1
|
Silvestri R, Yu H, Strömberg T, Hilweg C, Peterson RW, Walther P. Experimental observation of Earth's rotation with quantum entanglement. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado0215. [PMID: 38875336 PMCID: PMC11177943 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Precision interferometry with quantum states has emerged as an essential tool for experimentally answering fundamental questions in physics. Optical quantum interferometers are of particular interest because of mature methods for generating and manipulating quantum states of light. Their increased sensitivity promises to enable tests of quantum phenomena, such as entanglement, in regimes where tiny gravitational effects come into play. However, this requires long and decoherence-free processing of quantum entanglement, which, for large interferometric areas, remains unexplored territory. Here, we present a table-top experiment using maximally path-entangled quantum states of light in a large-scale interferometer sensitive enough to measure the rotation rate of Earth. The achieved sensitivity of 5 μrad s-1 constitutes the highest rotation resolution ever reached with optical quantum interferometers. Further improvements to our methodology will enable measurements of general-relativistic effects on entangled photons, allowing the exploration of the interplay between quantum mechanics and general relativity, along with tests for fundamental physics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Silvestri
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics and Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics and Research Network Quantum Aspects of Space Time (TURIS), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Haocun Yu
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics and Research Network Quantum Aspects of Space Time (TURIS), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Teodor Strömberg
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics and Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics and Research Network Quantum Aspects of Space Time (TURIS), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Hilweg
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics and Research Network Quantum Aspects of Space Time (TURIS), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert W Peterson
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics and Research Network Quantum Aspects of Space Time (TURIS), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip Walther
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics and Research Network Quantum Aspects of Space Time (TURIS), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gautier R, Guessoum M, Sidorenkov LA, Bouton Q, Landragin A, Geiger R. Accurate measurement of the Sagnac effect for matter waves. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn8009. [PMID: 35687688 PMCID: PMC9187224 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A rotating interferometer with paths that enclose a physical area exhibits a phase shift proportional to this area and to the rotation rate of the frame. Understanding the origin of this so-called Sagnac effect has played a key role in the establishment of the theory of relativity and has pushed for the development of precision optical interferometers. The fundamental importance of the Sagnac effect motivated the realization of experiments to test its validity for waves beyond optical, but precision measurements remained a challenge. Here, we report the accurate test of the Sagnac effect for matter waves, by using a Cesium atom interferometer featuring a geometrical area of 11 cm2 and two sensitive axes of measurements. We measure the phase shift induced by Earth's rotation and find agreement with the theoretical prediction at an accuracy level of 25 parts per million. Beyond the importance for fundamental physics, our work opens practical applications in seismology and geodesy.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ryu C, Samson EC, Boshier MG. Quantum interference of currents in an atomtronic SQUID. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3338. [PMID: 32620901 PMCID: PMC7335076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum interference of currents is the most important and well known quantum phenomenon in a conventional superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Here, we report the observation of quantum interference of currents in an atomtronic SQUID. Analogous to a conventional SQUID, currents flowing through two junctions in an atomtronic SQUID interfere due to the phase difference from rotation. This interference results in modulation of critical currents. This modulation was observed for three different radii with clear modulation periods which were measured to be consistent with fundamental rotation rates. This observation shows the possibility of studying various interesting SQUID physics with an atomtronic SQUID and especially, macroscopic quantum phenomena with currents may be realized with an atomtronic SQUID toward the goal of quantum metrology of rotation sensing. Quantum interference of currents was first observed in a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Here, the authors demonstrate quantum interference of currents in the atomtronic analog of a SQUID using Bose-Einstein condensates of 87Rb atoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ryu
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | - E C Samson
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.,Department of Physics, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - M G Boshier
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wright KC, Blakestad RB, Lobb CJ, Phillips WD, Campbell GK. Driving phase slips in a superfluid atom circuit with a rotating weak link. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:025302. [PMID: 23383912 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.025302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have observed well-defined phase slips between quantized persistent current states around a toroidal atomic (23Na) Bose-Einstein condensate. These phase slips are induced by a weak link (a localized region of reduced superfluid density) rotated slowly around the ring. This is analogous to the behavior of a superconducting loop with a weak link in the presence of an external magnetic field. When the weak link is rotated more rapidly, well-defined phase slips no longer occur, and vortices enter into the bulk of the condensate. A noteworthy feature of this system is the ability to dynamically vary the current-phase relation of the weak link, a feature which is difficult to implement in superconducting or superfluid helium circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Wright
- National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sato Y, Packard RE. Superfluid helium quantum interference devices: physics and applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:016401. [PMID: 22790305 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/1/016401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present an overview of recent developments related to superfluid helium quantum interference devices (SHeQUIDs). We discuss the physics of two reservoirs of superfluid helium coupled together and describe the quantum oscillations that result from varying the coupling strength. We explain the principles behind SHeQUIDs that can be built based on these oscillations and review some techniques and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sato
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramanathan A, Wright KC, Muniz SR, Zelan M, Hill WT, Lobb CJ, Helmerson K, Phillips WD, Campbell GK. Superflow in a toroidal Bose-Einstein condensate: an atom circuit with a tunable weak link. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:130401. [PMID: 21517360 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.130401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have created a long-lived (≈40 s) persistent current in a toroidal Bose-Einstein condensate held in an all-optical trap. A repulsive optical barrier across one side of the torus creates a tunable weak link in the condensate circuit, which can affect the current around the loop. Superflow stops abruptly at a barrier strength such that the local flow velocity at the barrier exceeds a critical velocity. The measured critical velocity is consistent with dissipation due to the creation of vortex-antivortex pairs. This system is the first realization of an elementary closed-loop atom circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ramanathan
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Narayana S, Sato Y. Direct observation of dynamical bifurcation in a superfluid Josephson junction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:205302. [PMID: 21231244 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.205302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report a direct observation of dynamical bifurcation between two plasma oscillation states of a superfluid Josephson junction. We excite the superfluid plasma resonance into a nonlinear regime by driving below the natural plasma frequency and observe a clear transition between two dynamical states. We also demonstrate bifurcation by changing the potential well with temperature variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supradeep Narayana
- The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sato Y, Joshi A, Packard R. Superfluid 4He quantum interference grating. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:085302. [PMID: 18764631 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.085302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the first observation of quantum interference from a grating structure consisting of four weak link junctions in superfluid 4He. We find that an interference grating can be implemented successfully in a superfluid matter wave interferometer to enhance its sensitivity while trading away some of its dynamic range. We also show that this type of device can be used to measure absolute quantum mechanical phase differences. The results demonstrate the robust nature of superfluid phase coherence arising from quantum mechanics on a macroscopic scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sato
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Levy S, Lahoud E, Shomroni I, Steinhauer J. The a.c. and d.c. Josephson effects in a Bose–Einstein condensate. Nature 2007; 449:579-83. [PMID: 17914391 DOI: 10.1038/nature06186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The alternating- and direct-current (a.c. and d.c.) Josephson effects were first discovered in a system of two superconductors, the macroscopic wavefunctions of which are weakly coupled via a tunnelling barrier. In the a.c. Josephson effect, a constant chemical potential difference (voltage) is applied, which causes an oscillating current to flow through the barrier. Because the frequency is proportional to the chemical potential difference only, the a.c. Josephson effect serves as a voltage standard. In the d.c. Josephson effect, a small constant current is applied, resulting in a constant supercurrent flowing through the barrier. In a sense, the particles do not 'feel' the presence of the tall tunnelling barrier, and flow freely through it with no driving potential. Bose-Einstein condensates should also support Josephson effects; however, while plasma oscillations have been seen in a single Bose-Einstein condensate Josephson junction, the a.c. Josephson effect remains elusive. Here we observe the a.c. and d.c. Josephson effects in a single Bose-Einstein condensate Josephson junction. The d.c. Josephson effect has been observed previously only in superconducting systems; in our study, it is evident when we measure the chemical potential-current relation of the Bose-Einstein condensate Josephson junction. Our system constitutes a trapped-atom interferometer with continuous readout, which operates on the basis of the a.c. Josephson effect. In addition, the measured chemical potential-current relation shows that the device is suitable for use as an analogue of the superconducting quantum interference device, which would sense rotation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Levy
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gupta S, Murch KW, Moore KL, Purdy TP, Stamper-Kurn DM. Bose-Einstein condensation in a circular waveguide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:143201. [PMID: 16241650 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.143201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have produced Bose-Einstein condensates in a ring-shaped magnetic waveguide. The few-millimeter diameter, nonzero-bias ring is formed from a time-averaged quadrupole ring. Condensates that propagate around the ring make several revolutions within the time it takes for them to expand to fill the ring. The ring shape is ideally suited for studies of vorticity in a multiply connected geometry and is promising as a rotation sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Gupta
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hoskinson E, Packard RE, Haard TM. Oscillatory motion: quantum whistling in superfluid helium-4. Nature 2005; 433:376. [PMID: 15674281 DOI: 10.1038/433376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental considerations predict that macroscopic quantum systems such as superfluids and the electrons in superconductors will undergo oscillatory motion when forced through a small constriction. Here we induce these oscillations in superfluid helium-4 (4He) by pushing it through an array of nanometre-sized apertures. The oscillations, which are detected as an audible whistling sound, obey the so-called Josephson frequency relation and occur coherently among all the apertures. The discovery of this property in 4He at the relatively high temperature of 2 K (2,000 times higher than the temperature at which a related but different phenomenon occurs in 3He) may pave the way for a new class of practical rotation sensors of unprecedented precision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Hoskinson
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chui TCP, Hahn I, Penanen K, Zhong F, Strayer D. Applied superconductivity and superfluidity for the exploration of the Moon and Mars. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2005; 36:99-106. [PMID: 16252443 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We discuss how superconductivity and superfluidity can be applied to solve the challenges in the exploration of the Moon and Mars. High sensitivity instruments using phenomena of superconductivity and superfluidity can potentially make significant contributions to the fields of navigation, automation, habitation, and resource location. Using the quantum nature of superconductivity, lightweight and very sensitive diagnostic tools can be made to monitor the health of astronauts. Moreover, the Moon and Mars offer a unique environment for scientific exploration. We also discuss how powerful superconducting instruments may enable scientists to seek answers to several profound questions about nature. These answers will not only deepen our appreciation of the universe, they may also open the door to paradigm-shifting technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talso C P Chui
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Low Temperature Science and Quantum Sensors Group, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thomson J. SQUIDS go superfluid. Nature 2001. [DOI: 10.1038/news010705-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|