1
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Ricotti S, Garay AS, Etcheverrigaray M, Amadeo GI, De Groot AS, Martin W, Mufarrege EF. Development of IFNβ-1a versions with reduced immunogenicity and full in vitro biological activity for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2023; 257:109831. [PMID: 37931868 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
IFNβ (recombinant interferon Beta) has been widely used for the treatment of Multiple sclerosis for the last four decades. Despite the human origin of the IFNβ sequence, IFNβ is immunogenic, and unwanted immune responses in IFNβ-treated patients may compromise its efficacy and safety in the clinic. In this study, we applied the DeFT (De-immunization of Functional Therapeutics) approach to producing functional, de-immunized versions of IFNβ-1a. Two de-immunized versions of IFNβ-1a were produced in CHO cells and designated as IFNβ-1a(VAR1) and IFNβ-1a(VAR2). First, the secondary and tertiary protein structures were analyzed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Then, the variants were also tested for functionality. While IFNβ-1a(VAR2) showed similar in vitro antiviral activity to the original protein, IFNβ-1a(VAR1) exhibited 40% more biological potency. Finally, in vivo assays using HLA-DR transgenic mice revealed that the de-immunized variants showed a markedly reduced immunogenicity when compared to the originator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ricotti
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Alberto Sergio Garay
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Marina Etcheverrigaray
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Ignacio Amadeo
- Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI 02903, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | | | - Eduardo Federico Mufarrege
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina.
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2
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Mufarrege EF, Peña LC, Etcheverrigaray M, De Groot AS, Martin W. Specific sequence mutations in a long-lasting rhIFN-α2b version reduce in vitro and in vivo immunogenicity and increase in vitro protein stability. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14670. [PMID: 37020947 PMCID: PMC10068115 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, recombinant human interferon alpha (rhIFN-α2b) has been used to treat emerging and chronic viral diseases. However, rhIFN-α2b is immunogenic and has a short in vivo half-life. To solve these limitations, two long-lasting hyperglycosylated proteins with reduced immunogenicity were developed and designated as 4N-IFN(VAR1) and 4N-IFN(VAR3). Here, we continue to study the relevant characteristics of these therapeutic candidates. Thus, we demonstrated that both de-immunized IFN versions elicited significantly lower neutralizing antibody responses than the original molecule in HLA-DR1 transgenic mice, confirming our previous in vitro protein immunogenicity data. Also, we found that these biobetters exhibited remarkable stability when exposed to different physical factors that the protein product may encounter during its production process and storage, such as low pH, thermal stress, and repeated freezing/thawing cycles. Taking into consideration our previous and present results, 4N-IFN(VAR1) and 4N-IFN-4N(VAR3) appear to be valuable candidates for the treatment of human viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Federico Mufarrege
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Corresponding author. Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje “El Pozo” – c.c 242, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Lucía Carolina Peña
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marina Etcheverrigaray
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Anne S. De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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3
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Budd AM, Mayne B, Berry O, Jarman S. Fish species lifespan prediction from promoter cytosine-phosphate-guanine density. Mol Ecol Resour 2023. [PMID: 36825959 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Lifespan is a key attribute of a species' life cycle and varies extensively among major lineages of animals. In fish, lifespan varies by several orders of magnitude, with reported values ranging from less than 1 year to approximately 400 years. Lifespan information is particularly useful for species management, as it can be used to estimate invasion potential, extinction risk and sustainable harvest rates. Despite its utility, lifespan is unknown for most fish species. This is due to the difficulties associated with accurately identifying the oldest individual(s) of a given species, and/or deriving lifespan estimates that are representative for an entire species. Recently it has been shown that CpG density in gene promoter regions can be used to predict lifespan in mammals and other vertebrates, with variable accuracy across taxa. To improve accuracy of lifespan prediction in a non-mammalian vertebrate group, here we develop a fish-specific genomic lifespan predictor. Our new model includes more than eight times the number of fish species included in the previous vertebrate model (n = 442) and uses fish-specific gene promoters as reference sequences. The model predicts fish lifespan from genomic CpG density alone (measured as CpG observed/expected ratio), explaining 64% of the variance between known and predicted lifespans. The predictions are highly robust to variation in genome quality and are applicable to all classes of fish; a taxonomically diverse and speciose group. The results demonstrate the value of promoter CpG density as a universal predictor of fish lifespan that can applied where empirical data are unavailable, or impracticable to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Budd
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Environomics Future Science Platform, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin Mayne
- Environomics Future Science Platform, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Oliver Berry
- Environomics Future Science Platform, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon Jarman
- Environomics Future Science Platform, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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4
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Xu Z, Wei D, Zhang H, Demongeot J. A Novel Mathematical Model That Predicts the Protection Time of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020586. [PMID: 36851801 PMCID: PMC9962246 DOI: 10.3390/v15020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases such as SARS-CoV-2 pose a considerable threat to public health. Constructing a reliable mathematical model helps us quantitatively explain the kinetic characteristics of antibody-virus interactions. A novel and robust model is developed to integrate antibody dynamics with virus dynamics based on a comprehensive understanding of immunology principles. This model explicitly formulizes the pernicious effect of the antibody, together with a positive feedback stimulation of the virus-antibody complex on the antibody regeneration. Besides providing quantitative insights into antibody and virus dynamics, it demonstrates good adaptivity in recapturing the virus-antibody interaction. It is proposed that the environmental antigenic substances help maintain the memory cell level and the corresponding neutralizing antibodies secreted by those memory cells. A broader application is also visualized in predicting the antibody protection time caused by a natural infection. Suitable binding antibodies and the presence of massive environmental antigenic substances would prolong the protection time against breakthrough infection. The model also displays excellent fitness and provides good explanations for antibody selection, antibody interference, and self-reinfection. It helps elucidate how our immune system efficiently develops neutralizing antibodies with good binding kinetics. It provides a reasonable explanation for the lower SARS-CoV-2 mortality in the population that was vaccinated with other vaccines. It is inferred that the best strategy for prolonging the vaccine protection time is not repeated inoculation but a directed induction of fast-binding antibodies. Eventually, this model will inform the future construction of an optimal mathematical model and help us fight against those infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Xu
- Department of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (J.D.)
| | - Dongqing Wei
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Jacques Demongeot
- Laboratory AGEIS EA 7407, Team Tools for e-Gnosis Medical, Faculty of Medicine, University Grenoble Alpes (UGA), 38700 La Tronche, France
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (J.D.)
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Immunoinformatics Approach to Design a Multi-Epitope Nanovaccine against Leishmania Parasite: Elicitation of Cellular Immune Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020304. [PMID: 36851182 PMCID: PMC9960668 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by an intracellular parasite of the genus Leishmania with different clinical manifestations that affect millions of people worldwide, while the visceral form may be fatal if left untreated. Since the available chemotherapeutic agents are not satisfactory, vaccination emerges as the most promising strategy for confronting leishmaniasis. In the present study, a reverse vaccinology approach was adopted to design a pipeline starting from proteome analysis of three different Leishmania species and ending with the selection of a pool of MHCI- and MHCII-binding epitopes. Epitopes from five parasite proteins were retrieved and fused to construct a multi-epitope chimeric protein, named LeishChim. Immunoinformatics analyses indicated that LeishChim was a stable, non-allergenic and immunogenic protein that could bind strongly onto MHCI and MHCII molecules, suggesting it as a potentially safe and effective vaccine candidate. Preclinical evaluation validated the in silico prediction, since the LeishChim protein, encapsulated simultaneously with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) into poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles, elicited specific cellular immune responses when administered to BALB/c mice. These were characterized by the development of memory CD4+ T cells, as well as IFNγ- and TNFα-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, supporting the potential of LeishChim as a vaccine candidate.
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6
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Ayala C, Fishman M, Noyelle M, Bassiri H, Young W. Species Differences in Blood Lymphocyte Responses After Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:807-819. [PMID: 36367185 PMCID: PMC10150731 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People with spinal cord injury (SCI) get recurrent infections, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pneumonias, that cause mortality and worsen neurological recovery. Over the past decades, researchers have proposed that post-SCI lymphopenia and decreased lymphocyte function increase susceptibility to infections and worsen neurological outcome in humans, leading to a condition called SCI-induced immune depression syndrome (SCI-IDS). In this review, we explore how SCI affects blood lymphocyte homeostasis and function in humans and rodents. Understanding how SCI affects blood lymphocytes will help the management of recurrent infections in spinal cord injured people and shed light on the clinical translation of findings in animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ayala
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Morgan Fishman
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Margot Noyelle
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hamid Bassiri
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wise Young
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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7
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Atitey K, Anchang B. Mathematical Modeling of Proliferative Immune Response Initiated by Interactions Between Classical Antigen-Presenting Cells Under Joint Antagonistic IL-2 and IL-4 Signaling. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:777390. [PMID: 35155574 PMCID: PMC8831889 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.777390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During an adaptive immune response from pathogen invasion, multiple cytokines are produced by various immune cells interacting jointly at the cellular level to mediate several processes. For example, studies have shown that regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) correlates with interleukin-2 (IL-2) induced lymphocyte proliferation. This motivates the need to better understand and model the mechanisms driving the dynamic interplay of proliferation of lymphocytes with the complex interaction effects of cytokines during an immune response. To address this challenge, we adopt a hybrid computational approach comprising of continuous, discrete and stochastic non-linear model formulations to predict a system-level immune response as a function of multiple dependent signals and interacting agents including cytokines and targeted immune cells. We propose a hybrid ordinary differential equation-based (ODE) multicellular model system with a stochastic component of antigen microscopic states denoted as Multiscale Multicellular Quantitative Evaluator (MMQE) implemented using MATLAB. MMQE combines well-defined immune response network-based rules and ODE models to capture the complex dynamic interactions between the proliferation levels of different types of communicating lymphocyte agents mediated by joint regulation of IL-2 and IL-4 to predict the emergent global behavior of the system during an immune response. We model the activation of the immune system in terms of different activation protocols of helper T cells by the interplay of independent biological agents of classic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and their joint activation which is confounded by the exposure time to external pathogens. MMQE quantifies the dynamics of lymphocyte proliferation during pathogen invasion as bivariate distributions of IL-2 and IL-4 concentration levels. Specifically, by varying activation agents such as dendritic cells (DC), B cells and their joint mechanism of activation, we quantify how lymphocyte activation and differentiation protocols boost the immune response against pathogen invasion mediated by a joint downregulation of IL-4 and upregulation of IL-2. We further compare our in-silico results to in-vivo and in-vitro experimental studies for validation. In general, MMQE combines intracellular and extracellular effects from multiple interacting systems into simpler dynamic behaviors for better interpretability. It can be used to aid engineering of anti-infection drugs or optimizing drug combination therapies against several diseases.
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8
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Uhl B, Prochazka KT, Fechter K, Pansy K, Greinix HT, Neumeister P, Deutsch AJA. Impact of the microenvironment on the pathogenesis of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:153-162. [PMID: 35116108 PMCID: PMC8790412 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i1.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 8% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas are extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), also known as MALT lymphomas. These arise at a wide range of different extranodal sites, with most cases affecting the stomach, the lung, the ocular adnexa and the thyroid. The small intestine is involved in a lower percentage of cases. Lymphoma growth in the early stages is associated with long-lasting chronic inflammation provoked by bacterial infections (e.g., Helicobacter pylori or Chlamydia psittaci infections) or autoimmune conditions (e.g., Sjögren’s syndrome or Hashimoto thyroiditis). While these inflammatory processes trigger lymphoma cell proliferation and/or survival, they also shape the microenvironment. Thus, activated immune cells are actively recruited to the lymphoma, resulting in either direct lymphoma cell stimulation via surface receptor interactions and/or indirect lymphoma cell stimulation via secretion of soluble factors like cytokines. In addition, chronic inflammatory conditions cause the acquisition of genetic alterations resulting in autonomous lymphoma cell growth. Recently, novel agents targeting the microenvironment have been developed and clinically tested in MALT lymphomas as well as other lymphoid malignancies. In this review, we aim to describe the composition of the microenvironment of MALT lymphoma, the interaction of activated immune cells with lymphoma cells and novel therapeutic approaches in MALT lymphomas using immunomodulatory and/or microenvironment-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Uhl
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | | | - Karoline Fechter
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Katrin Pansy
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | | | - Peter Neumeister
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
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9
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Goodall CP, Schwarz B, Selivanovitch E, Avera J, Wang J, Miettinen H, Douglas T. Controlled Modular Multivalent Presentation of the CD40 Ligand on P22 Virus-like Particles Leads to Tunable Amplification of CD40 Signaling. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:8205-8214. [PMID: 35005938 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ligands of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) are appealing targets for immunotherapy research due to their integral involvement in stimulation or restriction of immune responses. TNFSF-targeted therapies are currently being developed to combat immunologically based diseases and cancer. A crucial determinant of effective TNFSF receptor binding and signaling is the trimeric quaternary structure of the ligand. Additionally, ligand multivalency is essential to propagate strong signaling in effector cells. Thus, designing a synthetic platform to display trimeric TNFSF ligands in a multivalent manner is necessary to further the understanding of ligand-receptor interactions. Viral nanocages have architectures that are amenable to genetic and chemical modifications of both their interior and exterior surfaces. Notably, the exterior surface of virus-like particles can be utilized as a platform for the modular multivalent presentation of target proteins. In this study, we build on previous efforts exploring the bacteriophage P22 virus-like particle for the exterior multivalent modular display of a potent immune-stimulating TNFSF protein, CD40 ligand (CD40L). Using a cell-based reporter system, we quantify the effects of tunable avidity on CD40 signaling by CD40L displayed on the surface of P22 nanocages. Multivalent presentation of CD40L resulted in a 53.6-fold decrease of the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) compared to free CD40L, indicating higher potency. Our results emphasize the power of using P22-based biomimetics to study ligand-receptor interactions within their proper structural context, which may contribute to the development of effective immune modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri Peyton Goodall
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
| | - Ekaterina Selivanovitch
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - John Avera
- Walden Biosciences, One Kendall Square, Suite 7102, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 700 HMC Crescent Road, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Heini Miettinen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173520, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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10
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Luberto L, Neroni B, Gandini O, Fiscarelli EV, Salvatori G, Roscilli G, Marra E. Genetic Vaccination as a Flexible Tool to Overcome the Immunological Complexity of Invasive Fungal Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:789774. [PMID: 34975811 PMCID: PMC8715041 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.789774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted genetic vaccination as a powerful and cost-effective tool to counteract infectious diseases. Invasive fungal infections (IFI) remain a major challenge among immune compromised patients, particularly those undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic bone marrow transplantation (HSCT) or solid organ transplant (SOT) both presenting high morbidity and mortality rates. Candidiasis and Aspergillosis are the major fungal infections among these patients and the failure of current antifungal therapies call for new therapeutic aids. Vaccination represents a valid alternative, and proof of concept of the efficacy of this approach has been provided at clinical level. This review will analyze current understanding of antifungal immunology, with a particular focus on genetic vaccination as a suitable strategy to counteract these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Luberto
- Takis s.r.l., Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Laura Luberto,
| | - Bruna Neroni
- Cystic Fibrosis Diagnostic Section, U.O. Microbiology and Immunology Diagnostic, Department of Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Bambino Gesù Organization IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Orietta Gandini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ersilia Vita Fiscarelli
- Cystic Fibrosis Diagnostic Section, U.O. Microbiology and Immunology Diagnostic, Department of Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Bambino Gesù Organization IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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11
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Li W, Wang D, Yue R, Chen X, Liu A, Xu H, Teng P, Wang Z, Zou Y, Xu X, Zhao H, Li R, Fu Y, Guo L, Ni C, Fan J, Ma L. Gut microbes enlarged the protective effect of transplanted regulatory B cells on rejection of cardiac allografts. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021; 40:1502-1516. [PMID: 34742645 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory B cells (Bregs) play an important role in maintaining immune homeostasis and have the potential to induce tolerance. Previous work has found that Breg cells are involved in heart transplantation tolerance. However, the effect of Breg on the transplantation tolerance and the underlying mechanisms remain to be clarified. METHODS Using a within-species heart transplantation model, we aimed to investigate the role of CD19+CD5+CD1dhigh Bregs isolated from transplanted mice in preventing transplant rejection in vivo. We also explored the effects of CD40 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) ubiquitin ligase on Breg-mediated prolongation of survival in heart transplant (HT) mice, and the regulatory effects of downstream Cdk4 and Cdk6 proteins on dendritic cells (DCs), which clarified the function and molecular mechanism of Breg cells in HT mice. RESULTS Our data suggest that adoptive transfer of the transplanted Bregs served as an effective tolerance-inducing mechanism in HT mice and was involved in the CD40-TRAF6 signaling pathway in DCs. Moreover, DCs collected from the Breg treated HT mice also prolonged the survival of HT mice. Furthermore, DC-specific knockout of TRAF6 diminished Breg-mediated prolongation of survival in HT mice. Interestingly, gut microbes from donors increased the survival of cardiac allografts both in both the absence and presence of Bregs but were not implicated in CD40-TRAF6 signaling. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a role of Breg cells in the induction of transplantation tolerance through the blockade of the CD40-TRAF6 signaling pathway, which might be used in the treatment of HT in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dimin Wang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Reproductive endocrinology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongcai Yue
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aixia Liu
- Department of Reproductive endocrinology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongfei Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Teng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingjie Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haige Zhao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renyuan Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yufei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengyao Ni
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingya Fan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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12
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Pathogenetic Mechanisms Implicated in Sjögren's Syndrome Lymphomagenesis: A Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123794. [PMID: 33255258 PMCID: PMC7759999 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by focal mononuclear cell infiltrates that surround the ducts of the exocrine glands, impairing the function of their secretory units. Compared to other autoimmune disorders, SS is associated with a notably high incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and more frequently mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, leading to increased morbidity and mortality rates. High risk features of lymphoma development include systemic extraepithelial manifestations, low serum levels of complement component C4 and mixed type II cryoglobulinemia. The discrimination between reactive and neoplastic lymphoepithelial lesion (LEL) is challenging, probably reflecting a continuum in the evolution from purely inflammatory lymphoid infiltration to the clonal neoplastic evolution. Early lesions display a predominance of activated T cells, while B cells prevail in severe histologic lesions. This strong B cell infiltration is not only a morphologic phenomenon, but it is also progressively associated with the presence of ectopic germinal centers (GCs). Ectopic formation of GCs in SS represents a complex process regulated by an array of cytokines, adhesion molecules and chemokines. Chronic antigenic stimulation is the major driver of specific B cell proliferation and increases the frequency of their transformation in the ectopic GCs and marginal zone (MZ) equivalents. B cells expressing cell surface rheumatoid factor (RF) are frequently detected in the salivary glands, suggesting that clonal expansion might arise from antigen selection of RF-expressing B cells. Abnormal stimulation and incomplete control mechanisms within ectopic lymphoid structures predispose RF MZ like cells to lymphoma development. Immunoglobulin recombination, somatic mutation and isotype switching during B cell development are events that may increase the translocation of oncogenes to immunoglobulin loci or tumor suppressor gene inactivation, leading to monoclonal B cell proliferation and lymphoma development. Concerning chronic antigenic stimulation, conclusive data is so far lacking. However immune complexes containing DNA or RNA are the most likely candidates. Whether additional molecular oncogenic events contribute to the malignant overgrowth remains to be proved.
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Hollern DP, Xu N, Thennavan A, Glodowski C, Garcia-Recio S, Mott KR, He X, Garay JP, Carey-Ewend K, Marron D, Ford J, Liu S, Vick SC, Martin M, Parker JS, Vincent BG, Serody JS, Perou CM. B Cells and T Follicular Helper Cells Mediate Response to Checkpoint Inhibitors in High Mutation Burden Mouse Models of Breast Cancer. Cell 2020; 179:1191-1206.e21. [PMID: 31730857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study identifies mechanisms mediating responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors using mouse models of triple-negative breast cancer. By creating new mammary tumor models, we find that tumor mutation burden and specific immune cells are associated with response. Further, we developed a rich resource of single-cell RNA-seq and bulk mRNA-seq data of immunotherapy-treated and non-treated tumors from sensitive and resistant murine models. Using this, we uncover that immune checkpoint therapy induces T follicular helper cell activation of B cells to facilitate the anti-tumor response in these models. We also show that B cell activation of T cells and the generation of antibody are key to immunotherapy response and propose a new biomarker for immune checkpoint therapy. In total, this work presents resources of new preclinical models of breast cancer with large mRNA-seq and single-cell RNA-seq datasets annotated for sensitivity to therapy and uncovers new components of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Hollern
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nuo Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Aatish Thennavan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cherise Glodowski
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Susana Garcia-Recio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kevin R Mott
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiaping He
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joseph P Garay
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kelly Carey-Ewend
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David Marron
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John Ford
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Siyao Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sarah C Vick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Miguel Martin
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañon, CIBERONC, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joel S Parker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Benjamin G Vincent
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan S Serody
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Multiple Sclerosis CD49d +CD154 + As Myelin-Specific Lymphocytes Induced During Remyelination. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010015. [PMID: 31861635 PMCID: PMC7017443 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) mediated by autoreactive lymphocytes. The role of autoreactive lymphocytes in the CNS demyelination is well described, whereas very little is known about their role in remyelination during MS remission. In this study, we identified a new subpopulation of myelin-specific CD49d+CD154+ lymphocytes presented in the peripheral blood of MS patients during remission, that proliferated in vitro in response to myelin peptides. These lymphocytes possessed the unique ability to migrate towards maturing oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and synthetize proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines. The co-culture of maturing OPCs with myelin-specific CD49d+CD154+ lymphocytes was characterized by the increase in proinflammatory chemokine/cytokine secretion that was not only a result of their cumulative effect of what OPCs and CD49d+CD154+ lymphocytes produced alone. Moreover, maturing OPCs exposed to exogenous myelin peptides managed to induce CD40-CD154-dependent CD49d+CD154+ lymphocyte proliferation. We confirmed, in vivo, the presence of CD49d+CD154+ cells close to maturating OPCs and remyelinating plaque during disease remission in the MS mouse model (C57Bl/6 mice immunized with MOG35-55) by immunohistochemistry. Three weeks after an acute phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, CD49d+/CD154+ cells were found to be co-localized with O4+ cells (oligodendrocyte progenitors) in the areas of remyelination identified by myelin basic protein (MBP) labelling. These data suggested that myelin-specific CD49d+CD154+ lymphocytes present in the brain can interfere with remyelination mediated by oligodendrocytes probably as a result of establishing proinflammatory environment.
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Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent plant-derived virus like particle influenza vaccine candidate-Two randomized Phase II clinical trials in 18 to 49 and ≥50 years old adults. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216533. [PMID: 31166987 PMCID: PMC6550445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New influenza vaccines eliciting more effective protection are needed, particularly for the elderly who paid a large and disproportional toll of hospitalization and dead during seasonal influenza epidemics. Low (≤15 μg/strain) doses of a new plant-derived virus-like-particle (VLP) vaccine candidate have been shown to induce humoral and cellular responses against both homologous and heterologous strains in healthy adults 18–64 years of age. The two clinical trials reported here addressed the safety and immunogenicity of higher doses (≥15 μg/strain) of quadrivalent VLP candidate vaccine on 18–49 years old and ≥50 years old subjects. We also investigated the impact of alum on the immunogenicity induced by lower doses of the vaccine candidate. Method In the first Phase II trial reported here (NCT02233816), 18–49 year old subjects received 15, 30 or 60 μg/strain of a hemagglutinin-bearing quadrivalent virus-like particle (QVLP) vaccine or placebo. In the second trial (NCT02236052), ≥50 years old subjects received QVLP as above or placebo with additional groups receiving 7.5 or 15 μg/strain with alum. Along with safety recording, the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were analyzed. Results Local and systemic side-effects were similar to those reported previously. The QVLP vaccine induced significant homologous and heterologous antibody responses at the two higher doses, the addition of alum having little-to-no effect. Serologic outcomes tended to be lower in ≥50 years old subjects previously vaccinated. The candidate vaccine also consistently elicited both homologous and heterologous antigen-specific CD4+ T cells characterized by their production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukine-2 (IL-2) and/or tumor-necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) upon ex vivo antigenic restimulation. Conclusion Overall, the 30 μg dose produced the most consistent humoral and cellular responses in both 18–49 and ≥50 years old subjects, strongly supporting the clinical development of this candidate vaccine. That particular dose was chosen to test in the ongoing Phase III clinical trial.
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Ward BJ, Pillet S, Charland N, Trepanier S, Couillard J, Landry N. The establishment of surrogates and correlates of protection: Useful tools for the licensure of effective influenza vaccines? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:647-656. [PMID: 29252098 PMCID: PMC5861778 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1413518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for a test that can predict vaccine efficacy is an important part of any vaccine development program. Although regulators hesitate to acknowledge any test as a true ‘correlate of protection’, there are many precedents for defining ‘surrogate’ assays. Surrogates can be powerful tools for vaccine optimization, licensure, comparisons between products and development of improved products. When such tests achieve ‘reference’ status however, they can inadvertently become barriers to new technologies that do not work the same way as existing vaccines. This is particularly true when these tests are based upon circularly-defined ‘reference’ or, even worse, proprietary reagents. The situation with inactivated influenza vaccines is a good example of this phenomenon. The most frequently used tests to define vaccine-induced immunity are all serologic assays: hemagglutination inhibition (HI), single radial hemolysis (SRH) and microneutralization (MN). The first two, and particularly the HI assay, have achieved reference status and criteria have been established in many jurisdictions for their use in licensing new vaccines and to compare the performance of different vaccines. However, all of these assays are based on biological reagents that are notoriously difficult to standardize and can vary substantially by geography, by chance (i.e. developing reagents in eggs that may not antigenitically match wild-type viruses) and by intention (ie: choosing reagents that yield the most favorable results). This review describes attempts to standardize these assays to improve their performance as surrogates, the dangers of over-reliance on ‘reference’ serologic assays, the ways that manufacturers can exploit the existing regulatory framework to make their products ‘look good’ and the implications of this long-established system for the introduction of novel influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Ward
- a Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Division , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Medicago Inc , Québec , QC , Canada
| | - Stephane Pillet
- a Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Division , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Medicago Inc , Québec , QC , Canada
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17
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TRAF3 negatively regulates platelet activation and thrombosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17112. [PMID: 29215030 PMCID: PMC5719392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 ligand (CD40L), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, binds to CD40, leading to many effects depending on target cell type. Platelets express CD40L and are a major source of soluble CD40L. CD40L has been shown to potentiate platelet activation and thrombus formation, involving both CD40-dependent and -independent mechanisms. A family of proteins called TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs) plays key roles in mediating CD40L-CD40 signaling. Platelets express several TRAFs. It has been shown that TRAF2 plays a role in CD40L-mediated platelet activation. Here we show that platelet also express TRAF3, which plays a negative role in regulating platelet activation. Thrombin- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation and secretion are increased in TRAF3 knockout mice. The expression levels of collagen receptor GPVI and integrin αIIbβ3 in platelets were not affected by deletion of TRAF3, suggesting that increased platelet activation in the TRAF3 knockout mice was not due to increased expression platelet receptors. Time to formation of thrombi in a FeCl3-induced thrombosis model was significantly shortened in the TRAF3 knockout mice. However, mouse tail-bleeding times were not affected by deletion of TRAF3. Thus, TRAF3 plays a negative role in platelet activation and in thrombus formation in vivo.
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Fadel A, Plunkett A, Li W, Tessu Gyamfi VE, Nyaranga RR, Fadel F, Dakak S, Ranneh Y, Salmon Y, Ashworth JJ. Modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by arabinoxylans. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmannan Fadel
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science; Manchester Metropolitan Univeristy; Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Plunkett
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Weili Li
- Institute of Food Science & Innovation; University of Chester; Chester CH1 4BJ United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Elewosi Tessu Gyamfi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Rosemarie Roma Nyaranga
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Fatma Fadel
- Independent Researcher, Al-Baha University; Al Bahah Saudi Arabia
| | - Suaad Dakak
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; Al-Ahliyya Amman University; Amman Jordan
| | - Yazan Ranneh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
| | - Yasser Salmon
- Veteriner Fakultesi, Istanbul Universitesi; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Jason J Ashworth
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science; Manchester Metropolitan Univeristy; Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
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Mufarrege EF, Giorgetti S, Etcheverrigaray M, Terry F, Martin W, De Groot AS. De-immunized and Functional Therapeutic (DeFT) versions of a long lasting recombinant alpha interferon for antiviral therapy. Clin Immunol 2017; 176:31-41. [PMID: 28089609 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interferon α (IFN-α) exerts potent antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antiproliferative activity and have proven clinical utility in chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections. However, repeated IFN-α administration induces neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against the therapeutic in a significant number of patients. Associations between IFN-α immunogenicity and loss of efficacy have been described. So as to improve the in vivo biological efficacy of IFN-α, a long lasting hyperglycosylated protein (4N-IFN) derived from IFN-α2b wild type (WT-IFN) was developed. However, in silico analysis performed using established in silico methods revealed that 4N-IFN had more T cell epitopes than WT-IFN. In order to develop a safer and more efficient IFN therapy, we applied the DeFT (De-immunization of Functional Therapeutics) approach to producing functional, de-immunized versions of 4N-IFN. Using the OptiMatrix in silico tool in ISPRI, the 4N-IFN sequence was modified to reduce HLA binding potential of specific T cell epitopes. Following verification of predictions by HLA binding assays, eight modifications were selected and integrated in three variants: 4N-IFN(VAR1), (VAR2) and (VAR3). Two of the three variants (VAR1 and VAR3) retained anti-viral function and demonstrated reduced T-cell immunogenicity in terms of T-cell proliferation and Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels, when compared to controls (commercial NG-IFN (non-glycosylated), PEG-IFN, WT-IFN and 4N-IFN). It was previously demonstrated that N-glycosylation improved IFN-α pharmacokinetic properties. Here, we further reduce immunogenicity as measured in vitro using T cell assays and cytokine profiling by modifying the T cell epitope content of a protein (de-immunizing). Taking into consideration the present results and previously reported immunogenicity data for commercial IFN-α2b variants, 4N-IFN(VAR1) and 4N-IFN-4N(VAR3) appear to be promising candidates for improved IFN-α therapy of HCV and HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo F Mufarrege
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, FBCB, UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Sofía Giorgetti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, FBCB, UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marina Etcheverrigaray
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, FBCB, UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | | | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, USA; Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, RI, USA
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Edwin C, Dean J, Bonnett L, Phillips K, Keenan R. Non-tumour bone marrow lymphocytes correlate with improved overall survival in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1848-51. [PMID: 27348401 PMCID: PMC5094538 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Composition of tumour immune cell infiltrates correlates with response to treatment and overall survival (OS) in several cancer settings. We retrospectively examined immune cells present in diagnostic bone marrow aspirates from paediatric patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Our analysis identified a sub-group (∼30% of patients) with >2.37% CD20 and >6.05% CD7 expression, which had 100% OS, and a sub-group (∼30% of patients) with ≤2.37% CD20 and ≤6.05% CD7 expression at increased risk of treatment failure (66.7% OS, P < 0.05). Immune cell infiltrate at diagnosis may predict treatment response and could provide a means to enhance immediate treatment risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Edwin
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthInstitute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Joanne Dean
- Department of HaematologyAlder Hey Children's NHS Foundation TrustEaton RoadLiverpoolUK
| | - Laura Bonnett
- Department of BiostatisticsInstitute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolUK
| | - Kate Phillips
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthInstitute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Russell Keenan
- Department of Haematology and OncologyAlder Hey Children's NHS Foundation TrustEaton RoadLiverpoolUK
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Kotani T, Takeuchi T, Kawasaki Y, Hirano S, Tabushi Y, Kagitani M, Makino S, Hanafusa T. Successful treatment of cold agglutinin disease with anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab) in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2016; 15:683-5. [PMID: 17120596 DOI: 10.1177/0961203306070983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare cause of anaemia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). CAD is usually refractory to glucocorticosteroid, and other immunosuppressive and/or cytotoxic therapies. We report the case of a 55-years old woman with SLE and CAD that did not respond to high-dose methylprednisolone, cyclosporin A, and double filtration plasma pheresis. Because several recent case reports and studies have indicated promising results of rituximab treatment for CAD and for SLE, rituximab was given weekly at 375 mg/m2in two doses. The rituximab was well tolerated, and there were no adverse effects. The hemolysis and SLE improved markedly, and the patient remained disease free eight months later. This is the first report of successful rituximab treatment of CAD in a patient with SLE. We conclude that rituximab is worth trying in such patients if they fail to respond to conventional treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/complications
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/drug therapy
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Rituximab
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kotani
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
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Pillet S, Aubin É, Trépanier S, Bussière D, Dargis M, Poulin JF, Yassine-Diab B, Ward BJ, Landry N. A plant-derived quadrivalent virus like particle influenza vaccine induces cross-reactive antibody and T cell response in healthy adults. Clin Immunol 2016; 168:72-87. [PMID: 26987887 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent issues regarding efficacy of influenza vaccines have re-emphasized the need of new approaches to face this major public health issue. In a phase 1-2 clinical trial, healthy adults received one intramuscular dose of a seasonal influenza plant-based quadrivalent virus-like particle (QVLP) vaccine or placebo. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers met all the European licensure criteria for the type A influenza strains at the 3μg/strain dose and for all four strains at the higher dosages 21days after immunization. High HI titers were maintained for most of the strains 6months after vaccination. QVLP vaccine induced a substantial and sustained increase of hemagglutinin-specific polyfunctional CD4 T cells, mainly transitional memory and TEMRA effector IFN-γ(+) CD4 T cells. A T cells cross-reactive response was also observed against A/Hong-Kong/1/1968 H3N2 and B/Massachusetts/2/2012. Plant-based QVLP offers an attractive alternative manufacturing method for producing effective and HA-strain matching seasonal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Pillet
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 3V9; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, 5th Floor, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3H 2R9
| | - Éric Aubin
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 3V9
| | - Sonia Trépanier
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 3V9
| | - Diane Bussière
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 3V9
| | - Michèle Dargis
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 3V9
| | | | - Bader Yassine-Diab
- ImmuneCarta, 201 Avenue du Président-Kennedy, Montreal, QC, Canada, H2X 3Y7
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, 5th Floor, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3H 2R9
| | - Nathalie Landry
- Medicago Inc., 1020 route de l'Église office 600, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 3V9.
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Emerging therapies provide new opportunities to reshape the multifaceted interactions between the immune system and lymphoma cells. Leukemia 2016; 30:1805-15. [PMID: 27389058 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of a complete neoplastic phenotype requires cancer cells to develop escape mechanisms from the host immune system. This phenomenon, commonly referred to as 'immune evasion,' represents a hallmark of cancers and results from a Darwinian selection of the fittest tumor clones. First reported in solid tumors, cancer immunoescape characterizes several hematological malignancies. The biological bases of cancer immunoescape have recently been disclosed and include: (i) impaired human leukocyte antigen-mediated cancer cell recognition (B2M, CD58, CTIIA, CD80/CD86, CD28 and CTLA-4 mutations); (ii) deranged apoptotic mechanisms (reduced pro-apoptotic signals and/or increased expression of anti-apoptotic molecules); and (iii) changes in the tumor microenvironment involving regulatory T cells and tumor-associated macrophages. These immune-escape mechanisms characterize both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin (B and T cell) lymphomas and represent a promising target for new anti-tumor therapies. In the present review, the principles of cancer immunoescape and their role in human lymphomagenesis are illustrated. Current therapies targeting these pathways and possible applications for lymphoma treatment are also addressed.
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Zhan Y, Wei Y, Chen P, Zhang H, Liu D, Zhang J, Liu R, Chen R, Zhang J, Mo W, Zhang X. Expression, purification and biological characterization of the extracellular domain of CD40 from Pichia pastoris. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:8. [PMID: 26809818 PMCID: PMC4727258 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD40, also called Bp50, is a novel member of the TNF receptor superfamily. Based on its important role in multiple physiological and pathological processes, the CD40 signaling pathway has become a vital target for treating transplantation, autoimmune diseases and cancers. This study generated a protein fragment that disrupts this signaling pathway. RESULTS A DNA fragment encoding the extracellular domain of CD40 (CD40-N) has been codon-optimized and cloned into pPIC9K to create a Pichia pastoris expression and secretion strain. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting assays using the culture media from methanol-induced expression strains showed that recombinant CD40-N, a 27 kDa glycosylated protein, was secreted into the culture broth. The recombinant protein was purified to more than 90 % using Sephadex G-50 size-exclusion chromatography and Q Sepharose Fast Flow ion exchange. Finally, 120 mg of the protein was obtained at a relatively high purity from 3 l supernatant. Binding assay (ITC200 assay) shown the direct interaction of CD40-N and CD40 agonist antibody (G28-5). The bioactivity of recombinant CD40-N was confirmed by its ability to disrupt non-canonical NF-κB signaling activated by CD40 agonist antibody or CD40 ligand and to inhibit ant-CD40 agonist antibody-induced TNF-alpha expression in BJAB cells in vitro. In addition, our data indicate that the protein has curative potential in treating dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the experimental procedure we have developed using P. pastoris can be used to produce large amounts of active CD40-N for research and industrial purposes. The protein fragment we have acquired has potential to be used in research or even treating inflammation diseases such as colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Rm. 1126, Biological Research Life Building A, Yueyang Rd 320, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yilei Wei
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Rm. 1126, Biological Research Life Building A, Yueyang Rd 320, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Haohao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Rm. 1126, Biological Research Life Building A, Yueyang Rd 320, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Dandan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Rm. 1126, Biological Research Life Building A, Yueyang Rd 320, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Rm. 1126, Biological Research Life Building A, Yueyang Rd 320, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Rongzeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Rm. 1126, Biological Research Life Building A, Yueyang Rd 320, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.
| | - Wei Mo
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoren Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Rm. 1126, Biological Research Life Building A, Yueyang Rd 320, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of System Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Christie M, Peritt D, Torres RM, Randolph TW, Carpenter JF. The Role of Protein Excipient in Driving Antibody Responses to Erythropoietin. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4041-4055. [PMID: 26375484 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) is an excipient present in formulations of several recombinant protein products that are approved for clinical use. We investigated the relative contributions of HSA and HSA particles to the generation of antibody responses against recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) and the excipient HSA itself. Protein samples were characterized before injection for quantities of monomeric proteins, soluble protein aggregates, and nano- and micron-sized particles. rhEPO, containing various concentrations of HSA particles, were injected three times a week for 8 weeks into mice. Hematocrits and the production of anti-rhEPO and anti-HSA antibodies were determined at various time points. Levels of antibodies against rhEPO in mice injected with HSA-containing rhEPO were higher than those in mice treated with HSA-free rhEPO. Mice injected with formulations that contained particles of HSA produced strong anti-HSA antibody responses; whereas these responses were greatly reduced when particle-free formulations were administered. In contrast, anti-rhEPO antibody responses were not affected by the presence of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry Christie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - David Peritt
- Global Biologics Research and Development, Hospira, Lake Forest, Illinois 60045
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - John F Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045.
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Tahir S, Fukushima Y, Sakamoto K, Sato K, Fujita H, Inoue J, Uede T, Hamazaki Y, Hattori M, Minato N. A CD153+CD4+ T Follicular Cell Population with Cell-Senescence Features Plays a Crucial Role in Lupus Pathogenesis via Osteopontin Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5725-35. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Clark EA. A Short History of the B-Cell-Associated Surface Molecule CD40. Front Immunol 2014; 5:472. [PMID: 25324844 PMCID: PMC4179537 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective traces developments using monoclonal antibody technology that led to the discovery of CD40, a receptor that on B cells mediates “T cell help” and on dendritic cells helps to program CD8 T cell responses. I discuss some things that we got right during the path of discovery and some things we missed. Immunotherapies that block or stimulate the CD40 pathway hold great promise for treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
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28
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Wang YZ, Tian FF, Yan M, Zhang JM, Liu Q, Lu JY, Zhou WB, Yang H, Li J. Delivery of an miR155 inhibitor by anti-CD20 single-chain antibody into B cells reduces the acetylcholine receptor-specific autoantibodies and ameliorates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176:207-21. [PMID: 24387321 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-155 (miR155) is required for antibody production after vaccination with attenuated Salmonella. miR155-deficient B cells generated reduced germinal centre responses and failed to produce high-affinity immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 antibodies. In this study, we observed up-regulation of miR155 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), and miR155 was also up-regulated in torpedo acetylcholine receptor (T-AChR)-stimulated B cells. We used an inhibitor of miR155 conjugated to anti-CD20 single-chain antibody to treat both the cultured B cells and the experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG) mice. Our results demonstrated that silencing of miR155 by its inhibitor impaired the B cell-activating factor (BAFF)-R-related signalling pathway and reduced the translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB into the nucleus. Additionally, AChR-specific autoantibodies were reduced, which may be related to the altered amounts of marginal zone B cells and memory B cells in the spleens of EAMG mice. Our study suggests that miR155 may be a promising target for the clinical therapy of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Z Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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29
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Roles of major histocompatibility complex class II in inducing protective immune responses to influenza vaccination. J Virol 2014; 88:7764-75. [PMID: 24760891 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00748-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class II-deficient (MHC-II KO; Aβ(-/-)) mice were used to assess the roles of MHC-II molecules in inducing protective immune responses to vaccination. After vaccination with influenza A/PR8 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, in vivo and in vitro vaccine antigen-specific IgG isotype antibodies were not detected in MHC-II KO mice, which is quite different from CD4 T cell-deficient mice that induced vaccine-specific IgG antibodies. The deficiency in MHC-II did not significantly affect the induction of antigen-specific IgM antibody in sera. MHC-II KO mice that were vaccinated with influenza VLP, whole inactivated influenza virus, or live attenuated influenza virus vaccines were not protected against lethal infection with influenza A/PR8 virus. Adoptive transfer of fractionated spleen cells from wild-type mice to MHC-II KO mice indicated that CD43(+) cell populations with MHC-II contributed more significantly to producing vaccine-specific IgG antibodies than CD43(-) B220(+) conventional B cell or CD4 T cell populations, as well as conferring protection against lethal infection. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from MHC-II KO mice showed a significant defect in producing interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha cytokines. Thus, results indicate that MHC-II molecules play multiple roles in inducing protective immunity to influenza vaccination. Importance: Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) has been known to activate CD4 T helper immune cells. A deficiency in MHC-II was considered to be equivalent to the lack of CD4 T cells in developing host immune responses to pathogens. However, the roles of MHC-II in inducing protective immune responses to vaccination have not been well understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that MHC-II-deficient mice showed much more significant defects in inducing protective antibody responses to influenza vaccination than CD4 T cell-deficient mice. Further analysis showed that CD43 marker-positive immune cells with MHC-II, as well as an innate immunity-simulating adjuvant, could rescue some defects in inducing protective immune responses in MHC-II-deficient mice. These results have important implications for our understanding of host immunity-inducing mechanisms to vaccination, as well as in developing effective vaccines and adjuvants.
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30
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Herishanu Y, Katz BZ, Lipsky A, Wiestner A. Biology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in different microenvironments: clinical and therapeutic implications. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2013; 27:173-206. [PMID: 23561469 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of mature monoclonal B cells in peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. The trafficking, survival, and proliferation of CLL cells is tightly regulated by the surrounding tissue microenvironment and is mediated by antigenic stimulation, close interaction with various accessory cells and exposure to different cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular matrix components. In the last decade there have been major advances in the understanding of the reciprocal interactions between CLL cells and the various microenvironmental compartments. This article discusses the role of the microenvironment in the context of efforts to develop novel therapeutics that target the biology of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Herishanu
- Hematology Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel
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31
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Jawa V, Cousens LP, Awwad M, Wakshull E, Kropshofer H, De Groot AS. T-cell dependent immunogenicity of protein therapeutics: Preclinical assessment and mitigation. Clin Immunol 2013; 149:534-55. [PMID: 24263283 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics hold a prominent and rapidly expanding place among medicinal products. Purified blood products, recombinant cytokines, growth factors, enzyme replacement factors, monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins, and chimeric fusion proteins are all examples of therapeutic proteins that have been developed in the past few decades and approved for use in the treatment of human disease. Despite early belief that the fully human nature of these proteins would represent a significant advantage, adverse effects associated with immune responses to some biologic therapies have become a topic of some concern. As a result, drug developers are devising strategies to assess immune responses to protein therapeutics during both the preclinical and the clinical phases of development. While there are many factors that contribute to protein immunogenicity, T cell- (thymus-) dependent (Td) responses appear to play a critical role in the development of antibody responses to biologic therapeutics. A range of methodologies to predict and measure Td immune responses to protein drugs has been developed. This review will focus on the Td contribution to immunogenicity, summarizing current approaches for the prediction and measurement of T cell-dependent immune responses to protein biologics, discussing the advantages and limitations of these technologies, and suggesting a practical approach for assessing and mitigating Td immunogenicity.
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32
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Veneri D, Franchini M, Vella A, Tridente G, Semenzato G, Pizzolo G, Ortolani R. Changes of human B and B-1a peripheral blood lymphocytes with age. Hematology 2013; 12:337-41. [PMID: 17654062 DOI: 10.1080/10245330701255270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2057 consecutive subjects admitted to the Department of Pathology, Section of Immunology of the Verona University Hospital, CD19+ and CD5/CD19 double positive cells were determined to assess the behaviour of total peripheral B-lymphocytes and B-1a (CD5+) compartments in humans during aging. We show that the absolute number of total B lymphocytes increases about three-fold from the baseline conditions in the first year of life and progressively decreases until adult age. A slower decrease was detected from the adult age onwards. A similar behaviour has been observed within the B-1a subset of B-lymphocytes, although the decrease after the adult age seems more pronounced. Possible physiological explanations and/or implications for the disease states are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Veneri
- Section of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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33
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Wensveen FM, van Gisbergen KPJM, Eldering E. The fourth dimension in immunological space: how the struggle for nutrients selects high-affinity lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 2013; 249:84-103. [PMID: 22889217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation via the antigen receptor is associated with radical shifts in metabolism and changes in requirements for nutrients and cytokines. Concomitantly, drastic changes occur in the expression of pro-and anti-apoptotic proteins that alter the sensitivity of lymphocytes to limiting concentrations of key survival factors. Antigen affinity is a primary determinant for the capacity of activated lymphocytes to access these vital resources. The shift in metabolic needs and the variable access to key survival factors is used by the immune system to eliminate activated low-affinity cells and to generate an optimal high-affinity response. In this review, we focus on the control of apoptosis regulators in activated lymphocytes by nutrients, cytokines, and costimulation. We propose that the struggle among individual clones that leads to the formation of high-affinity effector cell populations is in effect an 'invisible' fourth signal required for effective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Singh RS, Walia AK. Microbial lectins and their prospective mitogenic potential. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 40:329-47. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.733680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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35
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Wong G, Richardson JS, Pillet S, Patel A, Qiu X, Alimonti J, Hogan J, Zhang Y, Takada A, Feldmann H, Kobinger GP. Immune parameters correlate with protection against ebola virus infection in rodents and nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:158ra146. [PMID: 23115355 PMCID: PMC3789651 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus causes severe hemorrhagic fever in susceptible hosts. Currently, no licensed vaccines or treatments are available; however, several experimental vaccines have been successful in protecting rodents and nonhuman primates (NHPs) from the lethal Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate immune responses correlating with survival in these animals after lethal challenge with ZEBOV. Knockout mice with impaired ability to generate normal T and/or B cell responses were vaccinated and challenged with ZEBOV. Vaccine-induced protection in mice was mainly mediated by B cells and CD4(+) T cells. Vaccinated, outbred guinea pigs and NHPs demonstrated the highest correlation between survival and levels of total immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific to the ZEBOV glycoprotein (ZGP). These results highlight the relevance of total ZGP-specific IgG levels as a meaningful correlate of protection against ZEBOV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Wong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Jason S. Richardson
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Stéphane Pillet
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Ami Patel
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Judie Alimonti
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Jeff Hogan
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
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36
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Cheng F, Wang H, Horna P, Wang Z, Shah B, Sahakian E, Woan KV, Villagra A, Pinilla-Ibarz J, Sebti S, Smith M, Tao J, Sotomayor EM. Stat3 inhibition augments the immunogenicity of B-cell lymphoma cells, leading to effective antitumor immunity. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4440-8. [PMID: 22728650 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive and incurable subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Although patients often respond initially to first-line treatment with chemotherapy plus monoclonal antibodies, relapse and decreased response to further lines of treatment eventually occurs. Harnessing the immune system to elicit its exquisite specificity and long-lasting protection might provide sustained MCL immunity that could potentially eradicate residual malignant cells responsible for disease relapse. Here, we show that genetic or pharmacologic disruption of Stat3 in malignant B cells augments their immunogenicity leading to better activation of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells and restoration of responsiveness of tolerized T cells. In addition, treatment of MCL-bearing mice with a specific Stat3 inhibitor resulted in decreased Stat3 phosphorylation in malignant B cells and anti-lymphoma immunity in vivo. Our findings therefore indicate that Stat3 inhibition may represent a therapeutic strategy to overcome tolerance to tumor antigens and elicit a strong immunity against MCL and other B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengdong Cheng
- Departments of Malignant Hematology, Drug Discovery, and Hematopathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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37
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Melville JM, Bischof RJ, Meeusen EN, Westover AJ, Moss TJM. Changes in fetal thymic immune cell populations in a sheep model of intrauterine inflammation. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:740-7. [PMID: 22421448 DOI: 10.1177/1933719111432873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine inflammation is a common antecedent of preterm birth and can alter the development of the fetal thymus, the site of development, and maturation of T lymphocytes. The effects of intrauterine inflammation on specific thymic T lymphocyte populations are largely unknown. We hypothesized that intrauterine inflammation would alter fetal thymic T cell populations. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantitate the relative proportions of thymic cortical and medullary cell populations in fetal sheep 7 days after intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. The proportions of CD8⁺and MHC II⁺ cells in the fetal thymus were reduced in response to LPS. The ratio of CD4:CD8 cells was increased by LPS exposure. No changes were observed in the percentage of CD4⁺, γδ(WC1)⁺, CD45R⁺B cells, or CD44⁺ cells. These studies indicate that intrauterine inflammation impacts thymic composition of CD8 T cells and the development and/or activation of CD4 T cells in the fetal thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Melville
- The Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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38
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Moise L, Song C, Martin WD, Tassone R, De Groot AS, Scott DW. Effect of HLA DR epitope de-immunization of Factor VIII in vitro and in vivo. Clin Immunol 2011; 142:320-31. [PMID: 22222093 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell-dependent development of anti-Factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies that neutralize FVIII activity is a major obstacle to replacement therapy in hemophilia A. To create a less immunogenic therapeutic protein, recombinant FVIII can be modified to reduce HLA binding of epitopes based on predicted anchoring residues. Here, we used immunoinformatic tools to identify C2 domain HLA DR epitopes and predict site-specific mutations that reduce immunogenicity. Epitope peptides corresponding to original and modified sequences were validated in HLA binding assays and in immunizations of hemophilic E16 mice, DR3 and DR4 mice and DR3×E16 mice. Consistent with immunoinformatic predictions, original epitopes are immunogenic. Immunization with selected modified sequences lowered immunogenicity for particular peptides and revealed residual immunogenicity of incompletely de-immunized modified peptides. The stepwise approach to reduce protein immunogenicity by epitope modification illustrated here is being used to design and produce a functional full-length modified FVIII for clinical use.
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39
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Chung WC, Ishida T. An MD simulation of the decoy action of Epstein–Barr virus LMP1 protein mimicking the CD40 interaction with TRAF3. Theor Chem Acc 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-011-1006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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40
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Hayden RE, Pratt G, Roberts C, Drayson MT, Bunce CM. Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia requires targeting of the protective lymph node environment with novel therapeutic approaches. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 53:537-49. [PMID: 21812539 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.610014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains associated with low complete response rates and high relapse rates. This is in part due to poor understanding of CLL biology and thus inadequate targeting of therapy. For years CLL has been proposed as bi-compartmental: the quiescent tumor in the periphery and the proliferating cells within specific microenvironments. Historically the bone marrow was considered the major tissue of the CLL microenvironment. However, many recent innovative studies have categorically shown that peripheral CLL cells are derived from the lymph nodes (LN). Proliferation here is largely driven by helper T cells via CD40-CD40L engagement. Critically, in vitro studies have shown that such engagement additionally protects LN CLLs from apoptosis. Agents inducing apoptosis in non-CD40 engaged CLL cells are frequently ineffective against those continually engaged with CD40L. This emphasizes that, in order to improve responses and prevent relapse, novel therapies must be assessed against CD40L engaged CLL cells to show effective targeting against the LN. This review discusses the evidence supporting the superior involvement of the LN in CLL, how CD40L engaged CLL studies should be conducted, and the novel therapies studied in vitro and in vivo that have been proposed to be effective in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Hayden
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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41
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Expression of IgA class switching gene in tonsillar mononuclear cells in patients with IgA nephropathy. Inflamm Res 2011; 60:869-78. [PMID: 21614556 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM There are many reports suggesting a relationship between the tonsillar autoimmune response and the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Hyperproduction of IgA and IgA1 in tonsils could be caused by activation of the Ig class switching recombination (CSR). αGLT (germline transcripts) plays a critical role in the initiation of switching from Cμ to Cα, resulting in production of IgA. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a molecule essential for CSR and Ig gene conversion. The aim of this study was to investigate IgA and IgA1 levels in the supernatant of tonsillar mononuclear cells (TMCs) and the expression of Iα-Cα germline transcript and AID in TMCs stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or hemolytic streptococcus in IgAN patients and chronic tonsillitis patients. METHODS 27 IgAN patients were admitted into our hospital from Jan. 2009 to Feb. 2010. Another 27 patients with chronic tonsillitis but without renal disease were selected as the control group. Tonsillar lymphocytes were isolated by density gradient centrifugation using Lymphocyte Separation Medium. The amount of IgA or IgA1 secreted in the culture supernatants was determined by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expressions of Iα-Cα germline transcript and AID mRNA were examined by reverse transcription real-time PCR. The AID protein was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS The production of IgA and IgA1 protein, especially the ratio of IgA1/IgA in TMCs stimulated with or without 10 μg/ml of lipopolysaccharide or 1 × 10(8 )cfu/ml of hemolytic streptococcus, were significantly increased in the IgAN group compared with that in the non-IgAN group (P < 0.05), and the IgA and IgA1 levels in TMCs stimulated with 10 μg/ml of lipopolysaccharide or 1 × 10(8 )cfu/ml of hemolytic streptococcus were markedly increased in patients with IgAN compared with the control group (P < 0.05).The expressions of Iα-Cα and AID mRNA were significantly upregulated in TMCs stimulated with 10 μg/ml of lipopolysaccharide or 1 × 10(8 )cfu/ml of hemolytic streptococcus in patients with IgAN compared with control group (P < 0.05). The expression of AID protein in TMCs stimulated with or without 10 μg/ml of lipopolysaccharide or 1 × 10(8 )cfu/ml of hemolytic streptococcus was significantly increased in the IgAN group compared with that in the non-IgAN group (P < 0.05). The expression of AID protein in TMCs stimulated with 10 μg/ml of lipopolysaccharide or 1 × 10(8) cfu/ml of hemolytic streptococcus was significantly increased in patients with IgAN compared with the control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Lipopolysaccharide or hemolytic streptococcus can induce the production of IgA and IgA1 and the expression of AID and Iα-Cα in TMCs from patients with IgAN. Our results indicate that the TMCs from patients with IgAN are capable of producing high levels of IgA and IgA1 when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or hemolytic streptococcus, which may be due to the increased expression of AID and Iα-Cα.
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Laskowska M, Laskowska K, Oleszczuk J. Soluble CD30 in normotensive pregnant women with isolated fetal intrauterine growth restriction: a comparison with preeclamptic women. J Reprod Immunol 2010; 86:122-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yin L, Chino T, Horst OV, Hacker BM, Clark EA, Dale BA, Chung WO. Differential and coordinated expression of defensins and cytokines by gingival epithelial cells and dendritic cells in response to oral bacteria. BMC Immunol 2010; 11:37. [PMID: 20618959 PMCID: PMC2912831 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-11-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DCs) both initiate and contribute to innate immune responses to bacteria. However, much less is known about the coordinated regulation of innate immune responses between GECs and immune cells, particularly DCs in the oral cavity. The present study was conducted to investigate whether their responses are coordinated and are bacteria-specific in the oral cavity. Results The β-defensin antimicrobial peptides hBD1, hBD2 and hBD3 were expressed by immature DCs as well as gingival epithelial cells (GECs). HBD1, hBD2 and hBD3 are upregulated in DCs while hBD2 and hBD3 are upregulated in GECs in response to bacterial stimulation. Responses of both cell types were bacteria-specific, as demonstrated by distinctive profiles of hBDs mRNA expression and secreted cytokines and chemokines in response to cell wall preparations of various bacteria of different pathogenicity: Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinomyces naeslundii and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The regulation of expression of hBD2, IL-8, CXCL2/GROβ and CCL-20/MIP3α by GECs was greatly enhanced by conditioned medium from bacterially activated DCs. This enhancement was primarily mediated via IL-1β, since induction was largely attenuated by IL-1 receptor antagonist. In addition, the defensins influence DCs by eliciting differential cytokine and chemokine secretion. HBD2 significantly induced IL-6, while hBD3 induced MCP-1 to approximately the same extent as LPS, suggesting a unique role in immune responses. Conclusions The results suggest that cytokines, chemokines and β-defensins are involved in interaction of these two cell types, and the responses are bacteria-specific. Differential and coordinated regulation between GECs and DCs may be important in regulation of innate immune homeostasis and response to pathogens in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, Box 357132, USA.
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Surman SL, Brown SA, Jones BG, Woodland DL, Hurwitz JL. Clearance of HIV type 1 envelope recombinant sendai virus depends on CD4+ T cells and interferon-gamma but not B cells, CD8+ T cells, or perforin. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:783-93. [PMID: 20623995 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-mediated viral clearance is classically attributed to the CD8(+) T cell subset, but CD4(+) T cells can sometimes assume this role. One such instance was illustrated by the immunization of C57BL/6 mice with HIV-1 envelope, followed by challenge with a recombinant Sendai virus (rSeV-env) carrying a gene for secreted HIV-1 envelope protein. Vaccinated mice that lacked both B cells (microMT) and CD8(+) T cells controlled virus, but control was lost when CD4(+) T cells were depleted. To explain this activity, we questioned whether CD4(+) T cells might utilize perforin for killing of MHC class II-positive targets. We also asked if the process might depend on IFN-gamma, which can upregulate MHC expression and enhance T cell recruitment to sites of virus challenge. To address these possibilities, we vaccinated perforin-KO mice with HIV-1 envelope and challenged them with rSeV-env. We found that perforin was not required for (1) CD4(+) T cell homing to the site of virus challenge, (2) expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines (including IFN-gamma), or (3) virus clearance. To determine if IFN-gamma was required for protection, we repeated experiments in IFN-gamma-KO animals. In this case, significant protection was lost, although the CD4(+) T cells trafficked readily to the site of infection. In fact, local CD4(+) T cell numbers in vaccinated IFN-gamma- KO mice exceeded those in wild type animals. In both cases, cells were alphass TCR(+), NK-1.1(-), and CD44(+), typifying an activated CD4(+) T cell subset. Taken together, our results showed that HIV-1 envelope recombinant virus clearance was dependent on CD4(+) T cells and IFN-gamma, but occurred in the absence of B cells, CD8(+) T cells, or perforin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri L. Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Scott A. Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Bart G. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
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Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells can play a critical role in the prevention of autoimmunity, as evidenced by the cataclysmic autoimmune disease that develops in mice and humans lacking the key transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3). At present, however, how and whether Treg cells participate in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which has both systemic manifestations and a joint-targeted pathology that characterizes the disease, remains unclear. In this review, we describe work that has been carried out aimed at determining the role of Treg cells in disease development in RA patients and in mouse models of inflammatory arthritis. We also describe studies in a new model of spontaneous autoimmune arthritis (TS1 x HACII mice), in which disease is caused by CD4(+) T cells recognizing a neo-self-antigen expressed by systemically distributed antigen-presenting cells. We show that TS1 x HACII mice develop arthritis despite the presence of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells that recognize this target autoantigen, and we outline steps in the development of arthritis at which Treg cells might potentially act, or fail to act, in the development of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Oh
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Bikker A, van Woerkom JM, Kruize AA, Wenting-van Wijk M, de Jager W, Bijlsma JWJ, Lafeber FPJG, van Roon JAG. Increased expression of interleukin-7 in labial salivary glands of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome correlates with increased inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:969-77. [PMID: 20131250 DOI: 10.1002/art.27318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression levels and immunostimulatory capacities of interleukin-7 (IL-7) in primary Sjögren's syndrome. METHODS Labial salivary gland (LSG) IL-7 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry, using a quantitative scoring system, in 30 patients with sicca syndrome: 15 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and 15 patients with non-SS sicca syndrome. The correlation of IL-7 expression in LSGs with parameters of local and peripheral disease was studied, and serum and salivary IL-7 levels were determined. Additionally, the effects of IL-7 on cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with primary SS were determined in vitro by Luminex multicytokine assay and compared with the effects in control subjects. RESULTS The expression of IL-7 in LSGs was higher in patients with primary SS compared with that in patients with non-SS sicca syndrome. IL-7 was observed primarily in the vicinity of lymphocytic infiltrates. Salivary IL-7 levels in patients with primary SS were higher than those in control subjects. In all 30 patients with sicca syndrome, IL-7 expression in LSGs correlated with parameters of both local and peripheral disease. Furthermore, IL-7 stimulated T cell-attracting and T cell-differentiating cytokines (monokine induced by interferon-gamma [IFNgamma], IFNgamma-inducible 10-kd protein, IL-12, and IL-15), as well as Th1 (IFNgamma), Th2 (IL-4), Th17 (IL-17A), proinflammatory (tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-1alpha), and regulatory (IL-10 and IL-13) cytokine production by PBMCs. All of these cytokines were previously shown to be associated with primary SS. The IL-7-induced increase in IL-10 production in patients with primary SS was reduced compared with that in control subjects. CONCLUSION The correlation between LSG IL-7 expression and (local) disease parameters in primary SS as well as the IL-7-mediated induction of inflammatory cytokines indicate that IL-7 might contribute to the immunopathology of primary SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bikker
- University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Cayer MP, Drouin M, Proulx M, Jung D. 2-Methoxyestradiol induce the conversion of human peripheral blood memory B lymphocytes into plasma cells. J Immunol Methods 2010; 355:29-39. [PMID: 20202470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME), an end-metabolite of 17beta-estradiol, is an antiproliferative agent that is currently being tested in clinical trials for cancer treatment. We hereby report that sub-cytotoxic concentrations of 2ME influence the in vitro proliferation of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes. More surprisingly, we have observed that 2ME induces the conversion of CD138(-) B lymphocytes into CD138(+) cells of phenotype similar to immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting plasma cells. Normal human B lymphocytes expressing CD138 increased in response to 2ME in a dose-dependent fashion, from 2% at baseline up to 31% in cells cultured in the presence of 0.75 microM 2ME. Moreover, most of the converted cells were also CD27(+) and secreted high levels of IgG (151 microg/10(6)cells/24h). IEF studies revealed that conversion occurred in a polyclonal manner. We then exploited this effect of 2ME to gain further insights into the molecular mechanisms that govern changes in transcription factors involved in plasma cells differentiation. Plasma cells generated by 2ME treatment of normal human B lymphocytes expressed elevated levels of IRF4 and reduced levels of Pax5 and Bcl-6. Similarly, levels of XBP-1 and Blimp-1 transcripts were increased. Our results suggest that the differentiation of peripheral blood B lymphocytes into plasma cells requires a similar modulation of transcription factors expression that for tonsil and bone marrow B lymphocytes.
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Malhotra S, Kovats S, Zhang W, Coggeshall KM. Vav and Rac activation in B cell antigen receptor endocytosis involves Vav recruitment to the adapter protein LAB. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:36202-36212. [PMID: 19858206 PMCID: PMC2794736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transduction events supporting B cell antigen receptor (BCR) endocytosis are not well understood. We have identified a pathway supporting BCR internalization that begins with tyrosine phosphorylation of the adapter protein LAB. Phosphorylated LAB recruits a complex of Grb2-dynamin and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav. Vav is required for activation of the small GTPases Rac1 and Rac2. All these proteins contribute to (and dynamin, Vav, and Rac1/2 are required for) BCR endocytosis and presentation of antigen to T cells. This is the first description of a sequential signal transduction pathway from BCR to internalization and antigen presentation.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dynamins/genetics
- Dynamins/immunology
- Dynamins/metabolism
- Endocytosis/physiology
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein/genetics
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein/immunology
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/immunology
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein
- RAC2 GTP-Binding Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Malhotra
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Susan Kovats
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - K Mark Coggeshall
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104.
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Effect of melatonin on proliferation of neonatal cord blood mononuclear cells. World J Pediatr 2009; 5:300-3. [PMID: 19911147 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-009-0057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pineal melatonin (MLT) is a neuroendocrine hormone that possesses a wide variety of biological effects. MLT regulation of the immune system has been studied in recent years. But very little is known about MLT interaction with neonatal cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) and the lymphocyte immune system in neonates. This study was designed to investigate the proliferative effects of MLT on CBMCs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS Cord blood samples were collected from 10 normal full-term infants at the Guangzhou Maternal and Infant Hospital, China. Ten samples of adult peripheral blood were also collected from healthy volunteers. (3)H-thymidine ((3)H-TdR) incorporation was used to analyze the influence of MLT on proliferation of CBMCs. The effects of MLT on proliferation of CBMCs and PBMCs were compared. RESULTS (3)H-TdR incorporation increased in a dose-dependent manner with varying MLT concentrations (50 pg/ml-50 ng/ml), but peaked at 5 ng/ml. After incubation with MLT (5 ng/ml), interleukin-2 (IL-2, 50 ng/ml), MLT+phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 5 microg/ml), and MLT+IL-2, respectively in CBMCs media, (3)H-TdR incorporation rates were 114 327+/-52 863, 16 087+/-9006, 118 360+/-59 207, and 17 682+/-7391. Compared to the control cell suspension (14 133+/-8688), (3)H-TdR incorporation rates of the MLT and MLT+PHA groups were significantly increased (t=5.9143, P<0.001; t=5.5078, P<0.001). (3)H-TdR incorporation was not different between the IL-2 and MLT+IL-2 groups (t=0.4983, P>0.05; t=0.9839, P>0.05). PHA treatment (110 397+/- 48 663) presented no difference in (3)H-TdR incorporation compared to the MLT or MLT+PHA groups (t=0.1730, P>0.05; t=0.3286, P>0.05). (3)H-TdR incorporation was significantly greater in CBMCs than in PBMCs cultures after addition of various stimulators to the culture media. CONCLUSIONS MLT promoted proliferation of PBMCs and also enhanced proliferation of CBMCs. The proliferative effects of MLT were greater on CBMCs than on PBMCs.
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Zunino SJ, Storms DH. Resveratrol alters proliferative responses and apoptosis in human activated B lymphocytes in vitro. J Nutr 2009; 139:1603-8. [PMID: 19549761 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the phytochemicals resveratrol, quercetin, and kaempferol would modulate B lymphocyte proliferation, Ig synthesis, and apoptosis after activation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from 12 healthy adult human volunteers and incubated with pokeweed mitogen plus 0, 2, 5, and 10 mumol/L resveratrol, quercetin, or kaempferol. After 6 d, CD19+ B cells were analyzed for proliferation, B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression, and activation of caspase-3 using flow cytometry. After 8 d, cell supernatants were collected and IgM and IgG were measured by ELISA. Resveratrol at a concentration of 5 mumol/L increased the percentage of CD19+ cells compared with mitogen only-stimulated cells (P < 0.01), and a trend for increased proliferation was observed for cells treated with 0, 2, and 5 mumol/L resveratrol (P-trend = 0.01). However, 10 mumol/L resveratrol inhibited proliferation of B lymphocytes (P < 0.01). Expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 activation increased in B cells treated with 10 mumol/L resveratrol compared with mitogen alone (P < 0.01), and trends for dose-responsive increases in Bcl-2 expression and caspase-3 activation were observed (P-trend < 0.0001). Differences in IgM and IgG production were not observed for PBMC treated with resveratrol. Kaempferol at 10 mumol/L slightly inhibited proliferative responses (P < 0.05) but did not affect B cell function or apoptosis. Quercetin did not alter B cell proliferation, function, or apoptosis. These data show that human B lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis are modified by physiological concentrations of resveratrol and suggest that exposure of human B cells to resveratrol may increase survival by upregulating Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Zunino
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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