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Butt HJ. Measuring electrostatic, van der Waals, and hydration forces in electrolyte solutions with an atomic force microscope. Biophys J 2010; 60:1438-44. [PMID: 19431815 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(91)82180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In atomic force microscopy, the tip experiences electrostatic, van der Waals, and hydration forces when imaging in electrolyte solution above a charged surface. To study the electrostatic interaction force vs distance, curves were recorded at different salt concentrations and pH values. This was done with tips bearing surface charges of different sign and magnitude (silicon nitride, Al(2)O(3), glass, and diamond) on negatively charged surfaces (mica and glass). In addition to the van der Waals attraction, neutral and negatively charged tips experienced a repulsive force. This repulsive force depended on the salt concentration. It decayed exponentially with distance having a decay length similar to the Debye length. Typical forces were about 0.1 nN strong. With positively charged tips, purely attractive forces were observed. Comparing these results with calculations showed the electrostatic origin of this force.In the presence of high concentrations (> 3 M) of divalent cations, where the electrostatic force can be completely ignored, another repulsive force was observed with silicon nitride tips on mica. This force decayed roughly exponentially with a decay length of 3 nm and was approximately 0.07-nN strong. This repulsion is attributed to the hydration force.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Butt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Kennedyallee 70, 6000 Frankfurt a. M. 70, Germany
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2
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Terech P. Fibers and wires in organogels from low-mass compounds: Typical structural and rheological properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19981021124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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3
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Terech P, Friol S. Rheometry of an androstanol steroid derivative paramagnetic organogel. Methodology for a comparison with a fatty acid organogel. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Fischer D, Geyer A. NMR spectroscopic characterization of the membrane affinity of polyols. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2005; 43:893-901. [PMID: 16142831 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) are applied here for the analysis of weak, transient binding events between phosphatidylcholine bilayers and polyols. Large signal responses are observed even for low percentages of 'ligand-receptor complexes', making RDCs a sensitive tool for the analysis of molecular recognition events. The different degree of alignment in solution can be compared as a result of the calculation of the alignment tensor elements. By varying polarity and/or charge of the molecules under investigation, nonspecific hydrophobic effects can be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fischer
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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Comment on ‘gelation mechanism of agarose and κ-carrageenan solutions estimated in terms of concentration fluctuation’ [Polym 2002;43:5299]. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Trivedi DR, Ballabh A, Dastidar P. Facile preparation and structure–property correlation of low molecular mass organic gelators derived from simple organic salts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b504969e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Kumar DK, Jose DA, Dastidar P, Das A. Nonpolymeric hydrogelator derived from N-(4-pyridyl)isonicotinamide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:10413-10418. [PMID: 15544367 DOI: 10.1021/la049097j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of pyridyl amides derived from isonicotinic acid, nicotinic acid, and benzoic acid have been synthesized. Only N-(4-pyridyl)isonicotinamide 1 is found to be an efficient hydrogelator with a minimum gelator concentration of 0.37 wt %. A wide range of concentrations (0.37-20 wt %) could be used to form hydrogels. The other amides, namely, N-(3-pyridyl)isonicotinamide 2, N-(2-pyridyl)isonicotinamide 3, N-(phenyl)isonicotinamide 4, N-(4-pyridyl)nicotinamide 5, N-(3-pyridyl)nicotinamide 6, and N-(4-pyridyl)benzamide 7, did not show any gelation properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, variable temperature 1H NMR, single-crystal diffraction and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and scanning electron microscopy have been used to characterize the gel. Single-crystal diffraction and XRPD studies indicate that the morph responsible for gel formation is different from that in its bulk solid and xerogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Krishna Kumar
- Analytical Science Discipline, Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar-364 002, Gujarat, India
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Trivedi DR, Ballabh A, Dastidar P, Ganguly B. Structure-Property Correlation of a New Family of Organogelators Based on Organic Salts and Their Selective Gelation of Oil from Oil/Water Mixtures. Chemistry 2004; 10:5311-22. [PMID: 15378683 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organic salts based on dicyclohexylamine and substituted/unsubstituted cinnamic acid exhibit efficient gelation of organic fluids, including selective gelation of oil from an oil/water mixture. Among the cinnamate salts, dicyclohexylammonium 4-chlorocinnamate (1), 3-chlorocinnamate (2), 4-bromocinnamate (3), 3-bromocinnamate (4), 4-methylcinnamate (5) and the parent cinnamate (6) are gelators, whereas 2-chlorocinnamate (7), 2-bromocinnamate (8), 3-methylcinnamate (9), 2-methylcinnamate (10) and hydrocinnamate (11) are non-gelators. Non-gelation behaviour of 11 and various benzoate derivatives 12-18 indicate the significance of an unsaturated backbone in the gelation behaviour of the cinnamate salts. A structure-property correlation based on the single-crystal structures of most of the gelators (1, 3, 5 and 6) and non-gelators, such as 7, 8, 10-18, indicates that the prerequisite for the one-dimensional (1D) growth of the gel fibrils is mainly governed by the 1D hydrogen-bonded network involving the ion pair. All the non-gelators show either two- (2D) or zero-dimensional (0D) hydrogen-bonded assemblies involving the ion pair. The molecular packing of the fibres in the xerogels of 1, 3, 5 and 6 has also been established on the basis of their simulated powder diffraction patterns, XRPD of bulk solids and xerogels. Ab initio quantum chemical calculations suggests that pi-pi interactions is not a contributing factor in the gelation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshak R Trivedi
- Analytical Science Discipline, Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar - 364 002, Gujarat, India
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Bulone D, Giacomazza D, Martorana V, Newman J, San Biagio PL. Ordering of agarose near the macroscopic gelation point. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2004; 69:041401. [PMID: 15169013 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.69.041401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gel formation and spatial structure is an important area of study in polymer physics and in macromolecular and cellular biophysics. Agarose has a sufficiently complex gelation mechanism to make it an interesting prototype for many other gelling systems, including those involved in amyloid fibrillogenesis. Static (over a scattering vector range of 0.1-30 microm(-1)) and dynamic light scattering and rheology methods were used to follow the gelation kinetics of agarose at 0.5% in water or in the presence of 25 mM NaCl and quenched to temperatures of 20-43 degrees C. Light scattering results on gelling samples are fully described by a fractal aggregate model with four physically meaningful parameters. In all cases aggregates, with fractal dimensions at or near 3, form more rapidly and are smaller in characteristic size at lower quench temperatures. A region three to four times larger than the aggregate becomes depleted of agarose as the gelation proceeds. Below about 30 degrees C the aggregation process freezes spatial ordering rapidly, resulting in fragile macroscopic gels as determined by rheology. Salt effects are seen to be minimal and not important in the fundamental aggregation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Bulone
- CNR Institute of Biophysics, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, I-90146 Palermo, Italy
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10
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Ding Y, Erlebacher J. Nanoporous metals with controlled multimodal pore size distribution. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:7772-3. [PMID: 12822974 DOI: 10.1021/ja035318g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple two-step dealloying strategy is described to make free-standing metal membranes with hierarchical porous architecture. This structure has a bimodal pore size distribution composed of large porosity channels and small porosity channel walls, where each pore size can be tailored independently of the others. A new gas-phase electroless plating technique was also developed here that could be used to uniformly fill porous structures with pore size as small as 10 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Vacik J, Naramoto H, Narumi K, Yamamoto S, Miyashita K. Pattern formation induced by co-deposition of Ni and C60 on MgO(100). J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1368656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Hato M, Minamikawa H, Tamada K, Baba T, Tanabe Y. Self-assembly of synthetic glycolipid/water systems. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 1999; 80:233-70. [PMID: 10696261 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-8686(98)00085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipids (amphiphiles that bear oligosaccharides as their hydrophilic headgroups) are of importance both scientifically and technically. This review describes recent advances in our understanding of the molecular correlations in phase behavior in aqueous glycolipids over the past several years. In the first part, we discuss how headgroup stereochemistry affects the phase behavior of glycolipids both in two- and three-dimensional systems. In the second part, we discuss the effects of alkyl chain structure and phase behavior of phytanyl-chained glycolipid/water systems. The physical properties of glycolipid/water systems depend strongly on the inter-headgroup interactions that are related to such factors as stereochemistry (conformation) and size of headgroups, type of sugar residues involved, alkyl chain structure, etc. Thus, apart from the conventional concept like 'hydrophilic/lipophilic balance', explicit accounts of headgroup interactions are crucial to control the particular glycolipid/water system concerned. This is in marked contrast to the conventional amphiphile/water systems where the inter-headgroup interactions are in most cases simply repulsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hato
- Department of Polymer Physics, National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research, Ibaraki, Japan.
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15
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Bulone D, Emanuele A, San Biagio PL. Effects of solvent perturbation on gelation driven by spinodal demixing. Biophys Chem 1999; 77:1-8. [PMID: 17027467 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(99)00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/1998] [Accepted: 09/12/1998] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We study effects of solvent perturbation on kinetic competition between spinodal demixing and gelation in agarose solutions at a concentration of 5 g/l. Two different cosolutes (tert-butyl alcohol and trimethyl amine N-oxide) known for altering in opposite way solvent-mediated interactions are chosen. By rheometry, static and dynamic light scattering experiments, we show that the cosolute presence shifts the boundary of the instability region of solution leaving unaffected temperature and polymer concentration values required for percolation. Results suggest that an appropriate choice of quenching temperature and solvent allows controlling the gelation time and the gel structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bulone
- CNR-Istituto per le Applicazioni Interdisciplinari della Fisica, Via U. La Malfa, 153-I90146 Palermo, Italy
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16
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Roberts JM, Sierzputowska-Gracz H, Stejskal EO, Osteryoung JG. Determination of Li+ Self-Diffusion Coefficients in an Aqueous Suspension of Sulfonated Polystyrene Latex by Pulsed-Field-Gradient, Spin-Echo NMR. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp981476w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Roberts
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | | | - E. O. Stejskal
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Janet G. Osteryoung
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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17
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Roberts JM, O'De JJ, Osteryoung JG. Methods for Determining the Intrinsic and Effective Charges on Spherical Macroions. Anal Chem 1998; 70:3667-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac971364l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - John J. O'De
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Janet G. Osteryoung
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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18
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Terech P, Weiss RG. Low Molecular Mass Gelators of Organic Liquids and the Properties of Their Gels. Chem Rev 1997; 97:3133-3160. [PMID: 11851487 DOI: 10.1021/cr9700282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2201] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Terech
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 585, Département de Recherche Fondamentale sur la Matière Condensée, C.E.A.-Grenoble, 17, Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cédex 09, France, and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1227
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19
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Berman AD, Cameron SD, Israelachvili JN. Mobility of Surfactants in and between Adsorbed Monolayers. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp970238i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Berman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Exxon Research and Engineering, Route 22 E, Clinton Township, Annandale, New Jersey 08801
| | - S. D. Cameron
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Exxon Research and Engineering, Route 22 E, Clinton Township, Annandale, New Jersey 08801
| | - J. N. Israelachvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Exxon Research and Engineering, Route 22 E, Clinton Township, Annandale, New Jersey 08801
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Bohle AM, Holyst R, Vilgis T. Polydispersity and ordered phases in solutions of rodlike macromolecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 76:1396-1399. [PMID: 10061710 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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21
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Uchegbu IF, Florence AT. Non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes): Physical and pharmaceutical chemistry. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-8686(95)00242-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
A wide variety of two- and three-dimensional physical-chemical systems display domain patterns in equilibrium. The phenomenology of these patterns, and of the shapes of their constituent domains, is reviewed here from a point of view that interprets these patterns as a manifestation of modulated phases. These phases are stabilized by competing interactions and are characterized by periodic spatial variations of the pertinent order parameter, the corresponding modulation period generally displaying a dependence on temperature and other external fields. This simple picture provides a unifying framework to account for striking and substantial similarities revealed in the prevalent "stripe" and "bubble" morphologies as well as in commonly observed, characteristic domain-shape instabilities. Several areas of particular current interest are discussed.
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Kao CYJ, Glatzmaier GA, Malone RC. On testing the significance of atmospheric response to smoke from the Kuwaiti oil fires using the Los Alamos general circulation model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Chapter 3 Aerosol-Climate Interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-6142(08)60212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Gulik-Krzywicki T, Fouquey C, Lehn J. Electron microscopic study of supramolecular liquid crystalline polymers formed by molecular-recognition-directed self-assembly from complementary chiral components. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:163-7. [PMID: 11607345 PMCID: PMC45620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.1.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron microscopic observation provides insight into the nature of the polymeric supramolecular liquid crystalline species (TP2, TU2)n formed by polyassociation of the complementary components TP2 and TU2 derived from D-, L-, or meso-tartaric acid (where T is any form of tartaric acid, D is the D species, and L is the L species) and from pyridine (P) and uracil (U) derivatives. Increasing the concentration of equimolecular solutions of (LP2 + LU2) mixtures leads to the progressive assembly of very long supramolecular-polymolecular entities. The process involves successively nucleation to give small nuclei, growth to filaments, and lateral association to tree-like species, strings, and fibers. The species formed are helical; their helicity is right-handed, induced by the chirality of the components and transferred to the larger entities. The data agree with the formulation of the primary filament as a triple-helical species formed by three helically wound supramolecular strands. (DP2 + DU2) mixtures yield left-handed helical species. The helicity of the materials obtained from complementary components having different chirality is imposed by the U component, being, respectively, right- and left-handed for (DP2 + LU2) and (LP2 + DU2). No helicity is found for the meso compounds. The racemic mixture of all four L and D components yields long superhelices of opposite handedness that coexist in the same sample. This points to the occurrence of spontaneous racemate resolution by chiral selection of the components in the self-assembly of these supramolecular liquid crystalline species. The present results illustrate how extended supramolecular-polymolecular entities build up through molecular-recognition-directed polyassociation of complementary components. They also show that molecular chirality is translated into supramolecular helicity that is expressed at the level of the material on nanometric and micrometric scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gulik-Krzywicki
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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OKADA KIKUO, IKEGAMI MIWAKO, UCHINO OSAMU, NIKAIDOU YOSHINOBU, ZAIZEN YUJI, TSUTSUMI YUKITOMO, MAKINO YUKIO. Kuwaiti soot over Japan. Nature 1992. [DOI: 10.1038/355120b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Luke WT, Kok GL, Schillawski RD, Zimmerman PR, Greenberg JP, Kadavanich M. Trace gas measurements in the Kuwait oil fire smoke plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Lowenthal DH, Borys RD, Chow JC, Rogers F, Shaw GE. Evidence for long-range transport of aerosol from the Kuwaiti oil fires to Hawaii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Heno Y, Regnaut C. Hard sphere colloidal suspension of macroparticles in a multicomponent solvent. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.461201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Chowdhury D, Stauffer D. Amphiphilic membranes in thin films of a complex fluid: Statics and dynamics in lattice models. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.461340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Johnson DW, Kilsby CG, McKenna DS, Saunders RW, Jenkins GJ, Smith FB, Foot JS. Airborne observations of the physical and chemical characteristics of the Kuwait oil smoke plume. Nature 1991. [DOI: 10.1038/353617a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Limaye SS, Suomi VE, Velden C, Tripoli G. Satellite Observations of Smoke from Oil Fires in Kuwait. Science 1991; 252:1536-9. [PMID: 17834879 DOI: 10.1126/science.252.5012.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Extensive dark smoke clouds associated with burning oil wells in Kuwait have been seen in data from weather satellites since early February 1991. The smoke is dispersed over a wide area. Variable and strong low level winds have held most of the smoke plume below 3 to 5 kilometers within a few hundred kilometers of the source. Thin veils of smoke have been detected in METEOSAT data as far away as 2000 kilometers east of Kuwait, over southwestern Pakistan at heights between 6 and 7 kilometers. The occasional presence of convective clouds over the fires indicates that some scavenging of the smoke is taking place.
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Westphal DL, Toon OB. Simulations of microphysical, radiative, and dynamical processes in a continental-scale forest fire smoke plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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