1
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Yan Z, Ho J, Lu YH, Masson SJ, Asenjo-Garcia A, Stamper-Kurn DM. Superradiant and Subradiant Cavity Scattering by Atom Arrays. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:253603. [PMID: 38181363 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.253603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
We realize collective enhancement and suppression of light scattered by an array of tweezer-trapped ^{87}Rb atoms positioned within a strongly coupled Fabry-Pérot optical cavity. We illuminate the array with light directed transverse to the cavity axis, in the low saturation regime, and detect photons scattered into the cavity. For an array with integer-optical-wavelength spacing each atom scatters light into the cavity with nearly identical scattering amplitude, leading to an observed N^{2} scaling of cavity photon number as the atom number increases stepwise from N=1 to N=8. By contrast, for an array with half-integer-wavelength spacing, destructive interference of scattering amplitudes yields a nonmonotonic, subradiant cavity intensity versus N. By analyzing the polarization of light emitted from the cavity, we find that Rayleigh scattering can be collectively enhanced or suppressed with respect to Raman scattering. We observe also that atom-induced shifts and broadenings of the cavity resonance are precisely tuned by varying the atom number and positions. Altogether, tweezer arrays provide exquisite control of atomic cavity QED spanning from the single- to the many-body regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Yan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Ho
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yue-Hui Lu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Stuart J Masson
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Ana Asenjo-Garcia
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Dan M Stamper-Kurn
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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2
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Zhang Q, Yin J, Yan Y, Chen S, Wei BY, Zhao S, Li M, Lei M, Lin Y, Shi F, Du J. Biocompatible Nanotomography of Tightly Focused Light. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1851-1857. [PMID: 35175061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tightly focusing a spatially modulated laser beam lays the foundations for advanced optical techniques, such as a holographic optical tweezer and deterministic super-resolution imaging. Precisely mapping the subwavelength features of those highly confined fields is critical to improving the spatial resolution, especially in highly scattering biotissues. However, current techniques characterizing focal fields are mostly limited to conditions such as under a vacuum and on a glass surface. An optical probe with low cytotoxicity and resistance to autofluorescence is the key to achieving in vivo applications. Here, we use a newly emerging quantum reference beacon, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in the nanodiamond, to characterize the focal field of the near-infrared (NIR) laser focus in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). This biocompatible background-free focal field mapping technique has the potential to optimize in vivo optical imaging and manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yihao Yan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Sanyou Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bing-Yan Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Min Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ming Lei
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yiheng Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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3
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Deist E, Gerber JA, Lu YH, Zeiher J, Stamper-Kurn DM. Superresolution Microscopy of Optical Fields Using Tweezer-Trapped Single Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:083201. [PMID: 35275676 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.083201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We realize a scanning probe microscope using single trapped ^{87}Rb atoms to measure optical fields with subwavelength spatial resolution. Our microscope operates by detecting fluorescence from a single atom driven by near-resonant light and determining the ac Stark shift of an atomic transition from other local optical fields via the change in the fluorescence rate. We benchmark the microscope by measuring two standing-wave Gaussian modes of a Fabry-Pérot resonator with optical wavelengths of 1560 and 781 nm. We attain a spatial resolution of 300 nm, which is superresolving compared to the limit set by the 780 nm wavelength of the detected light. Sensitivity to short length scale features is enhanced by adapting the sensor to characterize an optical field via the force it exerts on the atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Deist
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Justin A Gerber
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yue-Hui Lu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Johannes Zeiher
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Dan M Stamper-Kurn
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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4
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Drechsler M, Wolf S, Schmiegelow CT, Schmidt-Kaler F. Optical Superresolution Sensing of a Trapped Ion's Wave Packet Size. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:143602. [PMID: 34652202 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.143602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate superresolution optical sensing of the size of the wave packet of a single trapped ion. Our method extends the well-known ground state depletion (GSD) technique to the coherent regime. Here, we use a hollow beam to strongly saturate a coherently driven dipole-forbidden transition around a subdiffraction limited area at its center and observe state dependent fluorescence. By spatially scanning this laser beam over a single trapped ^{40}Ca^{+} ion, we are able to measure the wave packet sizes of cooled ions. Using a depletion beam waist of 4.2(1) μm we reach a spatial resolution which allows us to determine a wave packet size of 39(9) nm for a near ground state cooled ion. This value matches an independently deduced value of 32(2) nm, calculated from resolved sideband spectroscopy measurements. Finally, we discuss the ultimate resolution limits of our adapted GSD imaging technique in view of applications to direct quantum wave packet imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Drechsler
- Departamento de Física, FCEyN, UBA and IFIBA, UBA CONICET, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian T Schmiegelow
- Departamento de Física, FCEyN, UBA and IFIBA, UBA CONICET, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Teller M, Fioretto DA, Holz PC, Schindler P, Messerer V, Schüppert K, Zou Y, Blatt R, Chiaverini J, Sage J, Northup TE. Heating of a Trapped Ion Induced by Dielectric Materials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:230505. [PMID: 34170180 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.230505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electric-field noise due to surfaces disturbs the motion of nearby trapped ions, compromising the fidelity of gate operations that are the basis for quantum computing algorithms. We present a method that predicts the effect of dielectric materials on the ion's motion. Such dielectrics are integral components of ion traps. Quantitative agreement is found between a model with no free parameters and measurements of a trapped ion in proximity to dielectric mirrors. We expect that this approach can be used to optimize the design of ion-trap-based quantum computers and network nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Teller
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dario A Fioretto
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philip C Holz
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Alpine Quantum Technologies GmbH, Technikerstrasse 17/1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Schindler
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Viktor Messerer
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klemens Schüppert
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yueyang Zou
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rainer Blatt
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstrasse 21 A, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John Chiaverini
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jeremy Sage
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tracy E Northup
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Enhanced ion-cavity coupling through cavity cooling in the strong coupling regime. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15693. [PMID: 32973298 PMCID: PMC7519056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporating optical cavities in ion traps is becoming increasingly important in the development of photonic quantum networks. However, the presence of the cavity can hamper efficient laser cooling of ions because of geometric constraints that the cavity imposes and an unfavourable Purcell effect that can modify the cooling dynamics substantially. On the other hand the coupling of the ion to the cavity can also be exploited to provide a mechanism to efficiently cool the ion. In this paper we demonstrate experimentally how cavity cooling can be implemented to improve the localisation of the ion and thus its coupling to the cavity. By using cavity cooling we obtain an enhanced ion-cavity coupling of [Formula: see text] MHz, compared with [Formula: see text] MHz when using only Doppler cooling.
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7
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Ferri F, Garcia S, Baghdad M, Reichel J, Long R. Mapping optical standing-waves of an open-access Fabry-Perot cavity with a tapered fiber. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:033104. [PMID: 32259942 DOI: 10.1063/1.5142709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method to map the standing-wave pattern inside an open-access Fabry-Perot optical cavity with sub-wavelength resolution by perturbing it with a commercially available tapered fiber. The method is applied to a fiber Fabry-Perot microcavity. We demonstrate its use in determining the relative position of the antinodes at two different wavelengths. In addition, we use the tapered optical fiber as a point-like source, allowing precise positioning of a microscope objective with respect to the cavity mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferri
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Garcia
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Baghdad
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jakob Reichel
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Romain Long
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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8
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Takahashi H, Kassa E, Christoforou C, Keller M. Strong Coupling of a Single Ion to an Optical Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:013602. [PMID: 31976684 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.013602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling between an atom and an electromagnetic resonator is an important condition in cavity quantum electrodynamics. While strong coupling in various physical systems has been achieved so far, it remained elusive for single atomic ions. Here, we achieve a coupling strength of 2π×(12.3±0.1) MHz between a single ^{40}Ca^{+} ion and an optical cavity, exceeding both atomic and cavity decay rates which are 2π×11.5 and 2π×(4.1±0.1) MHz, respectively. We use cavity assisted Raman spectroscopy to precisely characterize the ion-cavity coupling strength and observe a spectrum featuring the normal mode splitting in the cavity transmission due to the ion-cavity interaction. Our work paves the way towards new applications of cavity quantum electrodynamics utilizing single trapped ions in the strong coupling regime for quantum optics and quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - Ezra Kassa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - Costas Christoforou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Keller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
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9
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Schmitz J, Meyer HM, Köhl M. Ultraviolet Fabry-Perot cavity with stable finesse under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:063102. [PMID: 31255001 DOI: 10.1063/1.5093551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed an apparatus containing a linear ion trap and a high-finesse optical cavity in the ultraviolet spectral range. In our construction, we have avoided all organic materials inside the ultrahigh vacuum chamber. We show that, unlike previously reported, the optical cavity does not degrade in performance over a time scale of 9 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schmitz
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hendrik M Meyer
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Köhl
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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10
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Klumpp A, Zampetaki A, Schmelcher P. Dynamical ion transfer between coupled Coulomb crystals in a double-well potential. Phys Rev E 2018; 96:032227. [PMID: 29346977 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.032227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics of coupled Coulomb crystals of different sizes trapped in a double well potential. The dynamics is induced by an instantaneous quench of the potential barrier separating the two crystals. Due to the intra- and intercrystal Coulomb interactions and the asymmetric population of the potential wells, we observe a complex reordering of ions within the two crystals as well as ion transfer processes from one well to the other. The study and analysis of the latter processes constitutes the main focus of this work. In particular, we examine the dependence of the observed ion transfers on the quench amplitude performing an analysis for different crystalline configurations ranging from one-dimensional ion chains via two-dimensional zigzag chains and ring structures to three-dimensional spherical structures. Such an analysis provides us with the means to extract the general principles governing the ion transfer dynamics and we gain some insight on the structural disorder caused by the quench of the barrier height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Klumpp
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Zampetaki
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Schmelcher
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Schmiegelow CT, Schulz J, Kaufmann H, Ruster T, Poschinger UG, Schmidt-Kaler F. Transfer of optical orbital angular momentum to a bound electron. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12998. [PMID: 27694805 PMCID: PMC5063962 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photons can carry angular momentum, not only due to their spin, but also due to their spatial structure. This extra twist has been used, for example, to drive circular motion of microscopic particles in optical tweezers as well as to create vortices in quantum gases. Here we excite an atomic transition with a vortex laser beam and demonstrate the transfer of optical orbital angular momentum to the valence electron of a single trapped ion. We observe strongly modified selection rules showing that an atom can absorb two quanta of angular momentum from a single photon: one from the spin and another from the spatial structure of the beam. Furthermore, we show that parasitic ac-Stark shifts from off-resonant transitions are suppressed in the dark centre of vortex beams. These results show how light's spatial structure can determine the characteristics of light–matter interaction and pave the way for its application and observation in other systems. The spatial structure of vortex laser beams associates angular momentum to photons, which, in addition to their spin, can be used to tailor light-matter interactions. Here, the authors excite an atomic transition with a vortex laser beam, showing that the transfer of angular momentum modifies selection rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T Schmiegelow
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, Mainz, 55128, Germany. .,Present address: Departamento de Física, FCEyN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, .
| | - Jonas Schulz
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Henning Kaufmann
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruster
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Ulrich G Poschinger
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, Mainz, 55128, Germany
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12
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Begley S, Vogt M, Gulati GK, Takahashi H, Keller M. Optimized Multi-Ion Cavity Coupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:223001. [PMID: 27314716 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.223001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advances in cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED) are paving the way to utilize multiple quantum emitters confined in a single optical cavity. In such systems, it is crucially important to control the quantum mechanical coupling of individual emitters to the cavity mode. In this regard, combining ion trap technologies with CQED provides a particularly promising approach due to the well-established motional control over trapped ions. Here, we experimentally demonstrate coupling of up to five trapped ions in a string to a high-finesse optical cavity. By changing the axial position and spacing of the ions in a fully deterministic manner, we systematically characterize their coupling to the cavity mode through visibility measurements of the cavity emission. In good agreement with the theoretical model, the results demonstrate that the geometrical configuration of multiple trapped ions can be manipulated to obtain optimal cavity coupling. Our system presents a new ground for exploring CQED with multiple quantum emitters, enabled by the highly controllable collective light-matter interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Begley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Vogt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Gulati
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Keller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
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13
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14
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A far-off-resonance optical trap for a Ba+ ion. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5587. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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15
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Ding S, Loh H, Hablutzel R, Gao M, Maslennikov G, Matsukevich D. Microwave control of trapped-ion motion assisted by a running optical lattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:073002. [PMID: 25170703 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.073002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate microwave control of the motional state of a trapped ion placed in a state-dependent potential generated by a running optical lattice. Both the optical lattice depth and the running lattice frequency provide tunability of the spin-motion coupling strength. The spin-motional coupling is exploited to demonstrate sideband cooling of a ^{171}Yb^{+} ion to the ground state of motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Ding
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huanqian Loh
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roland Hablutzel
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Meng Gao
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117551 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gleb Maslennikov
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dzmitry Matsukevich
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117551 Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Lee M, Kim J, Seo W, Hong HG, Song Y, Dasari RR, An K. Three-dimensional imaging of cavity vacuum with single atoms localized by a nanohole array. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3441. [PMID: 24603683 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zero-point electromagnetic fields were first introduced to explain the origin of atomic spontaneous emission. Vacuum fluctuations associated with the zero-point energy in cavities are now utilized in quantum devices such as single-photon sources, quantum memories, switches and network nodes. Here we present three-dimensional (3D) imaging of vacuum fluctuations in a high-Q cavity based on the measurement of position-dependent emission of single atoms. Atomic position localization is achieved by using a nanoscale atomic beam aperture scannable in front of the cavity mode. The 3D structure of the cavity vacuum is reconstructed from the cavity output. The root mean squared amplitude of the vacuum field at the antinode is also measured to be 0.92±0.07 V cm(-1). The present work utilizing a single atom as a probe for sub-wavelength imaging demonstrates the utility of nanometre-scale technology in cavity quantum electrodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonjoo Lee
- 1] Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea [2]
| | - Junki Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Wontaek Seo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Hyun-Gue Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Younghoon Song
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Ramachandra R Dasari
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kyungwon An
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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17
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Brandstätter B, McClung A, Schüppert K, Casabone B, Friebe K, Stute A, Schmidt PO, Deutsch C, Reichel J, Blatt R, Northup TE. Integrated fiber-mirror ion trap for strong ion-cavity coupling. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:123104. [PMID: 24387417 DOI: 10.1063/1.4838696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present and characterize fiber mirrors and a miniaturized ion-trap design developed to integrate a fiber-based Fabry-Perot cavity (FFPC) with a linear Paul trap for use in cavity-QED experiments with trapped ions. Our fiber-mirror fabrication process not only enables the construction of FFPCs with small mode volumes, but also allows us to minimize the influence of the dielectric fiber mirrors on the trapped-ion pseudopotential. We discuss the effect of clipping losses for long FFPCs and the effect of angular and lateral displacements on the coupling efficiencies between cavity and fiber. Optical profilometry allows us to determine the radii of curvature and ellipticities of the fiber mirrors. From finesse measurements, we infer a single-atom cooperativity of up to 12 for FFPCs longer than 200 μm in length; comparison to cavities constructed with reference substrate mirrors produced in the same coating run indicates that our FFPCs have similar scattering losses. We characterize the birefringence of our fiber mirrors, finding that careful fiber-mirror selection enables us to construct FFPCs with degenerate polarization modes. As FFPCs are novel devices, we describe procedures developed for handling, aligning, and cleaning them. We discuss experiments to anneal fiber mirrors and explore the influence of the atmosphere under which annealing occurs on coating losses, finding that annealing under vacuum increases the losses for our reference substrate mirrors. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate that these losses may be attributable to oxygen depletion in the mirror coating. Special design considerations enable us to introduce a FFPC into a trapped ion setup. Our unique linear Paul trap design provides clearance for such a cavity and is miniaturized to shield trapped ions from the dielectric fiber mirrors. We numerically calculate the trap potential in the absence of fibers. In the experiment additional electrodes can be used to compensate distortions of the potential due to the fibers. Home-built fiber feedthroughs connect the FFPC to external optics, and an integrated nanopositioning system affords the possibility of retracting or realigning the cavity without breaking vacuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brandstätter
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A McClung
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K Schüppert
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Casabone
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K Friebe
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Stute
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P O Schmidt
- QUEST Institute for Experimental Quantum Metrology, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - C Deutsch
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS/UPMC-Paris 6/CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - J Reichel
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS/UPMC-Paris 6/CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - R Blatt
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T E Northup
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Reiserer A, Nölleke C, Ritter S, Rempe G. Ground-state cooling of a single atom at the center of an optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:223003. [PMID: 23767719 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.223003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A single neutral atom is trapped in a three-dimensional optical lattice at the center of a high-finesse optical resonator. Using fluorescence imaging and a shiftable standing-wave trap, the atom is deterministically loaded into the maximum of the intracavity field where the atom-cavity coupling is strong. After 5 ms of Raman sideband cooling, the three-dimensional motional ground state is populated with a probability of (89±2)%. Our system is the first to simultaneously achieve quantum control over all degrees of freedom of a single atom: its position and momentum, its internal state, and its coupling to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reiserer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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19
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Bushev P, Hétet G, Slodička L, Rotter D, Wilson MA, Schmidt-Kaler F, Eschner J, Blatt R. Shot-noise-limited monitoring and phase locking of the motion of a single trapped ion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:133602. [PMID: 23581319 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.133602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We perform a high-resolution real-time readout of the motion of a single trapped and laser-cooled Ba+ ion. By using an interferometric setup, we demonstrate a shot-noise-limited measurement of thermal oscillations with a resolution of 4 times the standard quantum limit. We apply the real-time monitoring for phase control of the ion motion through a feedback loop, suppressing the photon recoil-induced phase diffusion. Because of the spectral narrowing in the phase-locked mode, the coherent ion oscillation is measured with a resolution of about 0.3 times the standard quantum limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bushev
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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20
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Steiner M, Meyer HM, Deutsch C, Reichel J, Köhl M. Single ion coupled to an optical fiber cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:043003. [PMID: 25166162 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.043003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the realization of a combined trapped-ion and optical cavity system, in which a single Yb(+) ion is confined by a micron-scale ion trap inside a 230 μm-long optical fiber cavity. We characterize the spatial ion-cavity coupling and measure the ion-cavity coupling strength using a cavity-stimulated Λ transition. Owing to the small mode volume of the fiber resonator, the coherent coupling strength between the ion and a single photon exceeds the natural decay rate of the dipole moment. This system can be integrated into ion-photon quantum networks and is a step towards cavity quantum electrodynamics based quantum information processing with trapped ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Steiner
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik M Meyer
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Deutsch
- Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, ENS/UPMC-Paris 6/CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France and Menlo Systems GmbH, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jakob Reichel
- Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, ENS/UPMC-Paris 6/CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Michael Köhl
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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21
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Linnet RB, Leroux ID, Marciante M, Dantan A, Drewsen M. Pinning an ion with an intracavity optical lattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:233005. [PMID: 23368194 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.233005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report one-dimensional pinning of a single ion by an optical lattice. A standing-wave cavity produces the lattice potential along the rf-field-free axis of a linear Paul trap. The ion's localization is detected by measuring its fluorescence when excited by standing-wave fields with the same period, but different spatial phases. The experiments agree with an analytical model of the localization process, which we test against numerical simulations. For the best localization achieved, the ion's average coupling to the cavity field is enhanced from 50% to 81(3)% of its maximum possible value, and we infer that the ion is bound in a lattice well with over 97% probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus B Linnet
- QUANTOP, Danish National Research Center for Quantum Optics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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22
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Kim J, Lee M, Kim D, Seo W, Hong HG, Song Y, An K. Prescribed nondegenerate high-order modes in an axial-asymmetric high-finesse Fabry-Perot microcavity. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:1457-1459. [PMID: 22555703 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report an axial-asymmetric high-Q Fabry-Perot cavity supporting nondegenerate Hermite-Gaussian modes of the same mode order. Axial asymmetry of mirror surface was introduced by mechanically grinding off one side of a cylindrical mirror substrate without degrading the original mirror quality. The bases of the resulting Hermite-Gaussian modes were aligned with respect to the direction of grinding, making it possible to prescribe the mirror principal axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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23
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Garraway BM. The Dicke model in quantum optics: Dicke model revisited. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2011; 369:1137-55. [PMID: 21320910 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A short review of recent developments of the Dicke model in quantum optics is presented. The focus is on the model in a cavity at zero temperature and in the rotating wave approximation. Topics discussed include spectroscopic structures, the giant quantum oscillator, entanglement and phase transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Garraway
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK.
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24
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Streed EW, Norton BG, Jechow A, Weinhold TJ, Kielpinski D. Imaging of trapped ions with a microfabricated optic for quantum information processing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:010502. [PMID: 21231727 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.010502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Trapped ions are a leading system for realizing quantum information processing (QIP). Most of the technologies required for implementing large-scale trapped-ion QIP have been demonstrated, with one key exception: a massively parallel ion-photon interconnect. Arrays of microfabricated phase Fresnel lenses (PFL) are a promising interconnect solution that is readily integrated with ion trap arrays for large-scale QIP. Here we show the first imaging of trapped ions with a microfabricated in-vacuum PFL, demonstrating performance suitable for scalable QIP. A single ion fluorescence collection efficiency of 4.2±1.5% was observed. The depth of focus for the imaging system was 19.4±2.4 μm and the field of view was 140±20 μm. Our approach also provides an integrated solution for high-efficiency optical coupling in neutral atom and solid-state QIP architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik W Streed
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, QLD, Australia.
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25
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Leibrandt DR, Labaziewicz J, Vuletić V, Chuang IL. Cavity sideband cooling of a single trapped ion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:103001. [PMID: 19792300 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a demonstration and quantitative characterization of one-dimensional cavity cooling of a single trapped (88)Sr(+) ion in the resolved-sideband regime. We measure the spectrum of cavity transitions, the rates of cavity heating and cooling, and the steady-state cooling limit. The cavity cooling dynamics and cooling limit of 22.5(3) motional quanta, limited by the moderate coupling between the ion and the cavity, are consistent with a simple model [Phys. Rev. A 64, 033405 (2001)] without any free parameters, validating the rate equation model for cavity cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Leibrandt
- Department of Physics & Center for Ultracold Atoms Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
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26
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Hoogenboom JP, Sanchez-Mosteiro G, Colas des Francs G, Heinis D, Legay G, Dereux A, van Hulst NF. The single molecule probe: nanoscale vectorial mapping of photonic mode density in a metal nanocavity. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:1189-1195. [PMID: 19220005 DOI: 10.1021/nl803865a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We use superresolution single-molecule polarization and lifetime imaging to probe the local density of states (LDOS) in a metal nanocavity. Determination of the orientation of the molecular transition dipole allows us to retrieve the different LDOS behavior for parallel and perpendicular orientations with respect to the metal interfaces. For the perpendicular orientation, a strong lifetime reduction is observed for distances up to 150 nm from the cavity edge due to coupling to surface plasmon polariton modes in the metal. Contrarily, for the parallel orientation we observe lifetime variations resulting from coupling to characteristic lambda/2 cavity modes. Our results are in good agreement with calculations of the nanoscale variations of the projected LDOS, which demonstrates the potential of single molecules as nonperturbative, nanoscale vectorial point probes in photonic and biological nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Hoogenboom
- ICFO-Institut de Cincies Fotniques, Av. Canal Olmpic s/n, E-08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.
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27
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Retzker A, Thompson RC, Segal DM, Plenio MB. Double well potentials and quantum phase transitions in ion traps. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:260504. [PMID: 19437628 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.260504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the radial degree of freedom of strings of trapped ions in the quantum regime may be prepared and controlled accurately through the variation of the external trapping potential while at the same time its properties are measurable with high spatial and temporal resolution. This provides a new testbed giving access to static and dynamical properties of the physics of quantum-many-body systems and quantum phase transitions that are hard to simulate on classical computers. Furthermore, it allows for the creation of double well potentials with experimentally accessible tunneling rates, with applications in testing the foundations of quantum physics and precision sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Retzker
- Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2PE, United Kingdom
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28
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29
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Maniscalco S, Francica F, Zaffino RL, Lo Gullo N, Plastina F. Protecting entanglement via the quantum Zeno effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:090503. [PMID: 18352687 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.090503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We study the exact entanglement dynamics of two atoms in a lossy resonator. Besides discussing the steady-state entanglement, we show that in the strong coupling regime the system-reservoir correlations induce entanglement revivals and oscillations and propose a strategy to fight against the deterioration of the entanglement using the quantum Zeno effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Maniscalco
- Department of Physics, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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30
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Li SB. Generation of maximally entangled mixed states of two atoms via on-resonance asymmetric atom-cavity couplings. PHYSICAL REVIEW A 2007; 75:054304. [DOI: 10.1103/physreva.75.054304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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31
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França Santos M, Giedke G, Solano E. Noise-free measurement of harmonic oscillators with instantaneous interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:020401. [PMID: 17358585 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a method of measuring the quantum state of a harmonic oscillator through instantaneous probe-system selective interactions of the Jaynes-Cummings type. We prove that this scheme is robust to general decoherence mechanisms, allowing the possibility of measuring fast-decaying systems in the weak-coupling regime. This method could be applied to different setups: motional states of trapped ions, microwave fields in cavity or circuit QED, and even intracavity optical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- M França Santos
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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32
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Boozer AD, Boca A, Miller R, Northup TE, Kimble HJ. Cooling to the ground state of axial motion for one atom strongly coupled to an optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:083602. [PMID: 17026303 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.083602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Localization to the ground state of axial motion is demonstrated for a single, trapped atom strongly coupled to the field of a high finesse optical resonator. The axial atomic motion is cooled by way of coherent Raman transitions on the red vibrational sideband. An efficient state detection scheme enabled by strong coupling in cavity QED is used to record the Raman spectrum, from which the state of atomic motion is inferred. We find that the lowest vibrational level of the axial potential with zero-point energy variant Planck's over 2 h omega a/2kB = 13 microK is occupied with probability P0 approximately 0.95.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Boozer
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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33
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Morigi G, Eschner J, Mancini S, Vitali D. Entangled light pulses from single cold atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:023601. [PMID: 16486573 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.023601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The coherent interaction between a laser-driven single trapped atom and an optical high-finesse resonator allows one to produce entangled multiphoton light pulses on demand. The mechanism is based on the mechanical effect of light. The degree of entanglement can be controlled through the parameters of the laser excitation. Experimental realization of the scheme is within reach of current technology. A variation of the technique allows for controlled generation of entangled subsequent pulses, with the atomic motion serving as intermediate memory of the quantum state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Morigi
- Grup d'Optica, Departament de Fisica, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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34
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Nussmann S, Hijlkema M, Weber B, Rohde F, Rempe G, Kuhn A. Submicron positioning of single atoms in a microcavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:173602. [PMID: 16383829 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.173602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of individual atoms to a high-finesse optical cavity is precisely controlled and adjusted using a standing-wave dipole-force trap, a challenge for strong atom-cavity coupling. Ultracold Rubidium atoms are first loaded into potential minima of the dipole trap in the center of the cavity. Then we use the trap as a conveyor belt that we set into motion perpendicular to the cavity axis. This allows us to repetitively move atoms out of and back into the cavity mode with a repositioning precision of 135 nm. This makes it possible to either selectively address one atom of a string of atoms by the cavity, or to simultaneously couple two precisely separated atoms to a higher mode of the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nussmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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35
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Dotsenko I, Alt W, Khudaverdyan M, Kuhr S, Meschede D, Miroshnychenko Y, Schrader D, Rauschenbeutel A. Submicrometer position control of single trapped neutral atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:033002. [PMID: 16090739 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.033002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We optically detect the positions of single neutral cesium atoms stored in a standing wave dipole trap with a subwavelength resolution of 143 nm rms. The distance between two simultaneously trapped atoms is measured with an even higher precision of 36 nm rms. We resolve the discreteness of the interatomic distances due to the 532 nm spatial period of the standing wave potential and infer the exact number of trapping potential wells separating the atoms. Finally, combining an initial position detection with a controlled transport, we place single atoms at a predetermined position along the trap axis to within 300 nm rms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dotsenko
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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36
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37
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Keller M, Lange B, Hayasaka K, Lange W, Walther H. Continuous generation of single photons with controlled waveform in an ion-trap cavity system. Nature 2004; 431:1075-8. [PMID: 15510142 DOI: 10.1038/nature02961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The controlled production of single photons is of fundamental and practical interest; they represent the lowest excited quantum states of the radiation field, and have applications in quantum cryptography and quantum information processing. Common approaches use the fluorescence of single ions, single molecules, colour centres and semiconductor quantum dots. However, the lack of control over such irreversible emission processes precludes the use of these sources in applications (such as quantum networks) that require coherent exchange of quantum states between atoms and photons. The necessary control may be achieved in principle in cavity quantum electrodynamics. Although this approach has been used for the production of single photons from atoms, such experiments are compromised by limited trapping times, fluctuating atom-field coupling and multi-atom effects. Here we demonstrate a single-photon source based on a strongly localized single ion in an optical cavity. The ion is optimally coupled to a well-defined field mode, resulting in the generation of single-photon pulses with precisely defined shape and timing. We have confirmed the suppression of two-photon events up to the limit imposed by fluctuations in the rate of detector dark counts. The stream of emitted photons is uninterrupted over the storage time of the ion, as demonstrated by a measurement of photon correlations over 90 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Keller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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38
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McKeever J, Buck JR, Boozer AD, Kimble HJ. Determination of the number of atoms trapped in an optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:143601. [PMID: 15524790 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.143601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The number of atoms trapped within the mode of an optical cavity is determined in real time by monitoring the transmission of a weak probe beam. Continuous observation of atom number is accomplished in the strong coupling regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics and functions in concert with a cooling scheme for radial atomic motion. The probe transmission exhibits sudden steps from one plateau to the next in response to the time evolution of the intracavity atom number, from N>or=3 to N=2-->1-->0 atoms, with some trapping events lasting over 1 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McKeever
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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39
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Zippilli S, Morigi G, Ritsch H. Suppression of Bragg scattering by collective interference of spatially ordered atoms with a high-Q cavity mode. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:123002. [PMID: 15447259 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.123002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
When N driven atoms emit in phase into a high-Q cavity mode, the intracavity field generated by collective scattering interferes destructively with the pump driving the atoms. Hence atomic fluorescence is suppressed and cavity loss becomes the dominant decay channel for the whole ensemble. Microscopically, 3D light-intensity minima are formed in the vicinity of the atoms that prevent atomic excitation and form a regular lattice. The effect gets more pronounced for large atom numbers, when the sum of the atomic decay rates exceeds the rate of cavity losses and one would expect the opposite behavior. These results provide new insight into recent experiments on collective atomic dynamics in cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zippilli
- Abteilung für Quantenphysik, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
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40
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Salzburger T, Ritsch H. Atomic self-trapping induced by single-atom lasing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:063002. [PMID: 15323625 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.063002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We study atomic center of mass motion and field dynamics of a single-atom laser consisting of a single incoherently pumped free atom moving in an optical high-Q resonator. For sufficient pumping, the system starts lasing whenever the atom is close to a field antinode. If the field mode eigenfrequency is larger than the atomic transition frequency, the generated laser light attracts the atom to the field antinode and cools its motion. Using quantum Monte Carlo wave function simulations, we investigate this coupled atom-field dynamics including photon recoil and cavity decay. In the regime of strong coupling, the generated field shows strong nonclassical features such as photon antibunching, and the atom is spatially confined and cooled to sub-Doppler temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Salzburger
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University Innsbruck, A 6020, Austria
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41
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Bushev P, Wilson A, Eschner J, Raab C, Schmidt-Kaler F, Becher C, Blatt R. Forces between a single atom and its distant mirror image. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:223602. [PMID: 15245224 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.223602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An excited-state atom whose emitted light is backreflected by a distant mirror can experience trapping forces, because the presence of the mirror modifies both the electromagnetic vacuum field and the atom's own radiation reaction field. We demonstrate this mechanical action using a single trapped barium ion. We observe the trapping conditions to be notably altered when the distant mirror is translated across an optical wavelength. The well-localized barium ion enables the spatial dependence of the forces to be measured explicitly. The experiment has implications for quantum information processing and may be regarded as the most elementary optical tweezers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Bushev
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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42
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Kreuter A, Becher C, Lancaster GPT, Mundt AB, Russo C, Häffner H, Roos C, Eschner J, Schmidt-Kaler F, Blatt R. Spontaneous emission lifetime of a single trapped Ca(+) ion in a high finesse cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:203002. [PMID: 15169347 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.203002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the spontaneous emission lifetime of a single trapped (40)Ca+ ion placed at different positions in the vacuum standing wave inside a high finesse cavity which is stabilized to the atomic transition. The lifetime is measured by quantum state detection after pi-pulse excitation. The result for the natural lifetime of the D(5/2) metastable state of 1161(22) ms agrees, within 1 standard deviation, with the most precise published value. We observe a reduction of the spontaneous emission lifetime of approximately 15% in the node of the vacuum field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kreuter
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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43
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Christandl M, Datta N, Ekert A, Landahl AJ. Perfect state transfer in quantum spin networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:187902. [PMID: 15169534 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.187902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We propose a class of qubit networks that admit the perfect state transfer of any quantum state in a fixed period of time. Unlike many other schemes for quantum computation and communication, these networks do not require qubit couplings to be switched on and off. When restricted to N-qubit spin networks of identical qubit couplings, we show that 2log3N is the maximal perfect communication distance for hypercube geometries. Moreover, if one allows fixed but different couplings between the qubits, then perfect state transfer can be achieved over arbitrarily long distances in a linear chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Christandl
- Centre for Quantum Computation, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom.
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44
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Hecht B. Nano-optics with single quantum systems. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2004; 362:881-899. [PMID: 15306499 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2003.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the recent progress in using single quantum systems, here mainly single fluorescent molecules, as local probes for nano-optical field distributions. We start by discussing the role of the absorption cross-section for the spatial resolution attainable in such experiments and its behaviour for different environmental conditions. It is shown that the spatial distribution of field components in a high-numerical aperture laser focus can be mapped with high precision using single fluorescent molecules embedded in a thin polymer film on glass. With this proof-of-principle experiment as a starting point, the possibility of mapping strongly confined and enhanced nano-optical fields close to material structures, e.g. sharp metal tips, is discussed. The mapping of the spatial distribution of the enhanced field at an etched gold tip using a single molecule is presented as an example. Energy transfer effects and quenching are identified as possible artefacts in this context. Finally, it is demonstrated that the local quenching at a sharp metal structure nevertheless can be exploited as a novel contrast mechanism for ultrahigh-resolution optical microscopy with single-molecule sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Hecht
- NCCR Nanoscience, Nano-Optics Group, Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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45
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Blinov BB, Moehring DL, Duan LM, Monroe C. Observation of entanglement between a single trapped atom and a single photon. Nature 2004; 428:153-7. [PMID: 15014494 DOI: 10.1038/nature02377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An outstanding goal in quantum information science is the faithful mapping of quantum information between a stable quantum memory and a reliable quantum communication channel. This would allow, for example, quantum communication over remote distances, quantum teleportation of matter and distributed quantum computing over a 'quantum internet'. Because quantum states cannot in general be copied, quantum information can only be distributed in these and other applications by entangling the quantum memory with the communication channel. Here we report quantum entanglement between an ideal quantum memory--represented by a single trapped 111Cd+ ion--and an ideal quantum communication channel, provided by a single photon that is emitted spontaneously from the ion. Appropriate coincidence measurements between the quantum states of the photon polarization and the trapped ion memory are used to verify their entanglement directly. Our direct observation of entanglement between stationary and 'flying' qubits is accomplished without using cavity quantum electrodynamic techniques or prepared non-classical light sources. We envision that this source of entanglement may be used for a variety of quantum communication protocols and for seeding large-scale entangled states of trapped ion qubits for scalable quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Blinov
- FOCUS Center and University of Michigan Department of Physics, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1120, USA.
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46
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Götzinger S, Menezes LDS, Benson O, Talapin DV, Gaponik N, Weller H, Rogach AL, Sandoghdar V. Confocal microscopy and spectroscopy of nanocrystals on a high-Qmicrosphere resonator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1088/1464-4266/6/2/005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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47
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Course 6 Quantum information processing in ion traps II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8099(03)80030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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48
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Wilson MA, Bushev P, Eschner J, Schmidt-Kaler F, Becher C, Blatt R, Dorner U. Vacuum-field level shifts in a single trapped ion mediated by a single distant mirror. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:213602. [PMID: 14683300 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.213602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A distant mirror leads to a vacuum-induced level shift in a laser-excited atom. This effect has been measured with a single mirror 25 cm away from a single, trapped barium ion. This dispersive action is the counterpart to the mirror's dissipative effect, which has been shown earlier to effect a change in the ion's spontaneous decay [Nature (London) 413, 495 (2001)]]. The experimental data are well described by eight-level optical Bloch equations which are amended to take into account the presence of the mirror according to the model in Phys. Rev. A 66, 023816 (2002)]. Observed deviations from simple dispersive behavior are attributed to multilevel effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Wilson
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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49
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Massar S, Polzik ES. Generating a superposition of spin states in an atomic ensemble. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:060401. [PMID: 12935058 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.060401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A method for generating a mesoscopic superposition state of the collective spin variable of a gas of atoms is proposed. The state consists of a superposition of the atomic spins pointing in two slightly different directions. It is obtained by using off resonant light to carry out quantum nondemolition measurements of the spins. The relevant experimental conditions, which require very dense atomic samples, can be realized with presently available techniques. Long-lived atomic superposition states may become useful as an off-line resource for quantum computing with otherwise linear operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Massar
- Service de Physique Théorique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, C.P. 225, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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50
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Polzik ES, Julsgaard B, Sherson J, Sørensen JL. Entanglement and quantum teleportation with multi-atom ensembles. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2003; 361:1391-1399. [PMID: 12869315 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2003.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atomic ensembles containing a large number of atoms have been proved to be an effective medium for quantum-state (quantum information) engineering and processing via their coupling with multi-photon light pulses. The general mechanism of this coupling, which involves continuous quantum variables for light and atoms, is described. The efficient quantum interface between light and atoms has led to the recent demonstration of an entangled state of two macroscopic atomic objects, more precisely two caesium gas samples. Based on this result, a proposal for teleportation of an entangled state of two atomic samples (entanglement swapping) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Polzik
- Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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