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Zan J, Maher B, Yamazaki T, Fang X, Han W, Kang J, Hu Z. Mid-Pleistocene links between Asian dust, Tibetan glaciers, and Pacific iron fertilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304773120. [PMID: 37279267 PMCID: PMC10268273 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304773120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing Asian dust fluxes, associated with late Cenozoic cooling and intensified glaciations, are conventionally thought to drive iron fertilization of phytoplankton productivity in the North Pacific, contributing to ocean carbon storage and drawdown of atmospheric CO2. During the early Pleistocene glaciations, however, productivity remained low despite higher Asian dust fluxes, only displaying glacial stage increases after the mid-Pleistocene climate transition (~800 ka B.P.). We solve this paradox by analyzing an Asian dust sequence, spanning the last 3.6 My, from the Tarim Basin, identifying a major switch in the iron composition of the dust at ~800 ka, associated with expansion of Tibetan glaciers and enhanced production of freshly ground rock minerals. This compositional shift in the Asian dust was recorded synchronously in the downwind, deep sea sediments of the central North Pacific. The switch from desert dust, containing stable, highly oxidized iron, to glacial dust, richer in reactive reduced iron, coincided with increased populations of silica-producing phytoplankton in the equatorial North Pacific and increased primary productivity in more northerly locations, such as the South China Sea. We calculate that potentially bioavailable Fe2+ flux to the North Pacific was more than doubled after the switch to glacially- sourced dust. These findings indicate a positive feedback between Tibetan glaciations, glaciogenic production of dust with enhanced iron bioavailability, and changes in North Pacific iron fertilization. Notably, this strengthened link between climate and eolian dust coincided with the mid-Pleistocene transition to increased storage of C in the glacial North Pacific and more intense northern hemisphere glaciations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Zan
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System and Resources Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing1000449China
| | - Barbara A. Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster,LancasterLA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Toshitsugu Yamazaki
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa277-8564, Japan
| | - Xiaomin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System and Resources Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing1000449China
| | - Wenxia Han
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Linyi University,276000Linyi, China
| | - Jian Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System and Resources Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing1000449China
| | - Zhe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System and Resources Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing1000449China
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2
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Geng H, Zhang J, Xie R, Dai S, Pan B. The constancy of chemical weathering intensity on hillslopes in the arid to semiarid Qilian Mountains, NE Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161946. [PMID: 36739039 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the relationship between the chemical weathering and denudation rates of active orogenic belts over a range of climates is the key to addressing the controversy over the uplift-weathering hypothesis. However, studies have focused on warm and humid environments and have not examined cold and arid environments. Here, we present a new dataset of the chemical depletion fraction (CDF: ratio of the chemical weathering rate to the total denudation rate) across the arid to semiarid Qilian Mountains on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, where the uplift-weathering hypothesis has been proposed. We selected 60 points from 12 catchments in the middle Qilian Mountains. At each point, we collected three samples (soil, saprolite, and bedrock samples) and calculated the CDF values based on their Zr concentrations. We found no clear correlation between the CDF and climatic factors (temperature, precipitation, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)), topographic factors (slope and local relief), and denudation rate. The calculated chemical weathering rates, nevertheless, are positively correlated with precipitation, NDVI, and denudation rate, and negatively correlated with temperature. This result indicates that the Qilian Mountains are under supply-limited conditions, even at high denudation rates (>800 t km-2 y-1). We speculate that low temperatures (<0 °C) could intensify near-surface chemical weathering by promoting the physical breakdown of the bedrock and increasing soil water availability. This mechanism causes a compensation effect maintaining the supply-limited conditions in landscapes with high denudation rates. Combing a worldwide dataset regarding the correlations between CDF and climatic factors and denudation rates, we argue that intensified denudation since the late Cenozoic contributed to global cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Geng
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Shiyang River Basin Scientific Observing Station of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Rong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Songbo Dai
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Baotian Pan
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Shiyang River Basin Scientific Observing Station of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
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3
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Song Z, Wan S, Colin C, France-Lanord C, Yu Z, Dapoigny A, Jin H, Li M, Zhang J, Zhao D, Shi X, Li A. Enhanced weathering input from South Asia to the Indian Ocean since the late Eocene. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:305-313. [PMID: 36690576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced silicate weathering induced by the uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau (HTP) has been considered as the major cause of pCO2 decline and Cenozoic cooling. However, this hypothesis remains to be validated, largely due to the lack of a reliable reconstruction of the HTP weathering flux. Here, we present a 37-million-year record of the difference in the seawater radiogenic neodymium isotopic composition (ΔεNd) of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sites and Fe-Mn crusts between the northern and central Indian Ocean, which indicates the contribution of regional weathering input from the South Asian continent to the Indian Ocean. The results show a long-term increase in ΔεNd and thus provide the first critical evidence of enhanced South Asian weathering input since the late Eocene. The evolution coincided well with major pulses of surface uplift in the HTP and global climatic transitions. Our foraminiferal εNd record suggests that tectonic uplift and silicate weathering in South Asia, especially in the Himalayas, might have played a significant role in the late Cenozoic cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géosciences Paris-Saclay (GEOPS), Orsay 91405, France
| | - Shiming Wan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Christophe Colin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géosciences Paris-Saclay (GEOPS), Orsay 91405, France.
| | - Christian France-Lanord
- Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy 54501, France
| | - Zhaojie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Arnaud Dapoigny
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Hualong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Debo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xuefa Shi
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Anchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Kumar P, Aishwarya, Srivastava PK, Pandey MK, Anand A, Biswas JK, Drews M, Dobriyal M, Singh RK, De la Sen M, Singh SS, Pandey AK, Kumar M, Rani M. Nitrogen dioxide as proxy indicator of air pollution from fossil fuel burning in New Delhi during lockdown phases of COVID-19 pandemic period: impact on weather as revealed by Sentinel-5 precursor (5p) spectrometer sensor. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2023:1-12. [PMID: 36785714 PMCID: PMC9907871 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-02977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There has been a long-lasting impact of the lockdown imposed due to COVID-19 on several fronts. One such front is climate which has seen several implications. The consequences of climate change owing to this lockdown need to be explored taking into consideration various climatic indicators. Further impact on a local and global level would help the policymakers in drafting effective rules for handling challenges of climate change. For in-depth understanding, a temporal study is being conducted in a phased manner in the New Delhi region taking NO2 concentration and utilizing statistical methods to elaborate the quality of air during the lockdown and compared with a pre-lockdown period. In situ mean values of the NO2 concentration were taken for four different dates, viz. 4th February, 4th March, 4th April, and 25th April 2020. These concentrations were then compared with the Sentinel (5p) data across 36 locations in New Delhi which are found to be promising. The results indicated that the air quality has been improved maximum in Eastern Delhi and the NO2 concentrations were reduced by one-fourth than the pre-lockdown period, and thus, reduced activities due to lockdown have had a significant impact. The result also indicates the preciseness of Sentinel (5p) for NO2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, 284003 India
| | - Aishwarya
- College of Agriculture, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, 284003 India
| | - Prashant Kumar Srivastava
- Remote Sensing Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| | - Manish Kumar Pandey
- Remote Sensing Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
- Centre for Quantitative Economics and Data Science, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand Ranchi, India
| | - Akash Anand
- Remote Sensing Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies, International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani West Bengal, Kalyani, India
| | - Martin Drews
- Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Manmohan Dobriyal
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, 284003 India
| | - Ram Kumar Singh
- Department of Natural Resources, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, 110070 India
| | - Manuel De la Sen
- Department of Electricity and Electronics, Institute of Research and Development of Processes IIDP, University of the Basque Country, Campus of Leioa, PO Box 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Sati Shankar Singh
- Extension Education, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, 284003 India
| | - Ajai Kumar Pandey
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, 284003 India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- GIS Centre, Forest Research Institute (FRI), PO: New Forest, Dehradun, 248006 India
| | - Meenu Rani
- Department of Geography, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand India
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Cai F, Cao C, Qi H, Su X, Lei G, Liu J, Zhao S, Liu G, Zhu K. Rapid migration of mainland China's coastal erosion vulnerability due to anthropogenic changes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115632. [PMID: 35868186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the global rise in sea levels caused by climate change and frequent extreme weather processes, high-density population aggregation and human development activities to enhance coastal areas vulnerability, populations, resources, and the ecological environment are facing huge pressure. Natural coastlines are being destroyed, and increasingly serious problems, such as coastal erosion and ecological fragility, have become disasters in coastal zones. The coastal vulnerability changed by climatic variables has created a major concern at regional, national and global scales. By comparing the data of two periods in the past 40 years, coastline vulnerability of coastal erosion in mainland China were evaluated by use of reverse cloud model and AHP with 10 indicators, including natural, anthropogenic, social and economic factors, etc. The main factors controlling coastal erosion included the proportion of Quaternary strata, the gradual reclamation of marine areas as land areas (in kilometres) and the percentage decrease in coastal sediment entering the sea. The secondary impact factors included the high proportion of artificial coastlines and the impacts of waves and storm surges under the influence of relative sea level changes. Human activities could further influence coastal vulnerability, making the erosion risk a considerable concern. Legislation, coordinated management system and technology are proposed to improve the quality of the marine ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cai
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Station for Field Observation and Research of Island and Costal Zone in Zhangzhou, Zhangzhou, 363200, Fujian, China.
| | - Chao Cao
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Station for Field Observation and Research of Island and Costal Zone in Zhangzhou, Zhangzhou, 363200, Fujian, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 591000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hongshuai Qi
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Station for Field Observation and Research of Island and Costal Zone in Zhangzhou, Zhangzhou, 363200, Fujian, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 591000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianze Su
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Gang Lei
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Station for Field Observation and Research of Island and Costal Zone in Zhangzhou, Zhangzhou, 363200, Fujian, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 591000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Station for Field Observation and Research of Island and Costal Zone in Zhangzhou, Zhangzhou, 363200, Fujian, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 591000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Gen Liu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 591000, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- School of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
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Duan L, Zhang B, Wang W, Zhang P, Tang Q, Chen G, Jia J, Yan Y, Huang R, Zheng W. Magnetostratigraphy of the Cenozoic Lulehe section in the Qaidam Basin: Implications for the tectonic deformationon the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Cui LF, Hu Y, Dong KJ, Xu S, Liu CQ, Wu HB. 10Be/ 9Be constrain of varying weathering rate since 5 Ma: evidence from a Co-rich ferromanganese crust in the western Pacific. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:664-666. [PMID: 36654441 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Cui
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ke-Jun Dong
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Cong-Qiang Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hai-Bin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Abstract
Thermochronometry is widely used to track exhumation, the motion of rock towards Earth’s surface, and to gain fresh insights into geodynamic and geomorphic processes. Applications require models to reconstruct a rock’s cooling history as it is exhumed from higher temperatures at depth within the crust to cooler shallower levels and eventually Earth’s surface. Thermochronometric models are dependent on the predictable accumulation and the temperature-dependent loss of radiogenic daughter products measured in the laboratory. However, there are many geologically reasonable scenarios that will yield very similar thermochronometric ages. This similarity hinders finding the actual scenario, so instead an approximate model is sought. Finding suitable model parameters is a potentially ill-posed inverse problem that requires making decisions about how best to extract information from the data and how to combine data to leverage redundant information and reduce the impact of data noise. Often these decisions lead to differences in conclusions of studies and such discrepancies have led to heated debates. Here, we discuss debates centred on the use of a variety of modelling approaches and potential sources of biases that lead to differences in the predicted exhumation rate. We also provide some suggestions about future research paths that will help resolve these debates.
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Guevara-Ochoa C, Medina-Sierra A, Vives L. Spatio-temporal effect of climate change on water balance and interactions between groundwater and surface water in plains. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137886. [PMID: 32208258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of the impact of climate change on water resources in plains requires integral simulation tools that quantify topographic complexity and the strong interaction of groundwater and surface water components (GW-SW). The objective of this study is to implement a coupled hydrological-hydrogeological model under climate change scenarios in order to quantify the spatio-temporal dynamics of water balance and GW-SW interactions for the upper creek basin of Del Azul, which is located in the center of the province of Buenos Aires. The simulation was carried out for a baseline scenario calibrated and validated for the period 2003-2015 and contrasted with two scenarios of the regional climate model CCSM4, RCP (4.5 and 8.5) simulated for the period 2020-2050. First, the annual and monthly anomalies of precipitation, temperature, surface runoff, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, recharge, flow, as well as the discharge, head level and reserves of groundwater are studied. Then the spatio-temporal anomalies of the GW-SW interaction were analyzed and finally wet and dry periods by means of the standardized precipitation index and the annual water balance were studied. Simulation results show that climate change will significantly alter the spatio-temporal patterns of the GW-SW interaction as well as the water balance. These showed monthly, seasonal and annual variations. They show an increase in most of the components of the water balance towards the middle of the 21st century, except soil moisture. Regarding GW-SW interactions, the average annual discharge of the aquifer to the stream is expected to increase by 5% with RCP 4.5 while it will increase 24% with RCP 8.5. The recharge from the stream to the aquifer is expected to increase by 12% with RCP 4.5 while a decrease by 5% with RCP 8.5. Concerning the SPI related to the water balance for the period 2020-2050, alternations of both the time and the length of dry and wet periods are expected for the two scenarios, with RCP 4.5 low frequency of wet episodes, but with a greater severity and permanence in time in contrast to RCP 8.5 that presents less frequency in dry periods, but with high permanence and severity. Climate change could alter groundwater mainly through changes in the recharge, leading to modify groundwater levels and this will cause GW-SW flow to be reversed in some sectors of the stream by increasing or decreasing groundwater discharge into the stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Guevara-Ochoa
- "Dr. Eduardo Jorge Usunoff" Large Plains Hydrology Institute, IHLLA, República de Italia 780 C.C. Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina, CONICET, Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Agustín Medina-Sierra
- Dept. Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental, Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, UPC, Jordi Girona, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Vives
- "Dr. Eduardo Jorge Usunoff" Large Plains Hydrology Institute, IHLLA, República de Italia 780 C.C. Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina, CONICET, Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Fülöp RH, Codilean AT, Wilcken KM, Cohen TJ, Fink D, Smith AM, Yang B, Levchenko VA, Wacker L, Marx SK, Stromsoe N, Fujioka T, Dunai TJ. Million-year lag times in a post-orogenic sediment conveyor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz8845. [PMID: 32596449 PMCID: PMC7304991 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how sediment transport and storage will delay, attenuate, and even erase the erosional signal of tectonic and climatic forcings has bearing on our ability to read and interpret the geologic record effectively. Here, we estimate sediment transit times in Australia's largest river system, the Murray-Darling basin, by measuring downstream changes in cosmogenic 26Al/10Be/14C ratios in modern river sediment. Results show that the sediments have experienced multiple episodes of burial and reexposure, with cumulative lag times exceeding 1 Ma in the downstream reaches of the Murray and Darling rivers. Combined with low sediment supply rates and old sediment blanketing the landscape, we posit that sediment recycling in the Murray-Darling is an important and ongoing process that will substantially delay and alter signals of external environmental forcing transmitted from the sediment's hinterland.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.-H. Fülöp
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - A. T. Codilean
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - K. M. Wilcken
- Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - T. J. Cohen
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - D. Fink
- Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - A. M. Smith
- Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - B. Yang
- Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - V. A. Levchenko
- Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - L. Wacker
- Ion Beam Physics, ETH-Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - S. K. Marx
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - N. Stromsoe
- College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
| | - T. Fujioka
- Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - T. J. Dunai
- Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany
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Willett CD, Ma KF, Brandon MT, Hourigan JK, Christeleit EC, Shuster DL. Transient glacial incision in the Patagonian Andes from ~6 Ma to present. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay1641. [PMID: 32195355 PMCID: PMC7065534 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a mountain-scale record of erosion rates in the central Patagonian Andes from >10 million years (Ma) ago to present, which covers the transition from a fluvial to alpine glaciated landscape. Apatite (U-Th)/He ages of 72 granitic cobbles from alpine glacial deposits show slow erosion before ~6 Ma ago, followed by a two- to threefold increase in the spatially averaged erosion rate of the source region after the onset of alpine glaciations and a 15-fold increase in the top 25% of the distribution. This transition is followed by a pronounced decrease in erosion rates over the past ~3 Ma. We ascribe the pulse of fast erosion to local deepening and widening of valleys, which are characteristic features of alpine glaciated landscapes. The subsequent decline in local erosion rates may represent a return toward a balance between rock uplift and erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. D. Willett
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, 307 McCone Hall, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Geochronology Center, 2455 Ridge Road, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - K. F. Ma
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - M. T. Brandon
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - J. K. Hourigan
- Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, UC Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - E. C. Christeleit
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - D. L. Shuster
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, 307 McCone Hall, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Geochronology Center, 2455 Ridge Road, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
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Abstract
Using a compilation of 14C and pollen data of lake sediment records from over 632 sites globally, we identified the timings of first increase in lake sedimentation. Changes in lake sediment rates at this time are closely linked to increased sediment supply from hillslope erosion. The analysis on the relative roles of the driving factors indicated that a significant portion of the Earth’s surface shifted to human-driven soil erosion already 4,000 y ago following land deforestation. The long-term perspective afforded by this synthesis provides evidence that human beings are a geological force that have altered lateral soil and sediment transfers globally well before the great acceleration in human activity post-World War II and before the start of the Industrial Revolution. Accelerated soil erosion has become a pervasive feature on landscapes around the world and is recognized to have substantial implications for land productivity, downstream water quality, and biogeochemical cycles. However, the scarcity of global syntheses that consider long-term processes has limited our understanding of the timing, the amplitude, and the extent of soil erosion over millennial time scales. As such, we lack the ability to make predictions about the responses of soil erosion to long-term climate and land cover changes. Here, we reconstruct sedimentation rates for 632 lakes based on chronologies constrained by 3,980 calibrated 14C ages to assess the relative changes in lake-watershed erosion rates over the last 12,000 y. Estimated soil erosion dynamics were then complemented with land cover reconstructions inferred from 43,669 pollen samples and with climate time series from the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model. Our results show that a significant portion of the Earth surface shifted to human-driven soil erosion rate already 4,000 y ago. In particular, inferred soil erosion rates increased in 35% of the watersheds, and most of these sites showed a decrease in the proportion of arboreal pollen, which would be expected with land clearance. Further analysis revealed that land cover change was the main driver of inferred soil erosion in 70% of all studied watersheds. This study suggests that soil erosion has been altering terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems for millennia, leading to carbon (C) losses that could have ultimately induced feedbacks on the climate system.
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Evaluation of the Impacts of Climate Change on Sediment Yield from the Logiya Watershed, Lower Awash Basin, Ethiopia. HYDROLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrology6030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is anticipated that climate change will impact sediment yield in watersheds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of climate change on sediment yield from the Logiya watershed in the lower Awash Basin, Ethiopia. Here, we used the coordinated regional climate downscaling experiment (CORDEX)-Africa data outputs of Hadley Global Environment Model 2-Earth System (HadGEM2-ES) under representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Future scenarios of climate change were analyzed in two-time frames: 2020–2049 (2030s) and 2050–2079 (2060s). Both time frames were analyzed using both RCP scenarios from the baseline period (1971–2000). A Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was constructed to simulate the hydrological and the sedimentological responses to climate change. The model performance was calibrated and validated using the coefficient of determination (R2), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and percent bias (PBIAS). The results of the calibration and the validation of the sediment yield R2, NSE, and PBIAS were 0.83, 0.79, and −23.4 and 0.85, 0.76, and −25.0, respectively. The results of downscaled precipitation, temperature, and estimated evapotranspiration increased in both emission scenarios. These climate variable increments were expected to result in intensifications in the mean annual sediment yield of 4.42% and 8.08% for RCP4.5 and 7.19% and 10.79% for RCP8.5 by the 2030s and the 2060s, respectively.
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14
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Water-Energy Nexus for an Italian Storage Hydropower Plant under Multiple Drivers. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11091838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate change has repercussions on the management of water resources. Particularly, changes in precipitation and temperature impact hydropower generation and revenue by affecting seasonal electricity prices and streamflow. This issue exemplifies the impact of climate change on the water-energy-nexus, which has raised serious concern. This paper investigates the impact of climate change on hydropower with a multidisciplinary approach. A holistic perspective should be favored as the issue is complex, consequently, we chose to investigate a specific case study in Italy. It allows grasping the details, which matters in mountainous area. We integrated a hydrological model, hydropower management model, nine climate scenarios, and five electricity scenarios for a specific storage hydropower plant. Independently from the scenarios, the results show a glacier volume shrinkage upward of 40% by 2031 and minimum of 50% by 2046. The reservoir mitigates losses of revenue that reach 8% in the worst case, however, are lower compared with run-of-the-river configuration. Changes in price seasonality amplitude also determine modifications in revenues, while temporal shifts appear to be ineffective. For run-of-the-river, any variation in hydrological cycle immediately translates into revenue. Comparing the results of all future scenarios with the base scenario, it can be concluded that an increase in temperature will slightly improve the performances of hydropower.
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15
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Neogene cooling driven by land surface reactivity rather than increased weathering fluxes. Nature 2019; 571:99-102. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang F, Jin Z, West AJ, An Z, Hilton RG, Wang J, Li G, Densmore AL, Yu J, Qiang X, Sun Y, Li L, Gou L, Xu Y, Xu X, Liu X, Pan Y, You CF. Monsoonal control on a delayed response of sedimentation to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav7110. [PMID: 31206017 PMCID: PMC6561737 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav7110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infrequent extreme events such as large earthquakes pose hazards and have lasting impacts on landscapes and biogeochemical cycles. Sediments provide valuable records of past events, but unambiguously identifying event deposits is challenging because of nonlinear sediment transport processes and poor age control. Here, we have been able to directly track the propagation of a tectonic signal into stratigraphy using reservoir sediments from before and after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Cycles in magnetic susceptibility allow us to define a precise annual chronology and identify the timing and nature of the earthquake's sedimentary record. The grain size and Rb/Sr ratio of the sediments responded immediately to the earthquake. However, the changes were muted until 2 years after the event, when intense monsoonal runoff drove accumulation of coarser grains and lower Rb/Sr sediments. The delayed response provides insight into how climatic and tectonic agents interact to control sediment transfer and depositional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Zhangdong Jin
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi’an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - A. Joshua West
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhisheng An
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi’an 710061, China
| | | | - Jin Wang
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
- Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Jimin Yu
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
- Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiaoke Qiang
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi’an 710061, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi′an 710054, China
| | - Youbin Sun
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Liangbo Li
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Longfei Gou
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yang Xu
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Xinwen Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Northwest University, Xi′an 710127, China
| | - Xingxing Liu
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yanhui Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environment Systems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chen-Feng You
- EDSRC, Taiwan Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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17
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K isotopes as a tracer for continental weathering and geological K cycling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8740-8745. [PMID: 30988182 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811282116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The causal effects among uplift, climate, and continental weathering cannot be fully addressed using presently available geochemical proxies. However, stable potassium (K) isotopes can potentially overcome the limitations of existing isotopic proxies. Here we report on a systematic investigation of K isotopes in dissolved load and sediments from major rivers and their tributaries in China, which have drainage basins with varied climate, lithology, and topography. Our results show that during silicate weathering, heavy K isotopes are preferentially partitioned into aqueous solutions. Moreover, δ41K values of riverine dissolved load vary remarkably and correlate negatively with the chemical weathering intensity of the drainage basin. This correlation allows an estimate of the average K isotope composition of global riverine runoff (δ41K = -0.22‰), as well as modeling of the global K cycle based on mass balance calculations. Modeling incorporating K isotope mass balance better constrains estimated K fluxes for modern global K cycling, and the results show that the δ41K value of seawater is sensitive to continental weathering intensity changes. Thus, it is possible to use the δ41K record of paleo-seawater to infer continental weathering intensity through Earth's history.
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18
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The Effect of Climate Change on Loss of Lake Volume: Case of Sedimentation in Central Rift Valley Basin, Ethiopia. HYDROLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrology5040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the impact of climate change on sediment yield has become one of the major topics in climate research. The purpose of this study was to investigate sediment yield contribution to lake volume change under changing climatic conditions in the Central Rift Valley Basin. The ensemble mean of five regional climate models (RCMs) in the coordinated regional climate downscaling experiment (CORDEX)-Africa was considered for the purpose of this study. The climate variables (precipitation, minimum and maximum temperatures) in RCMs were bias corrected against observed data (1985–2016) using linear scaling (LS), power transformation (PT), variance of scaling (VS), and quantile mapping (QM). Two emission scenarios, the Representative Concentration Pathways, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, were considered for the future scenario period (2041–2070). Better results were obtained when the ensemble values of the bias correction methods were used. Hence, the projected values of climate variables after bias correction were used in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model to estimate the sediment yield contribution to lake volume change due to climate change. The results show that the average projected precipitation will decrease by 7.97% and 2.55% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. On average, the maximum temperature will increase by 1.73 °C and 2.36 °C under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, while the minimum temperature will increase by 2.16 °C and 3.07 °C under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. The average annual sediment yield contributions to Lake Ziway were 431.05 ton/km2 and 322.82 ton/km2 for the Meki and Ketar rivers, respectively, in the historical period (1985–2010). The study also reveals that the annual sediment yield that was estimated for the Meki River was 323 ton/km2 and 382 ton/km2 under RCP4.5 and under RCP8.5, respectively. The sediment estimations for the Ketar River were 157 ton/km2 and 211 ton/km2 under RCP4.5 under RCP8.5, respectively. This will decrease the rate of volume change in Lake Ziway by 38% under RCP4.5 and by 23% under RCP8.5. The results show that the life expectancy of the lake is likely to increase under climate change scenarios. This will help water resources managers make informed decisions regarding the planning, management, and mitigation of the river basins.
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19
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Abstract
In recent years, extreme weather phenomena have occurred worldwide, resulting in many catastrophic disasters. Under the impact of climate change, the frequency of extreme rainfall events in Taiwan will increase, according to a report on climate change in Taiwan. This study analyzed riverbed migrations, such as degradation and aggradation, caused by extreme rainfall events under climate change for the Choshui River, Taiwan. We used the CCHE1D model to simulate changes in flow discharge and riverbed caused by typhoon events for the base period (1979–2003) and the end of the 21st century (2075–2099) according to the climate change scenario of representative concentration pathways 8.5 (RCP8.5) and dynamical downscaling of rainfall data in Taiwan. According to the results on flow discharge, at the end of the 21st century, the average peak flow during extreme rainfall events will increase by 20% relative to the base period, but the time required to reach the peak will be 8 h shorter than that in the base period. In terms of the results of degradation and aggradation of the riverbed, at the end of the 21st century, the amount of aggradation will increase by 33% over that of the base period. In the future, upstream sediment will be blocked by the Chichi weir, increasing the severity of scouring downstream. In addition, due to the increased peak flow discharge in the future, the scouring of the pier may be more serious than it is currently. More detailed 2D or 3D hydrological models are necessary in future works, which could adequately address the erosive phenomena created by bridge piers. Our results indicate that not only will flood disasters occur within a shorter time duration, but the catchment will also face more severe degradation and aggradation in the future.
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Fildani A, Hessler AM, Mason CC, McKay MP, Stockli DF. Late Pleistocene glacial transitions in North America altered major river drainages, as revealed by deep-sea sediment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13839. [PMID: 30218039 PMCID: PMC6138750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sediment eroded from continents during ice ages can be rapidly (<104 years) transferred via rivers to the deep-sea and preserved in submarine fans, becoming a viable record of landscape evolution. We applied chemical weathering proxies and zircon geo-thermo-chronometry to late Pleistocene sediment recovered from the deep-sea Mississippi fan, revealing interactions between the Laurentide ice sheet (LIS) and broader Mississippi-Missouri catchment between ca. 70,000 and 10,000 years ago (70 to 10 ka). Sediment contribution from the Missouri catchment to the Mississippi fan was low between 70 and 30 ka but roughly doubled after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Therefore, pre-LGM glacial advance profoundly altered the vast Missouri drainage through ice dams and/or re-routing of the river, thereby controlling the transfer of continental debris and freshwater toward southern outlets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cody C Mason
- Department of Geosciences, University of West Georgia, Corrollton, GA, 30118, USA
| | - Matthew P McKay
- Department of Geography, Geology, and Planning, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
| | - Daniel F Stockli
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78713, USA
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Mouyen M, Longuevergne L, Steer P, Crave A, Lemoine JM, Save H, Robin C. Assessing modern river sediment discharge to the ocean using satellite gravimetry. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3384. [PMID: 30139937 PMCID: PMC6107634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent acceleration of sand extraction for anthropic use threatens the sustainability of this major resource. However, continental erosion and river transport, which produce sand and sediment in general, lack quantification at the global scale. Here, we develop a new geodetic method to infer the sediment discharge to ocean of the world’s largest rivers. It combines the spatial distribution of modern sedimentation zones with new high-resolution (~170 km) data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission launched in 2002. We obtain sediment discharges consistent with in situ measurements for the Amazon, Ganges-Brahmaputra, Changjiang, Indus, and Magdalena rivers. This new approach enables to quantitatively monitor the contemporary erosion of continental basins drained by rivers with large sediment discharges and paves the way toward a better understanding of how natural and anthropic changes influence landscape dynamics. Measuring rivers’ sediment discharge is critical to assess continental erosion and landscape dynamics, yet it remains a challenging task. Here the authors show that GRACE satellite helps quantifying river sediment discharge by measuring the increment in gravitational attraction due to sediment accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Mouyen
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, Rennes, 35000, France.
| | | | - Philippe Steer
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, Rennes, 35000, France
| | - Alain Crave
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, Rennes, 35000, France
| | | | - Himanshu Save
- Center for Space Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712, USA
| | - Cécile Robin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, Rennes, 35000, France
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22
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Onary S, Rincón AD, Hsiou AS. Fossil snakes (Squamata, Serpentes) from the tar pits of Venezuela: taxonomic, palaeoenvironmental, and palaeobiogeographical implications for the North of South America during the Cenozoic/Quaternary boundary. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5402. [PMID: 30128192 PMCID: PMC6097493 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tar seep deposits in South America historically are well-known for their rich record of fossil mammals, contrasting with only a few formal reports of reptile remains. Here we report a new snake fauna recovered from two tar pits from Venezuela. The fossil remains come from two localities: (a) El Breal de Orocual, which comprises an inactive tar seep estimated to be Plio/Pleistocene in age; and (b) Mene de Inciarte, an active surface asphalt deposit with an absolute age dating to the late Pleistocene. Methods The taxonomic identity of all specimens was assessed via consultation of the relevant literature and comparison with extant specimens. The taxonomic assignments are supported by detailed anatomical description. Results The Mene de Inciarte snake fauna comprises vertebral remains identified as the genus Epicrates sp. (Boidae), indeterminate viperids, and several isolated vertebrae attributable to "Colubridae" (Colubroidea, sensu Zaher et al., 2009). Amongst the vertebral assemblage at El Breal de Orocual, one specimen is assigned to the genus Corallus sp. (Boidae), another to cf. Micrurus (Elapidae), and several others to "Colubrids" (Colubroides, sensu Zaher et al., 2009) and the Viperidae family. Conclusions These new records provide valuable insight into the diversity of snakes in the north of South America during the Neogene/Quaternary boundary. The snake fauna of El Breal de Orocual and Mene de Inciarte demonstrates the presence of Boidae, Viperidae, "colubrids", and the oldest South American record of Elapidae. The presence of Corallus, Epicrates, and viperids corroborates the mosaic palaeoenvironmental conditions of El Breal de Orocual. The presence of Colubroides within both deposits sheds light on the palaeobiogeographical pattern of caenophidians snake colonization of South America and is consistent with the hypothesis of two episodes of dispersion of Colubroides to the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Onary
- Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Paleontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ascanio D Rincón
- Centro de Ecología, Laboratório de Paleontología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Annie S Hsiou
- Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Paleontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Prasicek G, Herman F, Robl J, Braun J. Glacial Steady State Topography Controlled by the Coupled Influence of Tectonics and Climate. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. EARTH SURFACE 2018; 123:1344-1362. [PMID: 30069424 PMCID: PMC6055901 DOI: 10.1029/2017jf004559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glaciers and rivers are the main agents of mountain erosion. While in the fluvial realm empirical relationships and their mathematical description, such as the stream power law, improved the understanding of fundamental controls on landscape evolution, simple constraints on glacial topography and governing scaling relations are widely lacking. We present a steady state solution for longitudinal profiles along eroding glaciers in a coupled system that includes tectonics and climate. We combined the shallow ice approximation and a glacial erosion rule to calculate ice surface and bed topography from prescribed glacier mass balance gradient and rock uplift rate. Our approach is inspired by the classic application of the stream power law for describing a fluvial steady state but with the striking difference that, in the glacial realm, glacier mass balance is added as an altitude-dependent variable. From our analyses we find that ice surface slope and glacial relief scale with uplift rate with scaling exponents indicating that glacial relief is less sensitive to uplift rate than relief in most fluvial landscapes. Basic scaling relations controlled by either basal sliding or internal deformation follow a power law with the exponent depending on the exponents for the glacial erosion rule and Glen's flow law. In a mixed scenario of sliding and deformation, complicated scaling relations with variable exponents emerge. Furthermore, a cutoff in glacier mass balance or cold ice in high elevations can lead to substantially larger scaling exponents which may provide an explanation for high relief in high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Prasicek
- Institute of Earth Surface DynamicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of Geography and GeologyUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Frédéric Herman
- Institute of Earth Surface DynamicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jörg Robl
- Department of Geography and GeologyUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Jean Braun
- GFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesHelmholtz Centre PotsdamPotsdamGermany
- Institute of Earth and Environmental ScienceUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
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Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus). Zool J Linn Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Widespread erosion on high plateaus during recent glaciations in Scandinavia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:830. [PMID: 29483526 PMCID: PMC5827020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaciers create some of Earth’s steepest topography; yet, many areas that were repeatedly overridden by ice sheets in the last few million years include extensive plateaus. The distinct geomorphic contrast between plateaus and the glacial troughs that dissect them has sustained two long-held hypotheses: first, that ice sheets perform insignificant erosion beyond glacial troughs, and, second, that the plateaus represent ancient pre-glacial landforms bearing information of tectonic and geomorphic history prior to Pliocene–Pleistocene global cooling (~3.5 Myr ago). Here we show that the Fennoscandian ice sheets drove widespread erosion across plateaus far beyond glacial troughs. We apply inverse modelling to 118 new cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al measurements to quantify ice sheet erosion on the plateaus fringing the Sognefjorden glacial trough in western Norway. Our findings demonstrate substantial modification of the pre-glacial landscape during the Quaternary, and that glacial erosion of plateaus is important when estimating the global sediment flux to the oceans. The contribution of surface processes to the long-term evolution of plateau surfaces on high-latitude passive margins is poorly understood. Here, the authors show that recent glacial erosion on plateaus in western Scandinavia was widespread and may have contributed substantially to the sediment flux to the oceans.
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The impact of extreme El Niño events on modern sediment transport along the western Peruvian Andes (1968-2012). Sci Rep 2017; 7:11947. [PMID: 28947821 PMCID: PMC5613030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is considered as one of the main factors controlling sediment fluxes in mountain belts. However, the effect of El Niño, which represents the primary cause of inter-annual climate variability in the South Pacific, on river erosion and sediment transport in the Western Andes remains unclear. Using an unpublished dataset of Suspended Sediment Yield (SSY) in Peru (1968–2012), we show that the annual SSY increases by 3–60 times during Extreme El Niño Events (EENE) compared to normal years. During EENE, 82% to 97% of the annual SSY occurs from January to April. We explain this effect by a sharp increase in river water discharge due to high precipitation rates and transport capacity during EENE. Indeed, sediments accumulate in the mountain and piedmont areas during dry normal years, and are then rapidly mobilized during EENE years. The effect of EENE on SSY depends on the topography, as it is maximum for catchments located in the North of Peru (3–7°S), exhibiting a concave up hypsometric curve, and minimum for catchments in the South (7–18°S), with a concave down hypsometric curve. These findings highlight how the sediment transport of different topographies can respond in very different ways to large climate variability.
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He T, Liu L, Chen Y, Sheng X, Ji J. A seven-million-year hornblende mineral record from the central Chinese Loess Plateau. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2382. [PMID: 28539632 PMCID: PMC5443836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of the late Cenozoic erosion rate have yielded different views-long-term stable rates or a significant increase at climate transitions-leading to uncertainty concerning the hypothesized global erosion rate controlled by either tectonic uplift or climatic changes. Here, we present a seven-million-year hornblende mineral record along the Lingtai section of the Chinese Loess Plateau. By examining the spatial distribution of hornblende minerals in seven desert basins, which are potential loess source areas, we constructed a ratio of hornblende versus total heavy minerals to reflect past changes in physical/chemical weathering strength. Our results demonstrate that the ratio has generally increased since 7 Ma, with three significant shifts recorded at 2.6 Ma, 1.4 Ma and 0.5 Ma linked to the onset, continuation and expansion of the Northern Hemisphere glaciation, respectively. Given that chemical weathering during the diagenetic history produces a trend of smoothly increasing hornblende migrating upwards, the three shifts at these boundaries can be interpreted as changes in the bedrock erosion rate on the northern Tibetan Plateau, which may be related to tectonic uplift events and incision of the Yellow River. Evidence presented here supports the idea of coupling between climate change, tectonic uplift and regional erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong He
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210026, China.
| | - Lianwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210026, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210026, China
| | - Xuefen Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210026, China
| | - Junfeng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210026, China
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Ganti V, von Hagke C, Scherler D, Lamb MP, Fischer WW, Avouac JP. Time scale bias in erosion rates of glaciated landscapes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600204. [PMID: 27713925 PMCID: PMC5052011 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering erosion rates over geologic time is fundamental for understanding the interplay between climate, tectonic, and erosional processes. Existing techniques integrate erosion over different time scales, and direct comparison of such rates is routinely done in earth science. On the basis of a global compilation, we show that erosion rate estimates in glaciated landscapes may be affected by a systematic averaging bias that produces higher estimated erosion rates toward the present, which do not reflect straightforward changes in erosion rates through time. This trend can result from a heavy-tailed distribution of erosional hiatuses (that is, time periods where no or relatively slow erosion occurs). We argue that such a distribution can result from the intermittency of erosional processes in glaciated landscapes that are tightly coupled to climate variability from decadal to millennial time scales. In contrast, we find no evidence for a time scale bias in spatially averaged erosion rates of landscapes dominated by river incision. We discuss the implications of our findings in the context of the proposed coupling between climate and tectonics, and interpreting erosion rate estimates with different averaging time scales through geologic time.
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Campbell ML. Burial Duration and Frequency Influences Resilience of Differing Propagule Types in a Subtidal Seagrass, Posidonia australis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161309. [PMID: 27526020 PMCID: PMC4985149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedimentation that leads to periodic, and often prolonged, burial events is becoming more common on the world's coastlines as human populations expand and create urbanised marine environments. Different seagrass species react differently to sediment burial but many species in the southern hemisphere are yet to be examined. How seagrasses react to burial has restoration implications. There is a need to critically assess seagrass transplant propagule responses to periodic (pulse) and prolonged (press) burial events before selecting the most appropriate species, transplant propagule, and transplant site. In my study, mesocosm experiments, coupled with field measurements were used to assess how sexual (seedlings) and vegetative (sprigs) propagules of Posidonia australis responded to pulse and press burial events. Seedlings were highly susceptible to burial (both pulse and press), with no survival at the end of the experimental period. In contrast, rhizome growth in vegetative propagules was stimulated by pulse burial, although press burial events resulted in mortality. The implication for Posidonia australis restoration efforts in areas where burial is periodic, was that vegetative propagules are optimal transplant units, in comparison to seedlings. Press burial however, renders a transplant site sub-optimal for both seedling and sprig transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnie L. Campbell
- School of Biological and Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- The Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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31
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Wang W, Zhang P, Yu J, Wang Y, Zheng D, Zheng W, Zhang H, Pang J. Constraints on mountain building in the northeastern Tibet: Detrital zircon records from synorogenic deposits in the Yumen Basin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27604. [PMID: 27277834 PMCID: PMC4899710 DOI: 10.1038/srep27604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cenozoic basins and ranges form the high topography of the northeastern Tibet that resulted from the India-Eurasia collision. Sedimentary rocks in the basins provide direct insight into the exhumation history of the ranges and the tectonic processes that led to the northeastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we analyzed and compared detrital zircon U-Pb ages from sands of modern rivers draining the Bei Shan, and North Qilian Shan and sandstones from the Yumen Basin. The zircon age distributions indicate that the strata dated to 24.2-16.7 Ma in the basin were derived from the Bei Shan, and the basin provenance changed rapidly to the North Qilian Shan terrane at ~16 Ma. These results suggest that an early stage of deformation along the Bei Shan at ~24 Ma was replaced by the growth of the North Qilian Shan at ~16 Ma. We conclude that the far-field effect associated with the Indo-Asian collision may result from Oligocene deformation in the Bei Shan, but the emergence of the North Qilian Shan at ~16 Ma could reflect the most recent outward growth of the Tibetan Plateau that may have been caused by the removal of some lithospheric mantle beneath central Tibet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Peizhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China.,School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yan-Sen University,Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Dewen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhang Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China
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32
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Phillips CB, Jerolmack DJ. Self-organization of river channels as a critical filter on climate signals. Science 2016; 352:694-7. [PMID: 27151865 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal variations in rainfall are hypothesized to influence landscape evolution through erosion and sediment transport by rivers. However, determining the relation between rainfall and river dynamics requires a greater understanding of the feedbacks between flooding and a river's capacity to transport sediment. We analyzed channel geometry and stream-flow records from 186 coarse-grained rivers across the United States. We found that channels adjust their shape so that floods slightly exceed the critical shear velocity needed to transport bed sediment, independently of climatic, tectonic, and bedrock controls. The distribution of fluid shear velocity associated with floods is universal, indicating that self-organization of near-critical channels filters the climate signal evident in discharge. This effect blunts the impact of extreme rainfall events on landscape evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin B Phillips
- St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Douglas J Jerolmack
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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33
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Malinverno A, Martinez EA. The effect of temperature on organic carbon degradation in marine sediments. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17861. [PMID: 26640172 PMCID: PMC4671099 DOI: 10.1038/srep17861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of sedimentary particulate organic carbon (POC) is a key carbon cycle process that fuels the deep subseafloor biosphere. The reactivity of POC is expected to decrease with increasing sediment age, severely restricting the energy available to microorganisms. Conversely, increasing temperatures during burial have been proposed to stimulate POC degradation, possibly supplying significant energy to the deep biosphere. To test the importance of temperature, we assembled POC measurements in two global sets of drill sites where sediments underwent either relatively low or high temperatures during burial, which should have resulted in different rates of POC degradation. For ages 5–10 Ma, the decrease of the average POC content with burial is clearly more pronounced in the sites with high temperature histories. Our results support the hypothesis that temperature is one of the fundamental controls on the rate of POC degradation within deeply buried marine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Malinverno
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Ernesto A Martinez
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Mid-Pleistocene climate transition drives net mass loss from rapidly uplifting St. Elias Mountains, Alaska. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15042-7. [PMID: 26598689 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512549112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Erosion, sediment production, and routing on a tectonically active continental margin reflect both tectonic and climatic processes; partitioning the relative importance of these processes remains controversial. Gulf of Alaska contains a preserved sedimentary record of the Yakutat Terrane collision with North America. Because tectonic convergence in the coastal St. Elias orogen has been roughly constant for 6 My, variations in its eroded sediments preserved in the offshore Surveyor Fan constrain a budget of tectonic material influx, erosion, and sediment output. Seismically imaged sediment volumes calibrated with chronologies derived from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program boreholes show that erosion accelerated in response to Northern Hemisphere glacial intensification (∼ 2.7 Ma) and that the 900-km-long Surveyor Channel inception appears to correlate with this event. However, tectonic influx exceeded integrated sediment efflux over the interval 2.8-1.2 Ma. Volumetric erosion accelerated following the onset of quasi-periodic (∼ 100-ky) glacial cycles in the mid-Pleistocene climate transition (1.2-0.7 Ma). Since then, erosion and transport of material out of the orogen has outpaced tectonic influx by 50-80%. Such a rapid net mass loss explains apparent increases in exhumation rates inferred onshore from exposure dates and mapped out-of-sequence fault patterns. The 1.2-My mass budget imbalance must relax back toward equilibrium in balance with tectonic influx over the timescale of orogenic wedge response (millions of years). The St. Elias Range provides a key example of how active orogenic systems respond to transient mass fluxes, and of the possible influence of climate-driven erosive processes that diverge from equilibrium on the million-year scale.
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Nie J, Stevens T, Rittner M, Stockli D, Garzanti E, Limonta M, Bird A, Andò S, Vermeesch P, Saylor J, Lu H, Breecker D, Hu X, Liu S, Resentini A, Vezzoli G, Peng W, Carter A, Ji S, Pan B. Loess Plateau storage of Northeastern Tibetan Plateau-derived Yellow River sediment. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8511. [PMID: 26449321 PMCID: PMC4633828 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine accumulations of terrigenous sediment are widely assumed to accurately record climatic- and tectonic-controlled mountain denudation and play an important role in understanding late Cenozoic mountain uplift and global cooling. Underpinning this is the assumption that the majority of sediment eroded from hinterland orogenic belts is transported to and ultimately stored in marine basins with little lag between erosion and deposition. Here we use a detailed and multi-technique sedimentary provenance dataset from the Yellow River to show that substantial amounts of sediment eroded from Northeast Tibet and carried by the river's upper reach are stored in the Chinese Loess Plateau and the western Mu Us desert. This finding revises our understanding of the origin of the Chinese Loess Plateau and provides a potential solution for mismatches between late Cenozoic terrestrial sedimentation and marine geochemistry records, as well as between global CO2 and erosion records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Nie
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, China
| | - Thomas Stevens
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Rittner
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Daniel Stockli
- Department of Geological sciences, University of Texas, Austin 78712, USA
| | - Eduardo Garzanti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 4, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Mara Limonta
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 4, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Bird
- Department of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Sergio Andò
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 4, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Pieter Vermeesch
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Joel Saylor
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Huayu Lu
- School of Oceanographic and Geographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Daniel Breecker
- Department of Geological sciences, University of Texas, Austin 78712, USA
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, China
| | - Shanpin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, China
| | - Alberto Resentini
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 4, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vezzoli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 4, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Wenbin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, China
| | - Andrew Carter
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Shunchuan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, China
| | - Baotian Pan
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, China
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36
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Zhang W, Chen J, Li G. Shifting material source of Chinese Loess since ~2.7 Ma reflected by Sr isotopic composition. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10235. [PMID: 25996645 PMCID: PMC4650810 DOI: 10.1038/srep10235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the sources of eolian dust on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) is fundamental to reconstruct paleo-wind patterns and paleo-environmental changes. Existing datasets show contradictory source evolutions of eolian dust on the CLP, both on orbital and tectonic timescales. Here, the silicate Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of a restricted grain size fraction (28–45 μm) were measured to trace the source evolution of the CLP since ~2.7 Ma. Our results revealed an unchanged source on orbital timescales but a gradual source shift from the Qilian Mountains to the Gobi Altay Mountains during the past 2.7 Ma. Both tectonic uplift and climate change may have played important roles for this shift. The later uplift of the Gobi Altay Mountains relative to the Qilian Mountains since 5 ± 3 Ma might be responsible for the increasing contribution of Gobi materials to the source deserts in Alxa arid lands. Enhanced winter monsoon may also facilitate transportation of Gobi materials from the Alxa arid lands to the CLP. The shifting source of Asian dust was also reflected in north Pacific sediments. The finding of this shifting source calls for caution when interpreting the long-term climate changes based on the source-sensitive proxies of the eolian deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Department of Earth Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlindadao, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Jun Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Department of Earth Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlindadao, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Gaojun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Department of Earth Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlindadao, Nanjing 210046, China
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37
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Pacific freshening drives Pliocene cooling and Asian monsoon intensification. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5474. [PMID: 24969361 PMCID: PMC4073123 DOI: 10.1038/srep05474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The monsoon is a fundamental component of Earth's climate. The Pliocene warm period is characterized by long-term global cooling yet concurrent monsoon dynamics are poorly known. Here we present the first fully quantified and calibrated reconstructions of separate Pliocene air temperature and East Asian summer monsoon precipitation histories on the Chinese Loess Plateau through joint analysis of loess/red clay magnetic parameters with different sensitivities to air temperature and precipitation. East Asian summer monsoon precipitation shows an intensified trend, paradoxically at the same time that climate cooled. We propose a hitherto unrecognized feedback where persistently intensified East Asian summer monsoon during the late Pliocene, triggered by the gradual closure of the Panama Seaway, reinforced late Pliocene Pacific freshening, sea-ice development and ice volume increase, culminating in initiation of the extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciations of the Quaternary Ice Age. This feedback mechanism represents a fundamental reinterpretation of the origin of the Quaternary glaciations and the impact of the monsoon.
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Herman F, Seward D, Valla PG, Carter A, Kohn B, Willett SD, Ehlers TA. Worldwide acceleration of mountain erosion under a cooling climate. Nature 2014; 504:423-6. [PMID: 24352288 DOI: 10.1038/nature12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Climate influences the erosion processes acting at the Earth's surface. However, the effect of cooling during the Late Cenozoic era, including the onset of Pliocene-Pleistocene Northern Hemisphere glaciation (about two to three million years ago), on global erosion rates remains unclear. The uncertainty arises mainly from a lack of consensus on the use of the sedimentary record as a proxy for erosion and the difficulty of isolating the respective contributions of tectonics and climate to erosion. Here we compile 18,000 bedrock thermochronometric ages from around the world and use a formal inversion procedure to estimate temporal and spatial variations in erosion rates. This allows for the quantification of erosion for the source areas that ultimately produce the sediment record on a timescale of millions of years. We find that mountain erosion rates have increased since about six million years ago and most rapidly since two million years ago. The increase of erosion rates is observed at all latitudes, but is most pronounced in glaciated mountain ranges, indicating that glacial processes played an important part. Because mountains represent a considerable fraction of the global production of sediments, our results imply an increase in sediment flux at a global scale that coincides closely with enhanced cooling during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Herman
- 1] Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Earth Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Sonneggstrasse 6, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Diane Seward
- School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Pierre G Valla
- 1] Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Earth Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Sonneggstrasse 6, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Carter
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Birkbeck University of London, Malet Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Barry Kohn
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sean D Willett
- Department of Earth Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Sonneggstrasse 6, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Todd A Ehlers
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
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40
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Detrital Zircon Fission-Track Thermochronology of the Present-Day Isère River Drainage System in the Western Alps: No Evidence for Increasing Erosion Rates at 5 Ma. GEOSCIENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences3030528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Locomotive implication of a Pliocene three-toed horse skeleton from Tibet and its paleo-altimetry significance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7374-8. [PMID: 22529371 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201052109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau is the youngest and highest plateau on Earth, and its elevation reaches one-third of the height of the troposphere, with profound dynamic and thermal effects on atmospheric circulation and climate. The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau was an important factor of global climate change during the late Cenozoic and strongly influenced the development of the Asian monsoon system. However, there have been heated debates about the history and process of Tibetan Plateau uplift, especially the paleo-altimetry in different geological ages. Here we report a well-preserved skeleton of a 4.6 million-y-old three-toed horse (Hipparion zandaense) from the Zanda Basin, southwestern Tibet. Morphological features indicate that H. zandaense was a cursorial horse that lived in alpine steppe habitats. Because this open landscape would be situated above the timberline on the steep southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, the elevation of the Zanda Basin at 4.6 Ma was estimated to be ∼4,000 m above sea level using an adjustment to the paleo-temperature in the middle Pliocene, as well as comparison with modern vegetation vertical zones. Thus, we conclude that the southwestern Tibetan Plateau achieved the present-day elevation in the mid-Pliocene.
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Champagnac JD, Molnar P, Sue C, Herman F. Tectonics, climate, and mountain topography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Wan S, Clift PD, Li A, Li T, Yin X. Geochemical records in the South China Sea: implications for East Asian summer monsoon evolution over the last 20 Ma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1144/sp342.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe reconstruct past changes in the East Asian summer monsoon over the last 20 Ma using samples from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1146 of Leg 184 in the northern South China Sea based on the major (Al, Ca, Na, K, Ti, etc.) and trace element (Rb, Sr, and Ba) geochemistry of terrigenous sediments. This study and combined review suggests that the long-term evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon is similar to that of the Indian summer monsoon, but distinct from the East Asian winter monsoon. Generally, the Asian summer monsoon intensity has decreased gradually from its maximum in the Early Miocene. In contrast, the Asian winter monsoon shows a phased enhancement since 20 Ma bp. Moreover, our study shows that the long-term intensities of the Asian summer and winter monsoons may have different forcing factors. Specifically, the winter monsoon is strongly linked to phased uplift of Tibetan plateau and to Northern Hemispheric Glaciation. In contrast, global cooling since 20 Ma bp may have largely reduced the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere and thus weakened the Asian summer monsoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Wan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Peter D. Clift
- School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, Kings College, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Anchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tiegang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xuebo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Roberts GG, White N. Estimating uplift rate histories from river profiles using African examples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Huang B, Piper JDA, Qiao Q, Wang H, Zhang C. Magnetostratigraphic and rock magnetic study of the Neogene upper Yaha section, Kuche Depression (Tarim Basin): Implications to formation of the Xiyu conglomerate formation, NW China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schumer R, Jerolmack DJ. Real and apparent changes in sediment deposition rates through time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jf001266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bocak L, Yagi T. Evolution of mimicry patterns in Metriorrhynchus (Coleoptera: Lycidae): the history of dispersal and speciation in southeast Asia. Evolution 2009; 64:39-52. [PMID: 19674098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The concept of Müllerian mimicry suggests convergent evolution to an intermediate pattern and does not predict polymorphism in mimicry rings. We examined the evolution of mimicry patterns and the order of divergence of various factors, including the role of aposematic patterns in speciation, in a clade of net-winged beetles with a robust phylogeny that suggests that they dispersed from the Australian to Asian plate. We found strong evidence for the evolution of mimicry via advergence in Metriorrhynchus because older patterns are represented in the Oriental region within more than 100 species of lycids from several lineages. Advergence was likely the cause of the observed intraspecific polymorphism in contrast to the predicted universal monomorphism. Polymorphism was found in populations of two species in Sumatra and Borneo and in populations fine-tuned to subtle variants in various habitats. The advergence is likely to be based on the small population sizes of immigrants. The differences in population sizes result in much higher benefits for dispersing species than native populations. Speciation was trigged by the divergence in aposematic coloration, and the genetic differences accumulated slowly during incomplete isolation. We assumed that the differentiation in genitalia through sexual selection ultimately reinforced speciation initiated by the shift between mimicry patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Bocak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, tr Svobody 26, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Warrick JA, Mertes LA. Sediment yield from the tectonically active semiarid Western Transverse Ranges of California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1130/b26452.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Warrick
- USGS Western Coastal and Marine Geology, 400 Natural Bridges Drive, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
| | - Leal A.K. Mertes
- Department of Geography and Institute for Computational Earth System Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Clift PD, Schouten H, Vannucchi P. Arc-continent collisions, sediment recycling and the maintenance of the continental crust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1144/sp318.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSubduction zones are both the source of most new continental crust and the locations where crustal material is returned to the upper mantle. Globally the total amount of continental crust and sediment subducted below forearcs currently lies close to 3.0 Armstrong Units (1 AU=1 km3a−1), of which 1.65 AU comprises subducted sediments and 1.33 AU tectonically eroded forearc crust, compared with an average ofc. 0.4 AU lost during subduction of passive margins during Cenozoic continental collision. Margins may retreat in a wholesale, steady-state mode, or in a slower way involving the trenchward erosion of the forearc coupled with landward underplating, such as seen in the central and northern Andean margins. Tephra records of magmatism evolution from Central America indicate pulses of recycling through the roots of the arc. While this arc is in a state of long-term mass loss this is achieved in a discontinuous fashion via periods of slow tectonic erosion and even sediment accretion interrupted by catastrophic erosion events, probably caused by seamount subduction. Crustal losses into subduction zones must be balanced by arc magmatism and we estimate global average melt production rates to be 96 and 64 km3Ma−1km−1in oceanic and continental arc, respectively. Critical to maintaining the volume of the continental crust is the accretion of oceanic arcs to continental passive margins. Mass balancing across the Taiwan collision zones suggests that almost 90% of the colliding Luzon Arc crust is accreted to the margin of Asia in that region. Rates of exhumation and sediment recycling indicate that the complete accretion process spans only 6–8 Ma. Subduction of sediment in both erosive and inefficient accretionary margins provides a mechanism for returning continental crust to the upper mantle. Sea level governs rates of continental erosion and thus sediment delivery to trenches, which in turn controls crustal thicknesses over 107–109years. Tectonically thickened crust is reduced to normal values (35–38 km) over time scales of 100–200 Ma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Clift
- School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, Kings College, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
- DFG-Research Centre Ocean Margins (RCOM), Universität Bremen, Klagenfurter Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Hans Schouten
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Paola Vannucchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università deli Studi di Firenze, Via La Pira, 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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Thiede RC, Ehlers TA, Bookhagen B, Strecker MR. Erosional variability along the northwest Himalaya. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jf001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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