1
|
Zakharova K, Liu M, Greenwald JR, Caldwell BC, Qi Z, Wysocki VH, Bell CE. Structural Basis for the Interaction of Redβ Single-Strand Annealing Protein with Escherichia coli Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Protein. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168590. [PMID: 38663547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Redβ is a protein from bacteriophage λ that binds to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to promote the annealing of complementary strands. Together with λ-exonuclease (λ-exo), Redβ is part of a two-component DNA recombination system involved in multiple aspects of genome maintenance. The proteins have been exploited in powerful methods for bacterial genome engineering in which Redβ can anneal an electroporated oligonucleotide to a complementary target site at the lagging strand of a replication fork. Successful annealing in vivo requires the interaction of Redβ with E. coli single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB), which coats the ssDNA at the lagging strand to coordinate access of numerous replication proteins. Previous mutational analysis revealed that the interaction between Redβ and SSB involves the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Redβ and the C-terminal tail of SSB (SSB-Ct), the site for binding of numerous host proteins. Here, we have determined the x-ray crystal structure of Redβ CTD in complex with a peptide corresponding to the last nine residues of SSB (MDFDDDIPF). Formation of the complex is predominantly mediated by hydrophobic interactions between two phenylalanine side chains of SSB (Phe-171 and Phe-177) and an apolar groove on the CTD, combined with electrostatic interactions between the C-terminal carboxylate of SSB and Lys-214 of the CTD. Mutation of any of these residues to alanine significantly disrupts the interaction of full-length Redβ and SSB proteins. Structural knowledge of this interaction will help to expand the utility of Redβ-mediated recombination to a wider range of bacterial hosts for applications in synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Zakharova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jacelyn R Greenwald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian C Caldwell
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zihao Qi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vicki H Wysocki
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Charles E Bell
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li-Bao L, Díaz-Díaz C, Raiola M, Sierra R, Temiño S, Moya FJ, Rodriguez-Perales S, Santos E, Giovinazzo G, Bleckwehl T, Rada-Iglesias Á, Spitz F, Torres M. Regulation of Myc transcription by an enhancer cluster dedicated to pluripotency and early embryonic expression. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3931. [PMID: 38729993 PMCID: PMC11087473 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
MYC plays various roles in pluripotent stem cells, including the promotion of somatic cell reprogramming to pluripotency, the regulation of cell competition and the control of embryonic diapause. However, how Myc expression is regulated in this context remains unknown. The Myc gene lies within a ~ 3-megabase gene desert with multiple cis-regulatory elements. Here we use genomic rearrangements, transgenesis and targeted mutation to analyse Myc regulation in early mouse embryos and pluripotent stem cells. We identify a topologically-associated region that homes enhancers dedicated to Myc transcriptional regulation in stem cells of the pre-implantation and early post-implantation embryo. Within this region, we identify elements exclusively dedicated to Myc regulation in pluripotent cells, with distinct enhancers that sequentially activate during naive and formative pluripotency. Deletion of pluripotency-specific enhancers dampens embryonic stem cell competitive ability. These results identify a topologically defined enhancer cluster dedicated to early embryonic expression and uncover a modular mechanism for the regulation of Myc expression in different states of pluripotency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li-Bao
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Covadonga Díaz-Díaz
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Morena Raiola
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Sierra
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Temiño
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Moya
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genome Editing Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Rodriguez-Perales
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genome Editing Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Santos
- Pluripotent Cell Technology Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanna Giovinazzo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Pluripotent Cell Technology Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tore Bleckwehl
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Álvaro Rada-Iglesias
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC/University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Francois Spitz
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Miguel Torres
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tamura A, Azam AH, Nakamura T, Lee K, Iyoda S, Kondo K, Ojima S, Chihara K, Yamashita W, Cui L, Akeda Y, Watashi K, Takahashi Y, Yotsuyanagi H, Kiga K. Synthetic phage-based approach for sensitive and specific detection of Escherichia coli O157. Commun Biol 2024; 7:535. [PMID: 38710842 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06247-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157 can cause foodborne outbreaks, with infection leading to severe disease such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Although phage-based detection methods for E. coli O157 are being explored, research on their specificity with clinical isolates is lacking. Here, we describe an in vitro assembly-based synthesis of vB_Eco4M-7, an O157 antigen-specific phage with a 68-kb genome, and its use as a proof of concept for E. coli O157 detection. Linking the detection tag to the C-terminus of the tail fiber protein, gp27 produces the greatest detection sensitivity of the 20 insertions sites tested. The constructed phage detects all 53 diverse clinical isolates of E. coli O157, clearly distinguishing them from 35 clinical isolates of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Our efficient phage synthesis methods can be applied to other pathogenic bacteria for a variety of applications, including phage-based detection and phage therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azumi Tamura
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aa Haeruman Azam
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Lee
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sunao Iyoda
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Kondo
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Ojima
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Chihara
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wakana Yamashita
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Longzhu Cui
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kiga
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tan W, Miao Q, Jia X, Liu Y, Li S, Yang D. Research Progress on the Assembly of Large DNA Fragments. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400054. [PMID: 38477700 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic biology, a newly and rapidly developing interdisciplinary field, has demonstrated increasing potential for extensive applications in the wide areas of biomedicine, biofuels, and novel materials. DNA assembly is a key enabling technology of synthetic biology and a central point for realizing fully synthetic artificial life. While the assembly of small DNA fragments has been successfully commercialized, the assembly of large DNA fragments remains a challenge due to their high molecular weight and susceptibility to breakage. This article provides an overview of the development and current state of DNA assembly technology, with a focus on recent advancements in the assembly of large DNA fragments in Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In particular, the methods and challenges associated with the assembly of large DNA fragment in different hosts are highlighted. The advancements in DNA assembly have the potential to facilitate the construction of customized genomes, giving us the ability to modify cellular functions and even create artificial life. It is also contributing to our ability to understand, predict, and manipulate living organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Qing Miao
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Jia
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Dayong Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cui D, Li S, Yin B, Li C, Zhang L, Li Z, Huang J. Rapid Rescue of Goose Astrovirus Genome via Red/ET Assembly. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024:10.1007/s12560-024-09593-4. [PMID: 38582780 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-024-09593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The host-specific infection of Avian Astrovirus (AAstVs) has posed significant challenges to the poultry industry, resulting in substantial economic losses. However, few reports exist on the functional consequences of genome diversity, cross-species infectivity and mechanisms governing virus replication of AAstVs, making it difficult to develop measures to control astrovirus transmission. Reverse genetics technique can be used to study the function of viruses at the molecular level, as well as investigating pathogenic mechanisms and guide vaccine development and disease treatment. Herein, the reverse genetics technique of goose astrovirus GAstV/JS2019 strain was developed based on use of a reconstructed vector including CMV promotor, hammerhead ribozyme (HamRz), hepatitis delta virus ribozyme (HdvRz), and SV40 tail, then the cloned viral genome fragments were connected using Red/ET recombineering. The recombinant rGAstV-JS2019 was readily rescued by transfected the infectious clone plasmid into LMH cells. Importantly, the rescued rGAstV/JS2019 exhibited similar growth kinetics comparable to those of the parental GAstV/JS2019 isolate in cultured cells. Our research results provide an alternative and more effective reverse genetic tool for a detailed understanding of viral replication, pathogenic mechanisms, and molecular mechanisms of evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daqing Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shujun Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Boxuan Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Changyan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zexing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Michalski MN, Williams BO. The Past, Present, and Future of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models for Skeletal Biology. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1311. [PMID: 37759711 PMCID: PMC10526739 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to create genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) has exponentially increased our understanding of many areas of biology. Musculoskeletal biology is no exception. In this review, we will first discuss the historical development of GEMMs and how these developments have influenced musculoskeletal disease research. This review will also update our 2008 review that appeared in BONEKey, a journal that is no longer readily available online. We will first review the historical development of GEMMs in general, followed by a particular emphasis on the ability to perform tissue-specific (conditional) knockouts focusing on musculoskeletal tissues. We will then discuss how the development of CRISPR/Cas-based technologies during the last decade has revolutionized the generation of GEMMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan N. Michalski
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
| | - Bart O. Williams
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
- Core Technologies and Services, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Miyagawa S, Horie T, Nishino T, Koyama S, Watanabe T, Baba O, Yamasaki T, Sowa N, Otani C, Matsushita K, Kojima H, Kimura M, Nakashima Y, Obika S, Kasahara Y, Kotera J, Oka K, Fujita R, Sasaki T, Takemiya A, Hasegawa K, Kimura T, Ono K. Inhibition of microRNA-33b in humanized mice ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301902. [PMID: 37263777 PMCID: PMC10235800 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in their advanced stages; however, there are currently no approved therapies. Here, we show that microRNA (miR)-33b in hepatocytes is critical for the development of NASH. miR-33b is located in the intron of sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 and is abundantly expressed in humans, but absent in rodents. miR-33b knock-in (KI) mice, which have a miR-33b sequence in the same intron of sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 as humans and express miR-33b similar to humans, exhibit NASH under high-fat diet feeding. This condition is ameliorated by hepatocyte-specific miR-33b deficiency but unaffected by macrophage-specific miR-33b deficiency. Anti-miR-33b oligonucleotide improves the phenotype of NASH in miR-33b KI mice fed a Gubra Amylin NASH diet, which induces miR-33b and worsens NASH more than a high-fat diet. Anti-miR-33b treatment reduces hepatic free cholesterol and triglyceride accumulation through up-regulation of the lipid metabolism-related target genes. Furthermore, it decreases the expression of fibrosis marker genes in cultured hepatic stellate cells. Thus, inhibition of miR-33b using nucleic acid medicine is a promising treatment for NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sawa Miyagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Horie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishino
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Baba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Sowa
- Division of Translational Research, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chiharu Otani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Matsushita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kojima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakashima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuuya Kasahara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Kotera
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, Fujisawa-shi, Japan
| | - Kozo Oka
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, Fujisawa-shi, Japan
| | - Ryo Fujita
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, Fujisawa-shi, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, Fujisawa-shi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Takemiya
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shonan Health Innovation Park, Fujisawa-shi, Japan
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Division of Translational Research, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koh Ono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Toyooka Y, Aoki K, Usami FM, Oka S, Kato A, Fujimori T. Generation of pulsatile ERK activity in mouse embryonic stem cells is regulated by Raf activity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9465. [PMID: 37301878 PMCID: PMC10257726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a serine/threonine kinase that is known to regulate cellular events such as cell proliferation and differentiation. The ERK signaling pathway is activated by fibroblast growth factors, and is considered to be indispensable for the differentiation of primitive endoderm cells, not only in mouse preimplantation embryos, but also in embryonic stem cell (ESC) culture. To monitor ERK activity in living undifferentiated and differentiating ESCs, we established EKAREV-NLS-EB5 ESC lines that stably express EKAREV-NLS, a biosensor based on the principle of fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Using EKAREV-NLS-EB5, we found that ERK activity exhibited pulsatile dynamics. ESCs were classified into two groups: active cells showing high-frequency ERK pulses, and inactive cells demonstrating no detectable ERK pulses during live imaging. Pharmacological inhibition of major components in the ERK signaling pathway revealed that Raf plays an important role in determining the pattern of ERK pulses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Toyooka
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-Cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-Cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fumiko Matsukawa Usami
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-Cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sanae Oka
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-Cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Azusa Kato
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-Cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-Cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thomason LC, Costantino N, Li X, Court DL. Recombineering: Genetic Engineering in Escherichia coli Using Homologous Recombination. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e656. [PMID: 36779782 PMCID: PMC10037674 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial chromosome and bacterial plasmids can be engineered in vivo by homologous recombination using either PCR products or synthetic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) or single-stranded DNA as substrates. Multiple linear dsDNA molecules can be assembled into an intact plasmid. The technology of recombineering is possible because bacteriophage-encoded recombination proteins efficiently recombine sequences with homologies as short as 35 to 50 bases. Recombineering allows DNA sequences to be inserted or deleted without regard to the location of restriction sites and can also be used in combination with CRISPR/Cas targeting systems. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. Basic Protocol: Making electrocompetent cells and transforming with linear DNA Support Protocol 1: Selection/counter-selections for genome engineering Support Protocol 2: Creating and screening for oligo recombinants by PCR Support Protocol 3: Other methods of screening for unselected recombinants Support Protocol 4: Curing recombineering plasmids containing a temperature-sensitive replication function Support Protocol 5: Removal of the prophage by recombineering Alternate Protocol 1: Using CRISPR/Cas9 as a counter-selection following recombineering Alternate Protocol 2: Assembly of linear dsDNA fragments into functional plasmids Alternate Protocol 3: Retrieval of alleles onto a plasmid by gap repair Alternate Protocol 4: Modifying multicopy plasmids with recombineering Support Protocol 6: Screening for unselected plasmid recombinants Alternate Protocol 5: Recombineering with an intact λ prophage Alternate Protocol 6: Targeting an infecting λ phage with the defective prophage strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn C. Thomason
- Molecular Control and Genetics Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nina Costantino
- formerly with Molecular Control and Genetics Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Xintian Li
- Armata Pharmaceuticals, 4503 Glencoe Avenue, Marina del Rey, CA 90292
| | - Donald L. Court
- Emeritus, Molecular Control and Genetics Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Caldwell BJ, Norris AS, Karbowski CF, Wiegand AM, Wysocki VH, Bell CE. Structure of a RecT/Redβ family recombinase in complex with a duplex intermediate of DNA annealing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7855. [PMID: 36543802 PMCID: PMC9772228 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Some bacteriophage encode a recombinase that catalyzes single-stranded DNA annealing (SSA). These proteins are apparently related to RAD52, the primary human SSA protein. The best studied protein, Redβ from bacteriophage λ, binds weakly to ssDNA, not at all to dsDNA, but tightly to a duplex intermediate of annealing formed when two complementary DNA strands are added to the protein sequentially. We used single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine a 3.4 Å structure of a Redβ homolog from a prophage of Listeria innocua in complex with two complementary 83mer oligonucleotides. The structure reveals a helical protein filament bound to a DNA duplex that is highly extended and unwound. Native mass spectrometry confirms that the complex seen by cryo-EM is the predominant species in solution. The protein shares a common core fold with RAD52 and a similar mode of ssDNA-binding. These data provide insights into the mechanism of protein-catalyzed SSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Caldwell
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andrew S Norris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native MS-Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Caroline F Karbowski
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Alyssa M Wiegand
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Vicki H Wysocki
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native MS-Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Charles E Bell
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native MS-Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tahir H, Basit A, Tariq H, Haider Z, Ullah A, Hayat Z, Rehman SU. Coupling CRISPR/Cas9 and Lambda Red Recombineering System for Genome Editing of Salmonella Gallinarum and the Effect of ssaU Knock-Out Mutant on the Virulence of Bacteria. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123028. [PMID: 36551784 PMCID: PMC9776377 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry in developing countries still faces a significant threat from fowl typhoid, a disease caused by Salmonella Gallinarum that has been well contained in more economically developed countries. In addition to the virulence exhibited by large virulence plasmid (85 kb), Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 in S. Gallinarum plays a key role in mediating disease through its type III secretion systems (TTSS). The TTSS secrete effector protein across the Salmonella containing vacuoles and mediate the internalization of bacteria by modulating vesicular passage. In this study, candidate virulent ssaU gene (~1 kb) encoding type III secretion system was successfully deleted from indigenously isolated S. Gallinarum genome through homology-directed repair using CRISPR/Cas9 and lambda recombination systems. CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing of poultry-derived Salmonella Gallinarum has not been previously reported, which might be linked to a lack of efficiency in its genetic tools. This is the first study which demonstrates a complete CRISPR/Cas9-based gene deletion from this bacterial genome. More importantly, a poultry experimental model was employed to assess the virulence potential of this mutant strain (ΔssaU_SG18) which was unable to produce any mortality in the experimentally challenged birds as compared to the wild type strain. No effect on weight gain was observed whereas bacteria were unable to colonize the intestine and liver in our challenge model. This in vivo loss of virulence in mutant strain provides an excellent functionality of this system to be useful in live vaccine development against this resistant and patho genic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Tahir
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Basit
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK
| | - Hafsa Tariq
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Zulquernain Haider
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Asim Ullah
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinbrugh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Zafar Hayat
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinbrugh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-3214905423
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Newing TP, Brewster JL, Fitschen LJ, Bouwer JC, Johnston NP, Yu H, Tolun G. Redβ 177 annealase structure reveals details of oligomerization and λ Red-mediated homologous DNA recombination. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5649. [PMID: 36163171 PMCID: PMC9512822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Redβ protein of the bacteriophage λ red recombination system is a model annealase which catalyzes single-strand annealing homologous DNA recombination. Here we present the structure of a helical oligomeric annealing intermediate of Redβ, consisting of N-terminal residues 1-177 bound to two complementary 27mer oligonucleotides, determined via cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to a final resolution of 3.3 Å. The structure reveals a continuous binding groove which positions and stabilizes complementary DNA strands in a planar orientation to facilitate base pairing via a network of hydrogen bonding. Definition of the inter-subunit interface provides a structural basis for the propensity of Redβ to oligomerize into functionally significant long helical filaments, a trait shared by most annealases. Our cryo-EM structure and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that residues 133-138 form a flexible loop which modulates access to the binding groove. More than half a century after its discovery, this combination of structural and computational observations has allowed us to propose molecular mechanisms for the actions of the model annealase Redβ, a defining member of the Redβ/RecT protein family. Redβ annealase catalyses single-strand annealing homologous DNA recombination. Here, the authors present a cryo-EM structure of a Redβ annealing intermediate bound to two complementary 27mer oligonucleotides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Newing
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jodi L Brewster
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Lucy J Fitschen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - James C Bouwer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Nikolas P Johnston
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Haibo Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Gökhan Tolun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. .,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yilmaz S, Nyerges A, van der Oost J, Church GM, Claassens NJ. Towards next-generation cell factories by rational genome-scale engineering. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00836-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
DNA looping has emerged as a central paradigm of transcriptional regulation, as it is shared across many living systems. One core property of DNA looping-based regulation is its ability to greatly enhance repression or activation of genes with only a few copies of transcriptional regulators. However, this property based on a small number of proteins raises the question of the robustness of such a mechanism with respect to the large intracellular perturbations taking place during growth and division of the cell. Here we address the issue of sensitivity to variations of intracellular parameters of gene regulation by DNA looping. We use the lac system as a prototype to experimentally identify the key features of the robustness of DNA looping in growing Escherichia coli cells. Surprisingly, we observe time intervals of tight repression spanning across division events, which can sometimes exceed 10 generations. Remarkably, the distribution of such long time intervals exhibits memoryless statistics that is mostly insensitive to repressor concentration, cell division events, and the number of distinct loops accessible to the system. By contrast, gene regulation becomes highly sensitive to these perturbations when DNA looping is absent. Using stochastic simulations, we propose that the observed robustness to division emerges from the competition between fast, multiple rebinding events of repressors and slow initiation rate of the RNA polymerase. We argue that fast rebinding events are a direct consequence of DNA looping that ensures robust gene repression across a range of intracellular perturbations.
Collapse
|
15
|
Genome engineering of the Corynebacterium glutamicum chromosome by the Extended Dual-In/Out strategy. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 200:106555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
16
|
Peterson KA, Murray SA. Progress towards completing the mutant mouse null resource. Mamm Genome 2022; 33:123-134. [PMID: 34698892 PMCID: PMC8913489 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The generation of a comprehensive catalog of null alleles covering all protein-coding genes is the goal of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium. Over the past 20 years, significant progress has been made towards achieving this goal through the combined efforts of many large-scale programs that built an embryonic stem cell resource to generate knockout mice and more recently employed CRISPR/Cas9-based mutagenesis to delete critical regions predicted to result in frameshift mutations, thus, ablating gene function. The IMPC initiative builds on prior and ongoing work by individual research groups creating gene knockouts in the mouse. Here, we analyze the collective efforts focusing on the combined null allele resource resulting from strains developed by the research community and large-scale production programs. Based upon this pooled analysis, we examine the remaining fraction of protein-coding genes focusing on clearly defined mouse-human orthologs as the highest priority for completing the mutant mouse null resource. In summary, we find that there are less than 3400 mouse-human orthologs remaining in the genome without a targeted null allele that can be further prioritized to achieve our overall goal of the complete functional annotation of the protein-coding portion of a mammalian genome.
Collapse
|
17
|
A fast Myosin super enhancer dictates muscle fiber phenotype through competitive interactions with Myosin genes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1039. [PMID: 35210422 PMCID: PMC8873246 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The contractile properties of adult myofibers are shaped by their Myosin heavy chain isoform content. Here, we identify by snATAC-seq a 42 kb super-enhancer at the locus regrouping the fast Myosin genes. By 4C-seq we show that active fast Myosin promoters interact with this super-enhancer by DNA looping, leading to the activation of a single promoter per nucleus. A rainbow mouse transgenic model of the locus including the super-enhancer recapitulates the endogenous spatio-temporal expression of adult fast Myosin genes. In situ deletion of the super-enhancer by CRISPR/Cas9 editing demonstrates its major role in the control of associated fast Myosin genes, and deletion of two fast Myosin genes at the locus reveals an active competition of the promoters for the shared super-enhancer. Last, by disrupting the organization of fast Myosin, we uncover positional heterogeneity within limb skeletal muscles that may underlie selective muscle susceptibility to damage in certain myopathies. The contractile properties of adult myofibers are shaped by their Myosin heavy chain isoform content. Here the authors show that a super enhancer controls the spatiotemporal expression of the genes at the fast myosin heavy chain locus by DNA looping and that this expression profile is recapitulated in a rainbow transgenic mouse model of the locus.
Collapse
|
18
|
dCas9-based gene editing for cleavage-free genomic knock-in of long sequences. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:268-278. [PMID: 35145221 PMCID: PMC8843813 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene editing is a powerful tool for genome and cell engineering. Exemplified by CRISPR–Cas, gene editing could cause DNA damage and trigger DNA repair processes that are often error-prone. Such unwanted mutations and safety concerns can be exacerbated when altering long sequences. Here we couple microbial single-strand annealing proteins (SSAPs) with catalytically inactive dCas9 for gene editing. This cleavage-free gene editor, dCas9–SSAP, promotes the knock-in of long sequences in mammalian cells. The dCas9–SSAP editor has low on-target errors and minimal off-target effects, showing higher accuracy than canonical Cas9 methods. It is effective for inserting kilobase-scale sequences, with an efficiency of up to approximately 20% and robust performance across donor designs and cell types, including human stem cells. We show that dCas9–SSAP is less sensitive to inhibition of DNA repair enzymes than Cas9 references. We further performed truncation and aptamer engineering to minimize its size to fit into a single adeno-associated-virus vector for future application. Together, this tool opens opportunities towards safer long-sequence genome engineering. Wang, Qu et al. developed a genome-editing system, utilizing catalytically inactive Cas9 fused to microbial single-strand annealing proteins, for kilobase-scale insertion in human cells without introducing DNA nicks or breaks.
Collapse
|
19
|
Faux MC, Weinstock J, Gogos S, Prato E, Azimpour AI, O'Keefe R, Cathcart-King Y, Garnham AL, Ernst M, Preaudet A, Christie M, Putoczki TL, Buchert M, Burgess AW. Combined Treatment with a WNT Inhibitor and the NSAID Sulindac Reduces Colon Adenoma Burden in Mice with Truncated APC. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:66-77. [PMID: 36860494 PMCID: PMC9973414 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) truncations occur in many colorectal cancers and are often associated with immune infiltration. The aim of this study was to determine whether a combination of Wnt inhibition with anti-inflammatory (sulindac) and/or proapototic (ABT263) drugs can reduce colon adenomas. Apc min/+ and doublecortin-like kinase 1 (Dclk1)Cre/+ ;Apc fl/fl mice were exposed to dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) in their drinking water to promote the formation of colon adenomas. Mice were then treated with either a Wnt-signaling antagonist pyrvinium pamoate (PP), an anti-inflammatory agent sulindac or proapoptotic compound ABT263 or a combination of PP+ABT263, or PP+sulindac. Colon adenoma frequency, size, and T-cell abundance were measured. DSS treatment resulted in significant increases in colon adenoma number (P < 0.001, n > 5) and burden in Apc min/+ (P < 0.01, n > 5) and Dclk1 Cre/+ ;Apc fl/fl (P < 0.02, n > 5) mice. There was no effect on adenomas following treatment with PP in combination with ABT263. Adenoma number and burden were reduced with PP+sulindac treatment in Dclk1 Cre/+;Apc fl/fl mice (P < 0.01, n > 17) and in Apc min/+ mice (P < 0.001, n > 7) treated with sulindac or PP+sulindac with no detectable toxicity. PP treatment of Apc min/+ mice increased the frequency of CD3+ cells in the adenomas. The combination of Wnt pathway inhibition with sulindac was more effective in Dclk1 Cre/+;Apc fl/fl mice and provides an opportunity for killing Apc-mutant colon adenoma cells, indicating a strategy for both colorectal cancer prevention and potential new treatments for patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Outcomes from the results of this study may be translatable to the clinic for management of FAP and other patients with a high risk of developing colorectal cancer. Significance Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide with limited therapeutic options. APC and other Wnt signaling mutations occur in the majority of colorectal cancers but there are currently no Wnt inhibitors in the clinic. The combination of Wnt pathway inhibition with sulindac provides an opportunity for killing Apc-mutant colon adenoma cells and suggests a strategy for colorectal cancer prevention and new treatments for patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maree C. Faux
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, RMH, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Corresponding Authors: Maree C. Faux, Cell Biology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Phone: 613-8341-6200; Fax: 613-8341-6212; E-mail: ; and Antony Burgess, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Phone: 613-9345-2555; Fax: 613-9347-0852; E-mail:
| | - Janet Weinstock
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Deceased
| | - Sophia Gogos
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Prato
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander I. Azimpour
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan O'Keefe
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yasmin Cathcart-King
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra L. Garnham
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adele Preaudet
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Christie
- Department of Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracy L. Putoczki
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, RMH, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony W. Burgess
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, RMH, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Corresponding Authors: Maree C. Faux, Cell Biology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Phone: 613-8341-6200; Fax: 613-8341-6212; E-mail: ; and Antony Burgess, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Phone: 613-9345-2555; Fax: 613-9347-0852; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kauffman KM, Chang WK, Brown JM, Hussain FA, Yang J, Polz MF, Kelly L. Resolving the structure of phage-bacteria interactions in the context of natural diversity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:372. [PMID: 35042853 PMCID: PMC8766483 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities are shaped by viral predators. Yet, resolving which viruses (phages) and bacteria are interacting is a major challenge in the context of natural levels of microbial diversity. Thus, fundamental features of how phage-bacteria interactions are structured and evolve in the wild remain poorly resolved. Here we use large-scale isolation of environmental marine Vibrio bacteria and their phages to obtain estimates of strain-level phage predator loads, and use all-by-all host range assays to discover how phage and host genomic diversity shape interactions. We show that lytic interactions in environmental interaction networks (as observed in agar overlay) are sparse-with phage predator loads being low for most bacterial strains, and phages being host-strain-specific. Paradoxically, we also find that although overlap in killing is generally rare between tailed phages, recombination is common. Together, these results suggest that recombination during cryptic co-infections is an important mode of phage evolution in microbial communities. In the development of phages for bioengineering and therapeutics it is important to consider that nucleic acids of introduced phages may spread into local phage populations through recombination, and that the likelihood of transfer is not predictable based on lytic host range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Kauffman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, The University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - William K Chang
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Julia M Brown
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA
| | - Fatima A Hussain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Joy Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Martin F Polz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Libusha Kelly
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Devoy A, Price G, De Giorgio F, Bunton-Stasyshyn R, Thompson D, Gasco S, Allan A, Codner GF, Nair RR, Tibbit C, McLeod R, Ali Z, Noda J, Marrero-Gagliardi A, Brito-Armas JM, Williams C, Öztürk MM, Simon M, O'Neill E, Bryce-Smith S, Harrison J, Atkins G, Corrochano S, Stewart M, Gilthorpe JD, Teboul L, Acevedo-Arozena A, Fisher EM, Cunningham TJ. Generation and analysis of innovative genomically humanized knockin SOD1, TARDBP (TDP-43), and FUS mouse models. iScience 2021; 24:103463. [PMID: 34988393 PMCID: PMC8710557 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder, and continued innovation is needed for improved understanding and for developing therapeutics. We have created next-generation genomically humanized knockin mouse models, by replacing the mouse genomic region of Sod1, Tardbp (TDP-43), and Fus, with their human orthologs, preserving human protein biochemistry and splicing with exons and introns intact. We establish a new standard of large knockin allele quality control, demonstrating the utility of indirect capture for enrichment of a genomic region of interest followed by Oxford Nanopore sequencing. Extensive analysis shows that homozygous humanized animals only express human protein at endogenous levels. Characterization of humanized FUS animals showed that they are phenotypically normal throughout their lifespan. These humanized strains are vital for preclinical assessment of interventions and serve as templates for the addition of coding or non-coding human ALS/FTD mutations to dissect disease pathomechanisms, in a physiological context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anny Devoy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Georgia Price
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Francesca De Giorgio
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rosie Bunton-Stasyshyn
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - David Thompson
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Samanta Gasco
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Alasdair Allan
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Gemma F. Codner
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Remya R. Nair
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Charlotte Tibbit
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Ross McLeod
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Zeinab Ali
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Judith Noda
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; ITB-ULL and CIBERNED, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - José M. Brito-Armas
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; ITB-ULL and CIBERNED, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Chloe Williams
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Muhammet M. Öztürk
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Michelle Simon
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Edward O'Neill
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Sam Bryce-Smith
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jackie Harrison
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Gemma Atkins
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | | | - Michelle Stewart
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | | | - Lydia Teboul
- UK MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Abraham Acevedo-Arozena
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias; ITB-ULL and CIBERNED, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Elizabeth M.C. Fisher
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
RN7SK small nuclear RNA controls bidirectional transcription of highly expressed gene pairs in skin. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5864. [PMID: 34620876 PMCID: PMC8497571 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pausing of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) close to promoters is a common regulatory step in RNA synthesis, and is coordinated by a ribonucleoprotein complex scaffolded by the noncoding RNA RN7SK. The function of RN7SK-regulated gene transcription in adult tissue homoeostasis is currently unknown. Here, we deplete RN7SK during mouse and human epidermal stem cell differentiation. Unexpectedly, loss of this small nuclear RNA specifically reduces transcription of numerous cell cycle regulators leading to cell cycle exit and differentiation. Mechanistically, we show that RN7SK is required for efficient transcription of highly expressed gene pairs with bidirectional promoters, which in the epidermis co-regulated cell cycle and chromosome organization. The reduction in transcription involves impaired splicing and RNA decay, but occurs in the absence of chromatin remodelling at promoters and putative enhancers. Thus, RN7SK is directly required for efficient Pol II transcription of highly transcribed bidirectional gene pairs, and thereby exerts tissue-specific functions, such as maintaining a cycling cell population in the epidermis. The noncoding RNA RN7SK regulates RNA polymerase II pausing and splicing. Here the authors deplete RN7SK in mouse and human during epidermal stem cell differentiation and reveal a novel role in orchestrating bidirectional transcription of highly expressed gene pairs.
Collapse
|
23
|
Spaulding EL, Hines TJ, Bais P, Tadenev ALD, Schneider R, Jewett D, Pattavina B, Pratt SL, Morelli KH, Stum MG, Hill DP, Gobet C, Pipis M, Reilly MM, Jennings MJ, Horvath R, Bai Y, Shy ME, Alvarez-Castelao B, Schuman EM, Bogdanik LP, Storkebaum E, Burgess RW. The integrated stress response contributes to tRNA synthetase-associated peripheral neuropathy. Science 2021; 373:1156-1161. [PMID: 34516839 PMCID: PMC8908546 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb3414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dominant mutations in ubiquitously expressed transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase genes cause axonal peripheral neuropathy, accounting for at least six forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. Genetic evidence in mouse and Drosophila models suggests a gain-of-function mechanism. In this study, we used in vivo, cell type–specific transcriptional and translational profiling to show that mutant tRNA synthetases activate the integrated stress response (ISR) through the sensor kinase GCN2 (general control nonderepressible 2). The chronic activation of the ISR contributed to the pathophysiology, and genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of Gcn2 alleviated the peripheral neuropathy. The activation of GCN2 suggests that the aberrant activity of the mutant tRNA synthetases is still related to translation and that inhibiting GCN2 or the ISR may represent a therapeutic strategy in CMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. L. Spaulding
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - T. J. Hines
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - P. Bais
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - A. L. D. Tadenev
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - R. Schneider
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - D. Jewett
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - B. Pattavina
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - S. L. Pratt
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111 USA
| | - K. H. Morelli
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - M. G. Stum
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - D. P. Hill
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - C. Gobet
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M. Pipis
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - M. M. Reilly
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - M. J. Jennings
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R. Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Y. Bai
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - M. E. Shy
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - E. M. Schuman
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - L. P. Bogdanik
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - E. Storkebaum
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - R. W. Burgess
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zakharova K, Caldwell BJ, Ta S, Wheat CT, Bell CE. Mutational Analysis of Redβ Single Strand Annealing Protein: Roles of the 14 Lysine Residues in DNA Binding and Recombination In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147758. [PMID: 34299376 PMCID: PMC8303780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Redβ is a 261 amino acid protein from bacteriophage λ that promotes a single-strand annealing (SSA) reaction for repair of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) breaks. While there is currently no high-resolution structure available for Redβ, models of its DNA binding domain (residues 1-188) have been proposed based on homology with human Rad52, and a crystal structure of its C-terminal domain (CTD, residues 193-261), which binds to λ exonuclease and E. coli single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB), has been determined. To evaluate these models, the 14 lysine residues of Redβ were mutated to alanine, and the variants tested for recombination in vivo and DNA binding and annealing in vitro. Most of the lysines within the DNA binding domain, including K36, K61, K111, K132, K148, K154, and K172, were found to be critical for DNA binding in vitro and recombination in vivo. By contrast, none of the lysines within the CTD, including K214, K245, K251, K253, and K258 were required for DNA binding in vitro, but two, K214 and K253, were critical for recombination in vivo, likely due to their involvement in binding to SSB. K61 was identified as a residue that is critical for DNA annealing, but not for initial ssDNA binding, suggesting a role in binding to the second strand of DNA incorporated into the complex. The K148A variant, which has previously been shown to be defective in oligomer formation, had the lowest affinity for ssDNA, and was the only variant that was completely non-cooperative, suggesting that ssDNA binding is coupled to oligomerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Zakharova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.Z.); (B.J.C.); (S.T.); (C.T.W.)
| | - Brian J. Caldwell
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.Z.); (B.J.C.); (S.T.); (C.T.W.)
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shalya Ta
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.Z.); (B.J.C.); (S.T.); (C.T.W.)
| | - Carter T. Wheat
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.Z.); (B.J.C.); (S.T.); (C.T.W.)
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Charles E. Bell
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.Z.); (B.J.C.); (S.T.); (C.T.W.)
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Emrich-Mills TZ, Yates G, Barrett J, Girr P, Grouneva I, Lau CS, Walker CE, Kwok TK, Davey JW, Johnson MP, Mackinder LCM. A recombineering pipeline to clone large and complex genes in Chlamydomonas. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1161-1181. [PMID: 33723601 PMCID: PMC8633747 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to clone genes has greatly advanced cell and molecular biology research, enabling researchers to generate fluorescent protein fusions for localization and confirm genetic causation by mutant complementation. Most gene cloning is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)�or DNA synthesis-dependent, which can become costly and technically challenging as genes increase in size, particularly if they contain complex regions. This has been a long-standing challenge for the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii research community, as this alga has a high percentage of genes containing complex sequence structures. Here we overcame these challenges by developing a recombineering pipeline for the rapid parallel cloning of genes from a Chlamydomonas bacterial artificial chromosome collection. To generate fluorescent protein fusions for localization, we applied the pipeline at both batch and high-throughput scales to 203 genes related to the Chlamydomonas CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM), with an overall cloning success rate of 77%. Cloning success was independent of gene size and complexity, with cloned genes as large as 23 kb. Localization of a subset of CCM targets confirmed previous mass spectrometry data, identified new pyrenoid components, and enabled complementation of mutants. We provide vectors and detailed protocols to facilitate easy adoption of this technology, which we envision will open up new possibilities in algal and plant research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Z Emrich-Mills
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Department Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Gary Yates
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James Barrett
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Philipp Girr
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Irina Grouneva
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Chun Sing Lau
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Tsz Kam Kwok
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - John W Davey
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- Department Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Luke C M Mackinder
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Author for correspondence: (L.C.M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Caldwell BJ, Norris A, Zakharova E, Smith CE, Wheat CT, Choudhary D, Sotomayor M, Wysocki VH, Bell CE. Oligomeric complexes formed by Redβ single strand annealing protein in its different DNA bound states. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:3441-3460. [PMID: 33693865 PMCID: PMC8034648 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Redβ is a single strand annealing protein from bacteriophage λ that binds loosely to ssDNA, not at all to pre-formed dsDNA, but tightly to a duplex intermediate of annealing. As viewed by electron microscopy, Redβ forms oligomeric rings on ssDNA substrate, and helical filaments on the annealed duplex intermediate. However, it is not clear if these are the functional forms of the protein in vivo. We have used size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle light scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation and native mass spectrometry (nMS) to characterize the size of the oligomers formed by Redβ in its different DNA-bound states. The nMS data, which resolve species with the highest resolution, reveal that Redβ forms an oligomer of 12 subunits in the absence of DNA, complexes ranging from 4 to 14 subunits on 38-mer ssDNA, and a much more distinct and stable complex of 11 subunits on 38-mer annealed duplex. We also measure the concentration of Redβ in cells active for recombination and find it to range from 7 to 27 μM. Collectively, these data provide new insights into the dynamic nature of the complex on ssDNA, and the more stable and defined complex on annealed duplex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Caldwell
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrew Norris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ekaterina Zakharova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christopher E Smith
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Carter T Wheat
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Deepanshu Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vicki H Wysocki
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Charles E Bell
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Germline editing, the process by which the genome of an individual is edited in such a way that the change is heritable, has been applied to a wide variety of animals [D. A. Sorrell, A. F. Kolb, Biotechnol. Adv. 23, 431-469 (2005); D. Baltimore et al., Science 348, 36-38 (2015)]. Because of its relevancy in agricultural and biomedical research, the pig genome has been extensively modified using a multitude of technologies [K. Lee, K. Farrell, K. Uh, Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 32, 40-49 (2019); C. Proudfoot, S. Lillico, C. Tait-Burkard, Anim. Front. 9, 6-12 (2019)]. In this perspective, we will focus on using pigs as the model system to review the current methodologies, applications, and challenges of mammalian germline genome editing. We will also discuss the broad implications of animal germline editing and its clinical potential.
Collapse
|
28
|
Delacher M, Simon M, Sanderink L, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Wuttke M, Schambeck K, Schmidleithner L, Bittner S, Pant A, Ritter U, Hehlgans T, Riegel D, Schneider V, Groeber-Becker FK, Eigenberger A, Gebhard C, Strieder N, Fischer A, Rehli M, Hoffmann P, Edinger M, Strowig T, Huehn J, Schmidl C, Werner JM, Prantl L, Brors B, Imbusch CD, Feuerer M. Single-cell chromatin accessibility landscape identifies tissue repair program in human regulatory T cells. Immunity 2021; 54:702-720.e17. [PMID: 33789089 PMCID: PMC8050210 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Murine regulatory T (Treg) cells in tissues promote tissue homeostasis and regeneration. We sought to identify features that characterize human Treg cells with these functions in healthy tissues. Single-cell chromatin accessibility profiles of murine and human tissue Treg cells defined a conserved, microbiota-independent tissue-repair Treg signature with a prevailing footprint of the transcription factor BATF. This signature, combined with gene expression profiling and TCR fate mapping, identified a population of tissue-like Treg cells in human peripheral blood that expressed BATF, chemokine receptor CCR8 and HLA-DR. Human BATF+CCR8+ Treg cells from normal skin and adipose tissue shared features with nonlymphoid T follicular helper-like (Tfh-like) cells, and induction of a Tfh-like differentiation program in naive human Treg cells partially recapitulated tissue Treg regenerative characteristics, including wound healing potential. Human BATF+CCR8+ Treg cells from healthy tissue share features with tumor-resident Treg cells, highlighting the importance of understanding the context-specific functions of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Delacher
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Malte Simon
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lieke Sanderink
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- Core Facility Omics IT and Data management (ODCF), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Wuttke
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schambeck
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Schmidleithner
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bittner
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Asmita Pant
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hehlgans
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dania Riegel
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI)
| | - Verena Schneider
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine TERM, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies TLZ-RT, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Kai Groeber-Becker
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine TERM, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies TLZ-RT, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Eigenberger
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Alexander Fischer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rehli
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; RESIST, Cluster of Excellence 2155, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; RESIST, Cluster of Excellence 2155, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jens M Werner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Prantl
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charles D Imbusch
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI); Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Generation of a Novel Nkx6-1 Venus Fusion Reporter Mouse Line. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073434. [PMID: 33810480 PMCID: PMC8036392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nkx6-1 is a member of the Nkx family of homeodomain transcription factors (TFs) that regulates motor neuron development, neuron specification and pancreatic endocrine and β-cell differentiation. To facilitate the isolation and tracking of Nkx6-1-expressing cells, we have generated a novel Nkx6-1 Venus fusion (Nkx6-1-VF) reporter allele. The Nkx6-1-VF knock-in reporter is regulated by endogenous cis-regulatory elements of Nkx6-1 and the fluorescent protein fusion does not interfere with the TF function, as homozygous mice are viable and fertile. The nuclear localization of Nkx6-1-VF protein reflects the endogenous Nkx6-1 protein distribution. During embryonic pancreas development, the reporter protein marks the pancreatic ductal progenitors and the endocrine lineage, but is absent in the exocrine compartment. As expected, the levels of Nkx6-1-VF reporter are upregulated upon β-cell differentiation during the major wave of endocrinogenesis. In the adult islets of Langerhans, the reporter protein is exclusively found in insulin-secreting β-cells. Importantly, the Venus reporter activities allow successful tracking of β-cells in live-cell imaging and their specific isolation by flow sorting. In summary, the generation of the Nkx6-1-VF reporter line reflects the expression pattern and dynamics of the endogenous protein and thus provides a unique tool to study the spatio-temporal expression pattern of this TF during organ development and enables isolation and tracking of Nkx6-1-expressing cells such as pancreatic β-cells, but also neurons and motor neurons in health and disease.
Collapse
|
30
|
Li C, Swofford CA, Rückert C, Sinskey AJ. Optimizing recombineering in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2255-2264. [PMID: 33650120 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the increasing demand for amino acids and valuable commodities that can be produced by Corynebacterium glutamicum, there is a pressing need for new rapid genome engineering tools that improve the speed and efficiency of genomic insertions, deletions, and mutations. Recombineering using the λ Red system in Escherichia coli has proven very successful at genetically modifying this organism in a quick and efficient manner, suggesting that optimizing a recombineering system for C. glutamicum will also improve the speed for genomic modifications. Here, we maximized the recombineering efficiency in C. glutamicum by testing the efficacy of seven different recombinase/exonuclease pairs for integrating single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) into the genome. By optimizing the homologous arm length and the amount of dsDNA transformed, as well as eliminating codon bias, a dsDNA recombineering efficiency of 13,250 transformed colonies/109 viable cells was achieved, the highest efficiency currently reported in the literature. Using this optimized system, over 40,000 bp could be deleted in one transformation step. This recombineering strategy will greatly improve the speed of genetic modifications in C. glutamicum and assist other systems, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and multiplexed automated genome engineering, in improving targeted genome editing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charles A Swofford
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christian Rückert
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony J Sinskey
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mirra S, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Manso Y, Higuera M, Serrat R, Salcedo MT, Burgaya F, Balibrea JM, Santamaría E, Uriarte I, Berasain C, Avila MA, Mínguez B, Soriano E, Villarroya F. ARMCX3 Mediates Susceptibility to Hepatic Tumorigenesis Promoted by Dietary Lipotoxicity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051110. [PMID: 33807672 PMCID: PMC7961652 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary An excess fat in the liver enhances the susceptibility to hepatic cancer. We found that Armcx3, a protein only known to date to play a role in neural development, is strongly increased in mouse liver in response to lipid availability and proliferation-inducing insults. In patients, the levels of hepatic Armcx3 are also increased in conditions of high exposure of the liver to fat. We wanted to determine the role of Armcx3 in the hepatocarcinogenesis favored by a high-fat diet. We generated mice with genetically driven suppression of Armcx3, and we found that they were protected against experimentally induced hepatic cancer, especially in conditions of a high-fat diet. Armcx3 was also found to promote hepatic cell proliferation through the interaction with Sox9, a known proliferation factor in hepatocellular carcinoma. Armcx3 is identified as a novel factor in meditating propensity to liver cancer in conditions of high hepatic lipid insults. Abstract ARMCX3 is encoded by a member of the Armcx gene family and is known to be involved in nervous system development and function. We found that ARMCX3 is markedly upregulated in mouse liver in response to high lipid availability, and that hepatic ARMCX3 is upregulated in patients with NAFLD and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mice were subjected to ARMCX3 invalidation (inducible ARMCX3 knockout) and then exposed to a high-fat diet and diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. The effects of experimental ARMCX3 knockdown or overexpression in HCC cell lines were also analyzed. ARMCX3 invalidation protected mice against high-fat-diet-induced NAFLD and chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis. ARMCX3 invalidation promoted apoptotic cell death and macrophage infiltration in livers of diethylnitrosamine-treated mice maintained on a high-fat diet. ARMCX3 downregulation reduced the viability, clonality and migration of HCC cell lines, whereas ARMCX3 overexpression caused the reciprocal effects. SOX9 was found to mediate the effects of ARMCX3 in hepatic cells, with the SOX9 interaction required for the effects of ARMCX3 on hepatic cell proliferation. In conclusion, ARMCX3 is identified as a novel molecular actor in liver physiopathology and carcinogenesis. ARMCX3 downregulation appears to protect against hepatocarcinogenesis, especially under conditions of high dietary lipid-mediated hepatic insult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mirra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.); (Y.M.); (R.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yasmina Manso
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.); (Y.M.); (R.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Higuera
- Liver Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research, VHIR, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.H.); (B.M.)
| | - Román Serrat
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.); (Y.M.); (R.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Salcedo
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Ferran Burgaya
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.); (Y.M.); (R.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Maria Balibrea
- Endocrine, Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Eva Santamaría
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.S.);(I.U.); (C.B.); (M.A.A.)
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.S.);(I.U.); (C.B.); (M.A.A.)
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.S.);(I.U.); (C.B.); (M.A.A.)
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matias A. Avila
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.S.);(I.U.); (C.B.); (M.A.A.)
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mínguez
- Liver Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research, VHIR, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.H.); (B.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.S.);(I.U.); (C.B.); (M.A.A.)
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.); (Y.M.); (R.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (F.V.); Tel.: +34-934-037-117 (E.S.); +34-934-021-525 (F.V.)
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (F.V.); Tel.: +34-934-037-117 (E.S.); +34-934-021-525 (F.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Das Gupta RR, Scheurer L, Pelczar P, Wildner H, Zeilhofer HU. Neuron-specific spinal cord translatomes reveal a neuropeptide code for mouse dorsal horn excitatory neurons. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5232. [PMID: 33664406 PMCID: PMC7933427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal dorsal horn harbors a sophisticated and heterogeneous network of excitatory and inhibitory neurons that process peripheral signals encoding different sensory modalities. Although it has long been recognized that this network is crucial both for the separation and the integration of sensory signals of different modalities, a systematic unbiased approach to the use of specific neuromodulatory systems is still missing. Here, we have used the translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) technique to map the translatomes of excitatory glutamatergic (vGluT2+) and inhibitory GABA and/or glycinergic (vGAT+ or Gad67+) neurons of the mouse spinal cord. Our analyses demonstrate that inhibitory and excitatory neurons are not only set apart, as expected, by the expression of genes related to the production, release or re-uptake of their principal neurotransmitters and by genes encoding for transcription factors, but also by a differential engagement of neuromodulator, especially neuropeptide, signaling pathways. Subsequent multiplex in situ hybridization revealed eleven neuropeptide genes that are strongly enriched in excitatory dorsal horn neurons and display largely non-overlapping expression patterns closely adhering to the laminar and presumably also functional organization of the spinal cord grey matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rani Das Gupta
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8090, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Louis Scheurer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- Center for Transgenic Models, University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Wildner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8090, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Santana-Varela S, Bogdanov YD, Gossage SJ, Okorokov AL, Li S, de Clauser L, Alves-Simoes M, Sexton JE, Iseppon F, Luiz AP, Zhao J, Wood JN, Cox JJ. Tools for analysis and conditional deletion of subsets of sensory neurons. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:250. [PMID: 35233469 PMCID: PMC8817070 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17090.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Somatosensation depends on primary sensory neurons of the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Transcriptional profiling of mouse DRG sensory neurons has defined at least 18 distinct neuronal cell types. Using an advillin promoter, we have generated a transgenic mouse line that only expresses diphtheria toxin A (DTA) in sensory neurons in the presence of Cre recombinase. This has allowed us to ablate specific neuronal subsets within the DRG using a range of established and novel Cre lines that encompass all sets of sensory neurons. Methods: A floxed-tdTomato-stop-DTA bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic reporter line (AdvDTA) under the control of the mouse advillin DRG promoter was generated. The line was first validated using a Na v1.8 Cre and then crossed to CGRP CreER (Calca), Th CreERT2, Tmem45b Cre, Tmem233 Cre, Ntng1 Cre and TrkB CreER (Ntrk2) lines. Pain behavioural assays included Hargreaves', hot plate, Randall-Selitto, cold plantar, partial sciatic nerve ligation and formalin tests. Results: Motor activity, as assessed by the rotarod test, was normal for all lines tested. Noxious mechanosensation was significantly reduced when either Na v1.8 positive neurons or Tmem45b positive neurons were ablated whilst acute heat pain was unaffected. In contrast, noxious mechanosensation was normal following ablation of CGRP-positive neurons but acute heat pain thresholds were significantly elevated and a reduction in nocifensive responses was observed in the second phase of the formalin test. Ablation of TrkB-positive neurons led to significant deficits in mechanical hypersensitivity in the partial sciatic nerve ligation neuropathic pain model. Conclusions: Ablation of specific DRG neuronal subsets using the AdvDTA line will be a useful resource for further functional characterization of somatosensory processing, neuro-immune interactions and chronic pain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yury D. Bogdanov
- Molecular Nociception Group, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO166YD, UK
| | - Samuel J. Gossage
- Molecular Nociception Group, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andrei L. Okorokov
- Molecular Nociception Group, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shengnan Li
- Molecular Nociception Group, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Larissa de Clauser
- Molecular Nociception Group, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute for Biomedicine, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lubeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marta Alves-Simoes
- Molecular Nociception Group, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jane E. Sexton
- Molecular Nociception Group, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Federico Iseppon
- Molecular Nociception Group, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ana P. Luiz
- Molecular Nociception Group, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jing Zhao
- Molecular Nociception Group, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John N. Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James J. Cox
- Molecular Nociception Group, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ramakrishnan S, Subramaniam S, Kielar C, Grundmeier G, Stewart AF, Keller A. Protein-Assisted Room-Temperature Assembly of Rigid, Immobile Holliday Junctions and Hierarchical DNA Nanostructures. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215099. [PMID: 33153073 PMCID: PMC7663122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immobile Holliday junctions represent not only the most fundamental building block of structural DNA nanotechnology but are also of tremendous importance for the in vitro investigation of genetic recombination and epigenetics. Here, we present a detailed study on the room-temperature assembly of immobile Holliday junctions with the help of the single-strand annealing protein Redβ. Individual DNA single strands are initially coated with protein monomers and subsequently hybridized to form a rigid blunt-ended four-arm junction. We investigate the efficiency of this approach for different DNA/protein ratios, as well as for different DNA sequence lengths. Furthermore, we also evaluate the potential of Redβ to anneal sticky-end modified Holliday junctions into hierarchical assemblies. We demonstrate the Redβ-mediated annealing of Holliday junction dimers, multimers, and extended networks several microns in size. While these hybrid DNA–protein nanostructures may find applications in the crystallization of DNA–protein complexes, our work shows the great potential of Redβ to aid in the synthesis of functional DNA nanostructures under mild reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saminathan Ramakrishnan
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (S.R.); (C.K.); (G.G.)
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sivaraman Subramaniam
- Biotechnology Center, Department of Genomics, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (S.S.); (A.F.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Charlotte Kielar
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (S.R.); (C.K.); (G.G.)
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (S.R.); (C.K.); (G.G.)
| | - A. Francis Stewart
- Biotechnology Center, Department of Genomics, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (S.S.); (A.F.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (S.R.); (C.K.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Heintz N, Gong S. Working with Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) and Other High-Capacity Vectors. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2020; 2020:2020/10/pdb.top097998. [PMID: 33004554 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top097998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic targeting of specific cell types is fundamentally important for modern molecular-genetic studies. The development of simple methods to engineer high-capacity vectors-in particular, bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs)-for the preparation of transgenic lines that accurately express a gene of interest has resulted in commonplace usage of transgenic techniques in a wide variety of experimental systems. Here we provide a brief description of each of the four major types of large-capacity vectors, with a focus on the use of BAC vectors.
Collapse
|
36
|
Challenges & opportunities for phage-based in situ microbiome engineering in the gut. J Control Release 2020; 326:106-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
37
|
Yamashita J, Takeuchi A, Hosono K, Fleming T, Nagahama Y, Okubo K. Male-predominant galanin mediates androgen-dependent aggressive chases in medaka. eLife 2020; 9:59470. [PMID: 32783809 PMCID: PMC7423395 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in mice demonstrate that a subset of neurons in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) that express galanin play crucial roles in regulating parental behavior in both sexes. However, little information is available on the function of galanin in social behaviors in other species. Here, we report that, in medaka, a subset of MPOA galanin neurons occurred nearly exclusively in males, resulting from testicular androgen stimulation. Galanin-deficient medaka showed a greatly reduced incidence of male-male aggressive chases. Furthermore, while treatment of female medaka with androgen induced male-typical aggressive acts, galanin deficiency in these females attenuated the effect of androgen on chases. Given their male-biased and androgen-dependent nature, the subset of MPOA galanin neurons most likely mediate androgen-dependent male-male chases. Histological studies further suggested that variability in the projection targets of the MPOA galanin neurons may account for the species-dependent functional differences in these evolutionarily conserved neural substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Yamashita
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Takeuchi
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Hosono
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nagahama
- Division of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kataaki Okubo
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kuroki S, Maeda R, Yano M, Kitano S, Miyachi H, Fukuda M, Shinkai Y, Tachibana M. H3K9 Demethylases JMJD1A and JMJD1B Control Prospermatogonia to Spermatogonia Transition in Mouse Germline. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:424-438. [PMID: 32679061 PMCID: PMC7419704 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation is dynamically regulated by methyltransferases and demethylases. In spermatogenesis, prospermatogonia differentiate into differentiating or undifferentiated spermatogonia after birth. However, the epigenetic regulation of prospermatogonia to spermatogonia transition is largely unknown. We found that perinatal prospermatogonia have extremely low levels of di-methylated H3K9 (H3K9me2) and that H3K9 demethylases, JMJD1A and JMJD1B, catalyze H3K9me2 demethylation in perinatal prospermatogonia. Depletion of JMJD1A and JMJD1B in the embryonic germline resulted in complete loss of male germ cells after puberty, indicating that H3K9me2 demethylation is essential for male germline maintenance. JMJD1A/JMJD1B-depleted germ cells were unable to differentiate into functional spermatogonia. JMJD1 isozymes contributed to activation of several spermatogonial stem cell maintenance genes through H3K9 demethylation during the prospermatogonia to spermatogonia transition, which we propose is key for spermatogonia development. In summary, JMJD1A/JMJD1B-mediated H3K9me2 demethylation promotes prospermatogonia to differentiate into functional spermatogonia by establishing proper gene expression profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kuroki
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Maeda
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Yano
- Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kitano
- Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin, Kawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8597, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyachi
- Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin, Kawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8597, Japan
| | - Mikiko Fukuda
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin, Kawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8597, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shinkai
- Cellular Memory Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Makoto Tachibana
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Brewster JL, Tolun G. Half a century of bacteriophage lambda recombinase: In vitro studies of lambda exonuclease and Red-beta annealase. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1622-1633. [PMID: 32621393 PMCID: PMC7496540 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA recombination, replication, and repair are intrinsically interconnected processes. From viruses to humans, they are ubiquitous and essential to all life on Earth. Single‐strand annealing homologous DNA recombination is a major mechanism for the repair of double‐stranded DNA breaks. An exonuclease and an annealase work in tandem, forming a complex known as a two‐component recombinase. Redβ annealase and λ‐exonuclease from phage lambda form the archetypal two‐component recombinase complex. In this short review article, we highlight some of the in vitro studies that have led to our current understanding of the lambda recombinase system. We synthesize insights from more than half a century of research, summarizing the state of our current understanding. From this foundation, we identify the gaps in our knowledge and cast an eye forward to consider what the next 50 years of research may uncover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Brewster
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Keiraville, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gökhan Tolun
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Keiraville, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jais A, Paeger L, Sotelo-Hitschfeld T, Bremser S, Prinzensteiner M, Klemm P, Mykytiuk V, Widdershooven PJM, Vesting AJ, Grzelka K, Minère M, Cremer AL, Xu J, Korotkova T, Lowell BB, Zeilhofer HU, Backes H, Fenselau H, Wunderlich FT, Kloppenburg P, Brüning JC. PNOC ARC Neurons Promote Hyperphagia and Obesity upon High-Fat-Diet Feeding. Neuron 2020; 106:1009-1025.e10. [PMID: 32302532 PMCID: PMC7303947 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Calorie-rich diets induce hyperphagia and promote obesity, although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. We find that short-term high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding of mice activates prepronociceptin (PNOC)-expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). PNOCARC neurons represent a previously unrecognized GABAergic population of ARC neurons distinct from well-defined feeding regulatory AgRP or POMC neurons. PNOCARC neurons arborize densely in the ARC and provide inhibitory synaptic input to nearby anorexigenic POMC neurons. Optogenetic activation of PNOCARC neurons in the ARC and their projections to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis promotes feeding. Selective ablation of these cells promotes the activation of POMC neurons upon HFD exposure, reduces feeding, and protects from obesity, but it does not affect food intake or body weight under normal chow consumption. We characterize PNOCARC neurons as a novel ARC neuron population activated upon palatable food consumption to promote hyperphagia. Acute high-fat-diet feeding activates PNOC neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) GABAergic PNOCARC neurons inhibit anorexigenic POMC neurons Optogenetic activation of PNOCARC neurons promotes feeding Ablation of PNOCARC neurons protects from obesity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jais
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Paeger
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tamara Sotelo-Hitschfeld
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Bremser
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Prinzensteiner
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Klemm
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vasyl Mykytiuk
- Neuronal Circuits and Behaviour Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia J M Widdershooven
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Juliane Vesting
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Obesity and Cancer Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Grzelka
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marielle Minère
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Cremer
- Multimodal Imaging of Brain Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tatiana Korotkova
- Neuronal Circuits and Behaviour Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Backes
- Multimodal Imaging of Brain Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Fenselau
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - F Thomas Wunderlich
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Obesity and Cancer Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Kloppenburg
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nesteruk K, Janmaat VT, Liu H, Ten Hagen TLM, Peppelenbosch MP, Fuhler GM. Forced expression of HOXA13 confers oncogenic hallmarks to esophageal keratinocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165776. [PMID: 32222541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HOXA13 overexpression has been detected in human ESCC tissue and high HOXA13 protein expression is correlated with a shorter median survival time in ESCC patients. Although aberrant expression of HOXA13 in ESCC has thus been established, little is known regarding the functional consequences thereof. The present study aimed to examine to what extent aberrant HOXA13 might drive carcinogenesis in esophageal keratinocytes. To this end, we overexpressed HOXA13 in a non-transformed human esophageal cell line EPC2-hTERT, performed gene expression profiling to identify key processes and functions, and performed functional experiments. We found that HOXA13 expression confers oncogenic hallmarks to esophageal keratinocytes. It provides proliferation advantage to keratinocytes, reduces sensitivity to chemical agents, regulates MHC class I expression and differentiation status and promotes cellular migration. Our data indicate a crucial role of HOXA13 at early stages of esophageal carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hui Liu
- Erasmus MC- University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Gwenny M Fuhler
- Erasmus MC- University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands..
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lanigan TM, Kopera HC, Saunders TL. Principles of Genetic Engineering. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E291. [PMID: 32164255 PMCID: PMC7140808 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering is the use of molecular biology technology to modify DNA sequence(s) in genomes, using a variety of approaches. For example, homologous recombination can be used to target specific sequences in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell genomes or other cultured cells, but it is cumbersome, poorly efficient, and relies on drug positive/negative selection in cell culture for success. Other routinely applied methods include random integration of DNA after direct transfection (microinjection), transposon-mediated DNA insertion, or DNA insertion mediated by viral vectors for the production of transgenic mice and rats. Random integration of DNA occurs more frequently than homologous recombination, but has numerous drawbacks, despite its efficiency. The most elegant and effective method is technology based on guided endonucleases, because these can target specific DNA sequences. Since the advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats or CRISPR/Cas9 technology, endonuclease-mediated gene targeting has become the most widely applied method to engineer genomes, supplanting the use of zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and meganucleases. Future improvements in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing may be achieved by increasing the efficiency of homology-directed repair. Here, we describe principles of genetic engineering and detail: (1) how common elements of current technologies include the need for a chromosome break to occur, (2) the use of specific and sensitive genotyping assays to detect altered genomes, and (3) delivery modalities that impact characterization of gene modifications. In summary, while some principles of genetic engineering remain steadfast, others change as technologies are ever-evolving and continue to revolutionize research in many fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Lanigan
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Vector Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.M.L.); (H.C.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Huira C. Kopera
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Vector Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.M.L.); (H.C.K.)
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas L. Saunders
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kim JM, Garcia-Alcala M, Balleza E, Cluzel P. Stochastic transcriptional pulses orchestrate flagellar biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax0947. [PMID: 32076637 PMCID: PMC7002133 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The classic picture of flagellum biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, inferred from population measurements, depicts a deterministic program where promoters are sequentially up-regulated and are maintained steadily active throughout exponential growth. However, complex regulatory dynamics at the single-cell level can be masked by bulk measurements. Here, we discover that in individual E. coli cells, flagellar promoters are stochastically activated in pulses. These pulses are coordinated within specific classes of promoters and comprise "on" and "off" states, each of which can span multiple generations. We demonstrate that in this pulsing program, the regulatory logic of flagellar assembly dictates which promoters skip pulses. Surprisingly, pulses do not require specific transcriptional or translational regulation of the flagellar master regulator, FlhDC, but instead appears to be essentially governed by an autonomous posttranslational circuit. Our results suggest that even topologically simple transcriptional networks can generate unexpectedly rich temporal dynamics and phenotypic heterogeneities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Mark Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mayra Garcia-Alcala
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Enrique Balleza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Philippe Cluzel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lyozin GT, Brunelli L. Live-cell PCR and one-step purification streamline DNA engineering. FASEB J 2020; 34:3448-3460. [PMID: 31944382 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902261r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In vivo DNA engineering such as recombineering (recombination-mediated genetic engineering) and DNA gap repair typically involve growing Escherichia coli (E coli) containing plasmids, followed by plasmid DNA extraction and purification prior to downstream PCR-mediated DNA modifications and DNA sequencing. We previously demonstrated that crude cell lysates could be used for some limited downstream DNA applications. Here, we show how live E coli cell PCR and one-step LiCl-isopropanol purification can streamline DNA engineering. In DNA gap repair, live-cell PCR allowed the convenient elimination of clones containing background plasmids prior to DNA sequencing. Live-cell PCR also enabled the generation of specific DNA sequences for DNA engineering up to 11 kilo base pairs in length and with up to 80 base pair terminal non-homology. Using gel electrophoresis and DNA melting curve analysis, we showed that LiCl-isopropanol DNA precipitation removed primers and small, nonspecific PCR products from live-cell PCR products in only ~10-minutes. DNA sequencing of purified products yielded Phred quality scores values of ~55%. These data indicate that live-cell PCR and LiCl-isopropanol DNA precipitation are ideal to prepare DNA for sequencing and other downstream DNA applications, and might therefore accelerate high-throughput DNA engineering pipelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George T Lyozin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Luca Brunelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Precursors for Nonlymphoid-Tissue Treg Cells Reside in Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Are Programmed by the Transcription Factor BATF. Immunity 2020; 52:295-312.e11. [PMID: 31924477 PMCID: PMC7026712 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Specialized regulatory T (Treg) cells accumulate and perform homeostatic and regenerative functions in nonlymphoid tissues. Whether common precursors for nonlymphoid-tissue Treg cells exist and how they differentiate remain elusive. Using transcription factor nuclear factor, interleukin 3 regulated (Nfil3) reporter mice and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), we identified two precursor stages of interleukin 33 (IL-33) receptor ST2-expressing nonlymphoid tissue Treg cells, which resided in the spleen and lymph nodes. Global chromatin profiling of nonlymphoid tissue Treg cells and the two precursor stages revealed a stepwise acquisition of chromatin accessibility and reprogramming toward the nonlymphoid-tissue Treg cell phenotype. Mechanistically, we identified and validated the transcription factor Batf as the driver of the molecular tissue program in the precursors. Understanding this tissue development program will help to harness regenerative properties of tissue Treg cells for therapy. Two precursor stages of ST2+ nonlymphoid-tissue Tregs are evident in the spleen and LNs Precursor stages are defined by differential expression of Nfil3, PD1, and Klrg1 Chromatin accessibility and scRNA-seq suggests a stepwise precursor reprogramming Batf drives the molecular tissue program in the precursors
Collapse
|
46
|
Kajikawa E, Horo U, Ide T, Mizuno K, Minegishi K, Hara Y, Ikawa Y, Nishimura H, Uchikawa M, Kiyonari H, Kuraku S, Hamada H. Nodal paralogues underlie distinct mechanisms for visceral left-right asymmetry in reptiles and mammals. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:261-269. [PMID: 31907383 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unidirectional fluid flow generated by motile cilia at the left-right organizer (LRO) breaks left-right (L-R) symmetry during early embryogenesis in mouse, frog and zebrafish. The chick embryo, however, does not require motile cilia for L-R symmetry breaking. The diversity of mechanisms for L-R symmetry breaking among vertebrates and the trigger for such symmetry breaking in non-mammalian amniotes have remained unknown. Here we examined how L-R asymmetry is established in two reptiles, Madagascar ground gecko and Chinese softshell turtle. Both of these reptiles appear to lack motile cilia at the LRO. The expression of the Nodal gene at the LRO in the reptilian embryos was found to be asymmetric, in contrast to that in vertebrates such as mouse that are dependent on cilia for L-R patterning. Two paralogues of the Nodal gene derived from an ancient gene duplication are retained and expressed differentially in cilia-dependent and cilia-independent vertebrates. The expression of these two Nodal paralogues is similarly controlled in the lateral plate mesoderm but regulated differently at the LRO. Our in-depth analysis of reptilian embryos thus suggests that mammals and non-mammalian amniotes deploy distinct strategies dependent on different Nodal paralogues for rendering Nodal activity asymmetric at the LRO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Kajikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Uzuki Horo
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,SEEDS Program/JST Global Science Campus, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan.,NADA Senior High School, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ide
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hara
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masanori Uchikawa
- Graduate School for Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
García-García MJ. A History of Mouse Genetics: From Fancy Mice to Mutations in Every Gene. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:1-38. [PMID: 32304067 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory mouse has become the model organism of choice in numerous areas of biological and biomedical research, including the study of congenital birth defects. The appeal of mice for these experimental studies stems from the similarities between the physiology, anatomy, and reproduction of these small mammals with our own, but it is also based on a number of practical reasons: mice are easy to maintain in a laboratory environment, are incredibly prolific, and have a relatively short reproductive cycle. Another compelling reason for choosing mice as research subjects is the number of tools and resources that have been developed after more than a century of working with these small rodents in laboratory environments. As will become obvious from the reading of the different chapters in this book, research in mice has already helped uncover many of the genes and processes responsible for congenital birth malformations and human diseases. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the methods, scientific advances, and serendipitous circumstances that have made these discoveries possible, with a special emphasis on how the use of genetics has propelled scientific progress in mouse research and paved the way for future discoveries.
Collapse
|
48
|
Brumos J, Zhao C, Gong Y, Soriano D, Patel AP, Perez-Amador MA, Stepanova AN, Alonso JM. An Improved Recombineering Toolset for Plants. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:100-122. [PMID: 31666295 PMCID: PMC6961616 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene functional studies often rely on the expression of a gene of interest as transcriptional and translational fusions with specialized tags. Ideally, this is done in the native chromosomal contexts to avoid potential misexpression artifacts. Although recent improvements in genome editing have made it possible to directly modify the target genes in their native chromosomal locations, classical transgenesis is still the preferred experimental approach chosen in most gene tagging studies because of its time efficiency and accessibility. We have developed a recombineering-based tagging system that brings together the convenience of the classical transgenic approaches and the high degree of confidence in the results obtained by direct chromosomal tagging using genome-editing strategies. These simple, scalable, customizable recombineering toolsets and protocols allow a variety of genetic modifications to be generated. In addition, we developed a highly efficient recombinase-mediated cassette exchange system to facilitate the transfer of the desired sequences from a bacterial artificial chromosome clone to a transformation-compatible binary vector, expanding the use of the recombineering approaches beyond Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We demonstrated the utility of this system by generating more than 250 whole-gene translational fusions and 123 Arabidopsis transgenic lines corresponding to 62 auxin-related genes and characterizing the translational reporter expression patterns for 14 auxin biosynthesis genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Brumos
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Chengsong Zhao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - David Soriano
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Arjun P Patel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Miguel A Perez-Amador
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna N Stepanova
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Jose M Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lansdorp P, van Wietmarschen N. Helicases FANCJ, RTEL1 and BLM Act on Guanine Quadruplex DNA in Vivo. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110870. [PMID: 31683575 PMCID: PMC6896191 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanine quadruplex (G4) structures are among the most stable secondary DNA structures that can form in vitro, and evidence for their existence in vivo has been steadily accumulating. Originally described mainly for their deleterious effects on genome stability, more recent research has focused on (potential) functions of G4 structures in telomere maintenance, gene expression, and other cellular processes. The combined research on G4 structures has revealed that properly regulating G4 DNA structures in cells is important to prevent genome instability and disruption of normal cell function. In this short review we provide some background and historical context of our work resulting in the identification of FANCJ, RTEL1 and BLM as helicases that act on G4 structures in vivo. Taken together these studies highlight important roles of different G4 DNA structures and specific G4 helicases at selected genomic locations and telomeres in regulating gene expression and maintaining genome stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lansdorp
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada.
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Niek van Wietmarschen
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Alexander CJ, Wagner W, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Hammer JA. Creation of a myosin Va-TAP-tagged mouse and identification of potential myosin Va-interacting proteins in the cerebellum. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 75:395-409. [PMID: 29979496 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The actin-based motor myosin Va transports numerous cargos, including the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs) and melanosomes in melanocytes. Identifying proteins that interact with this myosin is key to understanding its cellular functions. Toward that end, we used recombineering to insert via homologous recombination a tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag composed of the immunoglobulin G-binding domain of protein A, a tobacco etch virus cleavage site, and a FLAG tag into the mouse MYO5A locus immediately after the initiation codon. Importantly, we provide evidence that the TAP-tagged version of myosin Va (TAP-MyoVa) functions normally in terms of SER transport in PNs and melanosome positioning in melanocytes. Given this and other evidence that TAP-MyoVa is fully functional, we purified it together with associated proteins directly from juvenile mouse cerebella and subjected the samples to mass spectroscopic analyses. As expected, known myosin Va-binding partners like dynein light chain were identified. Importantly, numerous novel interacting proteins were also tentatively identified, including guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha (Gnao1), a biomarker for schizophrenia. Consistently, an antibody to Gnao1 immunoprecipitates myosin Va, and Gnao1's localization to PN dendritic spines depends on myosin Va. The mouse model created here should facilitate the identification of novel myosin Va-binding partners, which in turn should advance our understanding of the roles played by this important myosin in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Alexander
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), Department of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neal G Copeland
- The University of Texas MD Anderson, Department of Genetics, Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nancy A Jenkins
- The University of Texas MD Anderson, Department of Genetics, Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John A Hammer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|