis. However, its role in mammalian meiosis is unclear. In this study, we examined its localization, expression, and functions in mouse oocyte meiosis. Immunofluorescent staining showed that DYNLT3 was restricted to the germinal vesicle and associated with kinetochores at the germinal vesicle breakdown stage, metaphase I and metaphase II. The expression level of DYNLT3 was similar at all meiotic stages. Depletion of DYNLT3 by antibody injection resulted in chromosome misalignment and decrease of the polar body extrusion rate. We further found that DYNLT3-depleted oocytes displayed kinetochore-microtubule detachments. Chromosome-spread experiments showed that depletion of DYNLT3 inhibited the metaphase-anaphase transition by preventing homologous chromosome segregation in meiosis I. Our data suggest that DYNLT3 is required for chromosome alignment and homologous chromosome segregation during mouse oocyte meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
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Godin JD, Humbert S. Mitotic spindle: focus on the function of huntingtin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:852-6. [PMID: 21439401 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic spindle assembly and orientation are tightly regulated to allow the appropriate segregation of genetic material and cell fate determinants during symmetric and asymmetric divisions. Microtubules and many proteins including the dynein/dynactin complex and the large nuclear mitotic apparatus NuMA protein, are fundamental players in these mechanisms. A recent study reported that huntingtin regulates spindle orientation by ensuring the proper localization of the p150(Glued) subunit of dynactin, dynein and NuMA. This function of huntingtin is conserved in Drosophila. Among other events, spindle orientation influences the fate of daughter cells. In agreement with this, huntingtin changes the direction of division of mouse cortical progenitors and promotes neurogenesis in the neocortex. We will also discuss the involvement of mitotic spindle components in neuronal disorders.
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Eschbach J, Dupuis L. Cytoplasmic dynein in neurodegeneration. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:348-63. [PMID: 21420428 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein 1 (later referred to as dynein) is the major molecular motor moving cargoes such as mitochondria, organelles and proteins towards the minus end of microtubules. Dynein is involved in multiple basic cellular functions, such as mitosis, autophagy and structure of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, but also in neuron specific functions in particular retrograde axonal transport. Dynein is regulated by a number of protein complexes, notably by dynactin. Several studies have supported indirectly the involvement of dynein in neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and motor neuron diseases. First, axonal transport disruption represents a common feature occurring in neurodegenerative diseases. Second, a number of dynein-dependent processes, including autophagy or clearance of aggregation-prone proteins, are found defective in most of these diseases. Third, a number of mutant genes in various neurodegenerative diseases are involved in the regulation of dynein transport. This includes notably mutations in the P150Glued subunit of dynactin that are found in Perry syndrome and motor neuron diseases. Interestingly, gene products that are mutant in Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease or spino-cerebellar ataxia are also involved in the regulation of dynein motor activity or of cargo binding. Despite a constellation of indirect evidence, direct links between the motor itself and neurodegeneration are few, and this might be due to the requirement of fully active dynein for development. Here, we critically review the evidence of dynein involvement in different neurodegenerative diseases and discuss potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Eschbach
- Inserm U692, Laboratoire de Signalisations Moléculaires et Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, F-67085, France
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Uppalapati M, Huang YM, Aravamuthan V, Jackson TN, Hancock WO. "Artificial mitotic spindle" generated by dielectrophoresis and protein micropatterning supports bidirectional transport of kinesin-coated beads. Integr Biol (Camb) 2010; 3:57-64. [PMID: 21031221 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00065e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic spindle is a dynamic assembly of microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins that controls the directed movement of chromosomes during cell division. Because proper segregation of the duplicated genome requires that each daughter cell receives precisely one copy of each chromosome, numerous overlapping mechanisms have evolved to ensure that every chromosome is transported to the cell equator during metaphase. However, due to the inherent redundancy in this system, cellular studies using gene knockdowns or small molecule inhibitors have an inherent limit in defining the sufficiency of precise molecular mechanisms as well as quantifying aspects of their mechanical performance. Thus, there exists a need for novel experimental approaches that reconstitute important aspects of the mitotic spindle in vitro. Here, we show that by microfabricating Cr electrodes on quartz substrates and micropatterning proteins on the electrode surfaces, AC electric fields can be used to assemble opposed bundles of aligned and uniformly oriented microtubules as found in the mitotic spindle. By immobilizing microtubule ends on each electrode, analogous to anchoring at centrosomes, solutions of motor or microtubule binding proteins can be introduced and their resulting dynamics analyzed. Using this "artificial mitotic spindle" we show that beads functionalized with plus-end kinesin motors move in an oscillatory manner analogous to the movements of chromosomes and severed chromosome arms during metaphase. Hence, features of directional instability, an established characteristic of metaphase chromosome dynamics, can be reconstituted in vitro using a pair of uniformly oriented microtubule bundles and a plus-end kinesin functionalized bead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruti Uppalapati
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA
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