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Tsai MH, Ke HC, Lin WC, Nian FS, Huang CW, Cheng HY, Hsu CS, Granata T, Chang CH, Castellotti B, Lin SY, Doniselli FM, Lu CJ, Franceschetti S, Ragona F, Hou PS, Canafoglia L, Tung CY, Lee MH, Wang WJ, Tsai JW. Novel lissencephaly-associated NDEL1 variant reveals distinct roles of NDE1 and NDEL1 in nucleokinesis and human cortical malformations. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:13. [PMID: 38194050 PMCID: PMC10776482 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02665-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of the cerebral cortex involves a series of dynamic events, including cell proliferation and migration, which rely on the motor protein dynein and its regulators NDE1 and NDEL1. While the loss of function in NDE1 leads to microcephaly-related malformations of cortical development (MCDs), NDEL1 variants have not been detected in MCD patients. Here, we identified two patients with pachygyria, with or without subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), carrying the same de novo somatic mosaic NDEL1 variant, p.Arg105Pro (p.R105P). Through single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomic analysis, we observed complementary expression of Nde1/NDE1 and Ndel1/NDEL1 in neural progenitors and post-mitotic neurons, respectively. Ndel1 knockdown by in utero electroporation resulted in impaired neuronal migration, a phenotype that could not be rescued by p.R105P. Remarkably, p.R105P expression alone strongly disrupted neuronal migration, increased the length of the leading process, and impaired nucleus-centrosome coupling, suggesting a failure in nucleokinesis. Mechanistically, p.R105P disrupted NDEL1 binding to the dynein regulator LIS1. This study identifies the first lissencephaly-associated NDEL1 variant and sheds light on the distinct roles of NDE1 and NDEL1 in nucleokinesis and MCD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Han Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chen Ke
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Cian Lin
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Shin Nian
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Huang
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Haw-Yuan Cheng
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sin Hsu
- Genomics Center for Clinical and Biotechnological Applications, Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tiziana Granata
- Department of Paediatric Neuroscience, European Reference Network EPIcare, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Chien-Hui Chang
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Barbara Castellotti
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Shin-Yi Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fabio M Doniselli
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Cheng-Ju Lu
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Silvana Franceschetti
- Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, European Reference Network EPIcare, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragona
- Department of Paediatric Neuroscience, European Reference Network EPIcare, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Pei-Shan Hou
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Laura Canafoglia
- Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, European Reference Network EPIcare, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Chien-Yi Tung
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Won-Jing Wang
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecule Biology, College of Life Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Zhao Y, Oten S, Yildiz A. Nde1 promotes Lis1-mediated activation of dynein. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7221. [PMID: 37940657 PMCID: PMC10632352 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein drives the motility and force generation functions towards the microtubule minus end. The assembly of dynein with dynactin and a cargo adaptor in an active transport complex is facilitated by Lis1 and Nde1/Ndel1. Recent studies proposed that Lis1 relieves dynein from its autoinhibited conformation, but the physiological function of Nde1/Ndel1 remains elusive. Here, we investigate how human Nde1 and Lis1 regulate the assembly and subsequent motility of mammalian dynein using in vitro reconstitution and single molecule imaging. We find that Nde1 recruits Lis1 to autoinhibited dynein and promotes Lis1-mediated assembly of dynein-dynactin adaptor complexes. Nde1 can compete with the α2 subunit of platelet activator factor acetylhydrolase 1B (PAF-AH1B) for the binding of Lis1, which suggests that Nde1 may disrupt PAF-AH1B recruitment of Lis1 as a noncatalytic subunit, thus promoting Lis1 binding to dynein. Before the initiation of motility, the association of dynactin with dynein triggers the dissociation of Nde1 from dynein by competing against Nde1 binding to the dynein intermediate chain. Our results provide a mechanistic explanation for how Nde1 and Lis1 synergistically activate the dynein transport machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchang Zhao
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94709, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94709, USA
| | - Sena Oten
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94709, USA
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94709, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94709, USA.
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94709, USA.
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3
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Zhao Y, Oten S, Yildiz A. Nde1 Promotes Lis1-Mediated Activation of Dynein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.26.542537. [PMID: 37292665 PMCID: PMC10246013 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.26.542537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is the primary motor that drives the motility and force generation functions towards the microtubule minus end. The activation of dynein motility requires its assembly with dynactin and a cargo adaptor. This process is facilitated by two dynein-associated factors, Lis1 and Nde1/Ndel1. Recent studies proposed that Lis1 rescues dynein from its autoinhibited conformation, but the physiological function of Nde1/Ndel1 remains elusive. Here, we investigated how human Nde1 and Lis1 regulate the assembly and subsequent motility of the mammalian dynein/dynactin complex using in vitro reconstitution and single molecule imaging. We found that Nde1 promotes the assembly of active dynein complexes in two distinct ways. Nde1 competes with the α2 subunit of platelet activator factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) 1B, which recruits Lis1 as a noncatalytic subunit and prevents its binding to dynein. Second, Nde1 recruits Lis1 to autoinhibited dynein and promotes Lis1-mediated assembly of dynein-dynactin-adaptor complexes. However, excess Nde1 inhibits dynein, presumably by competing against dynactin to bind the dynein intermediate chain. The association of dynactin with dynein triggers Nde1 dissociation before the initiation of dynein motility. Our results provide a mechanistic explanation for how Nde1 and Lis1 synergistically activate the dynein transport machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchang Zhao
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94709
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94709
| | - Sena Oten
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94709
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94709
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94709
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94709
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The phospholipase A 2 superfamily as a central hub of bioactive lipids and beyond. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108382. [PMID: 36918102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
In essence, "phospholipase A2" (PLA2) means a group of enzymes that release fatty acids and lysophospholipids by hydrolyzing the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. To date, more than 50 enzymes possessing PLA2 or related lipid-metabolizing activities have been identified in mammals, and these are subdivided into several families in terms of their structures, catalytic mechanisms, tissue/cellular localizations, and evolutionary relationships. From a general viewpoint, the PLA2 superfamily has mainly been implicated in signal transduction, driving the production of a wide variety of bioactive lipid mediators. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that PLA2s also contribute to phospholipid remodeling or recycling for membrane homeostasis, fatty acid β-oxidation for energy production, and barrier lipid formation on the body surface. Accordingly, PLA2 enzymes are considered one of the key regulators of a broad range of lipid metabolism, and perturbation of specific PLA2-driven lipid pathways often disrupts tissue and cellular homeostasis and may be associated with a variety of diseases. This review covers current understanding of the physiological functions of the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the two major intracellular PLA2 families (Ca2+-dependent cytosolic PLA2s and Ca2+-independent patatin-like PLA2s) as well as other PLA2 families, based on studies using gene-manipulated mice and human diseases in combination with comprehensive lipidomics.
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Wong CH, Wingett SW, Qian C, Taliaferro JM, Ross-Thriepland D, Bullock SL. Genome-scale requirements for dynein-based trafficking revealed by a high-content arrayed CRISPR screen. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.01.530592. [PMID: 36909483 PMCID: PMC10002790 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.01.530592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) motor plays a key role in cellular organisation by transporting a wide variety of cellular constituents towards the minus ends of microtubules. However, relatively little is known about how the biosynthesis, assembly and functional diversity of the motor is orchestrated. To address this issue, we have conducted an arrayed CRISPR loss-of-function screen in human cells using the distribution of dynein-tethered peroxisomes and early endosomes as readouts. From a guide RNA library targeting 18,253 genes, 195 validated hits were recovered and parsed into those impacting multiple dynein cargoes and those whose effects are restricted to a subset of cargoes. Clustering of high-dimensional phenotypic fingerprints generated from multiplexed images revealed co-functional genes involved in many cellular processes, including several candidate novel regulators of core dynein functions. Mechanistic analysis of one of these proteins, the RNA-binding protein SUGP1, provides evidence that it promotes cargo trafficking by sustaining functional expression of the dynein activator LIS1. Our dataset represents a rich source of new hypotheses for investigating microtubule-based transport, as well as several other aspects of cellular organisation that were captured by our high-content imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hao Wong
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, R&D, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
- Current address: Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Steven W. Wingett
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Chen Qian
- Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, R&D, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - J. Matthew Taliaferro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Simon L. Bullock
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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Kholmanskikh S, Singh S, Ross ME. Activation of RhoC by regulatory ubiquitination is mediated by LNX1 and suppressed by LIS1. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16493. [PMID: 36192543 PMCID: PMC9529947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of Rho GTPases remains a topic of active investigation as they are essential participants in cell biology and the pathophysiology of many human diseases. Non-degrading ubiquitination (NDU) is a critical regulator of the Ras superfamily, but its relevance to Rho proteins remains unknown. We show that RhoC, but not RhoA, is a target of NDU by E3 ubiquitin ligase, LNX1. Furthermore, LNX1 ubiquitination of RhoC is negatively regulated by LIS1 (aka, PAFAH1B1). Despite multiple reports of functional interaction between LIS1 and activity of Rho proteins, a robust mechanism linking the two has been lacking. Here, LIS1 inhibition of LNX1 effects on RhoGDI-RhoC interaction provides a molecular mechanism underpinning the enhanced activity of Rho proteins observed upon reduction in LIS1 protein levels. Since LNX1 and RhoC are only found in vertebrates, the LIS1-LNX1-RhoC module represents an evolutionarily acquired function of the highly conserved LIS1. While these nearly identical proteins have several distinct RhoA and RhoC downstream effectors, our data provide a rare example of Rho-isoform specific, upstream regulation that opens new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kholmanskikh
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th St, Box 240, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Shawn Singh
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th St, Box 240, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Ross
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th St, Box 240, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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Simoes C, Graña M, Rodriguez S, Baltar Yanes F, Tapié A, Dell’Oca N, Naya H, Raggio V, Spangenberg L. Novel frameshift mutation in LIS1 gene is a probable cause of lissencephaly: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:545. [PMID: 36100855 PMCID: PMC9472359 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Lissencephaly (LIS) is a cortical malformation, characterized by smooth or nearly smooth cerebral surface and a shortage of gyral and sulcal development, which is caused by deficient neuronal migration during embryogenesis. Neuronal migration involves many gene products, among which is the product of the PAFAH1B1 gene, associated with this disease. LIS is a rare disease, characterized by low population frequency, and with non-specific clinical symptoms such as early epilepsy, developmental delay or cerebral palsy-like motor problems. Given that high-throughput sequencing techniques have been improving diagnosis, we have chosen this technique for addressing this patient.
Case presentation
We present the case of a seven years old male patient with an undiagnosed rare disease, with non-specific clinical symptoms possibly compatible with lissencephaly.
The patient was enrolled in a study that included the sequencing of his whole genome. Sequence data was analyzed following a bioinformatic pipeline. The variants obtained were annotated and then subjected to different filters for prioritization. Also mitochondrial genome was analyzed. A novel candidate frameshift insertion in known PAFAH1B1 gene was found, explaining the index case phenotype. The assessment through in silico tools reported that it causes nonsense mediated mechanisms and that it is damaging with high confidence scores. The insertion causes a change in the reading frame, and produces a premature stop codon, severely affecting the protein function and probably the silencing of one allele. The healthy mother did not carry the mutation, and the unaffected father was not available for analysis.
Conclusions
Through this work we found a novel de novo mutation in LIS1/PAFAH1B1 gene, as a likely cause of a rare disease in a young boy with non-specific clinical symptoms. The mutation found correlates with the phenotype studied since the loss of function in the gene product has already been described in this condition. Since there are no other variants in the PAFAH1B1 gene with low population frequency and due to family history, a de novo disease mechanism is proposed.
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Domínguez-Sala E, Valdés-Sánchez L, Canals S, Reiner O, Pombero A, García-López R, Estirado A, Pastor D, Geijo-Barrientos E, Martínez S. Abnormalities in Cortical GABAergic Interneurons of the Primary Motor Cortex Caused by Lis1 (Pafah1b1) Mutation Produce a Non-drastic Functional Phenotype. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:769853. [PMID: 35309904 PMCID: PMC8924048 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.769853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
LIS1 (PAFAH1B1) plays a major role in the developing cerebral cortex, and haploinsufficient mutations cause human lissencephaly type 1. We have studied morphological and functional properties of the cerebral cortex of mutant mice harboring a deletion in the first exon of the mouse Lis1 (Pafah1b1) gene, which encodes for the LisH domain. The Lis1/sLis1 animals had an overall unaltered cortical structure but showed an abnormal distribution of cortical GABAergic interneurons (those expressing calbindin, calretinin, or parvalbumin), which mainly accumulated in the deep neocortical layers. Interestingly, the study of the oscillatory activity revealed an apparent inability of the cortical circuits to produce correct activity patterns. Moreover, the fast spiking (FS) inhibitory GABAergic interneurons exhibited several abnormalities regarding the size of the action potentials, the threshold for spike firing, the time course of the action potential after-hyperpolarization (AHP), the firing frequency, and the frequency and peak amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC’s). These morphological and functional alterations in the cortical inhibitory system characterize the Lis1/sLis1 mouse as a model of mild lissencephaly, showing a phenotype less drastic than the typical phenotype attributed to classical lissencephaly. Therefore, the results described in the present manuscript corroborate the idea that mutations in some regions of the Lis1 gene can produce phenotypes more similar to those typically described in schizophrenic and autistic patients and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Domínguez-Sala
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - L Valdés-Sánchez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - S Canals
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - O Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Pombero
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - R García-López
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - A Estirado
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - D Pastor
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - E Geijo-Barrientos
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - S Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
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Structural Consequence of Non-Synonymous Single-Nucleotide Variants in the N-Terminal Domain of LIS1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063109. [PMID: 35328531 PMCID: PMC8955593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruptive neuronal migration during early brain development causes severe brain malformation. Characterized by mislocalization of cortical neurons, this condition is a result of the loss of function of migration regulating genes. One known neuronal migration disorder is lissencephaly (LIS), which is caused by deletions or mutations of the LIS1 (PAFAH1B1) gene that has been implicated in regulating the microtubule motor protein cytoplasmic dynein. Although this class of diseases has recently received considerable attention, the roles of non-synonymous polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in LIS1 on lissencephaly progression remain elusive. Therefore, the present study employed combined bioinformatics and molecular modeling approach to identify potential damaging nsSNPs in the LIS1 gene and provide atomic insight into their roles in LIS1 loss of function. Using this approach, we identified three high-risk nsSNPs, including rs121434486 (F31S), rs587784254 (W55R), and rs757993270 (W55L) in the LIS1 gene, which are located on the N-terminal domain of LIS1. Molecular dynamics simulation highlighted that all variants decreased helical conformation, increased the intermonomeric distance, and thus disrupted intermonomeric contacts in the LIS1 dimer. Furthermore, the presence of variants also caused a loss of positive electrostatic potential and reduced dimer binding potential. Since self-dimerization is an essential aspect of LIS1 to recruit interacting partners, thus these variants are associated with the loss of LIS1 functions. As a corollary, these findings may further provide critical insights on the roles of LIS1 variants in brain malformation.
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Domínguez-Sala E, Andreu-Cervera A, Martín-Climent P, Murcia-Ramón R, Martínez S, Geijo-Barrientos E. Properties of the epileptiform activity in the cingulate cortex of a mouse model of LIS1 dysfunction. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:1599-1614. [PMID: 35103859 PMCID: PMC9098610 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the LIS1 gene causes lissencephaly, a drastic neurological disorder characterized by a deep disruption of the cortical structure. We aim to uncover alterations of the cortical neuronal networks related with the propagation of epileptiform activity in the Lis1/sLis1 mouse, a model lacking the LisH domain in heterozygosis. We did extracellular field-potential and intracellular recordings in brain slices of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) or the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) to study epileptiform activity evoked in the presence of bicuculline (10 µM), a blocker of GABAA receptors. The sensitivity to bicuculline of the generation of epileptiform discharges was similar in wild type (WT) and Lis1/sLis1 cortex (EC50 1.99 and 2.24 µM, respectively). In the Lis1/sLis1 cortex, we observed a decreased frequency of the oscillatory post-discharges of the epileptiform events; also, the propagation of epileptiform events along layer 2/3 was slower in the Lis1/sLis1 cortex (WT 47.69 ± 2.16 mm/s, n = 25; Lis1/sLis1 37.34 ± 2.43 mm/s, n = 15; p = 0.004). The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons were similar in WT and Lis1/sLis1 cortex, but the frequency of the spontaneous EPSCs was lower and their peak amplitude higher in Lis1/sLis1 pyramidal neurons. Finally, the propagation of epileptiform activity was differently affected by AMPA receptor blockers: CNQX had a larger effect in both ACC and RSC while GYKI53655 had a larger effect only in the ACC in the WT and Lis1/sLis1 cortex. All these changes indicate that the dysfunction of the LIS1 gene causes abnormalities in the properties of epileptiform discharges and in their propagation along the layer 2/3 in the anterior cingulate cortex and in the restrosplenial cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Domínguez-Sala
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, C/Ramón y Cajal sn, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain.
| | - A Andreu-Cervera
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, C/Ramón y Cajal sn, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - P Martín-Climent
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, C/Ramón y Cajal sn, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - R Murcia-Ramón
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, C/Ramón y Cajal sn, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - S Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, C/Ramón y Cajal sn, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM, Spain), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Geijo-Barrientos
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, C/Ramón y Cajal sn, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain.
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11
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Liu X, Bennison SA, Robinson L, Toyo-oka K. Responsible Genes for Neuronal Migration in the Chromosome 17p13.3: Beyond Pafah1b1(Lis1), Crk and Ywhae(14-3-3ε). Brain Sci 2021; 12:brainsci12010056. [PMID: 35053800 PMCID: PMC8774252 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 17p13.3 chromosome region is often deleted or duplicated in humans, resulting in severe neurodevelopmental disorders such as Miller–Dieker syndrome (MDS) and 17p13.3 duplication syndrome. Lissencephaly can also be caused by gene mutations or deletions of a small piece of the 17p13.3 region, including a single gene or a few genes. PAFAH1B1 gene, coding for LIS1 protein, is a responsible gene for lissencephaly and MDS and regulates neuronal migration by controlling microtubules (MTs) and cargo transport along MTs via dynein. CRK is a downstream regulator of the reelin signaling pathways and regulates neuronal migration. YWHAE, coding for 14-3-3ε, is also responsible for MDS and regulates neuronal migration by binding to LIS1-interacting protein, NDEL1. Although these three proteins are known to be responsible for neuronal migration defects in MDS, there are 23 other genes in the MDS critical region on chromosome 17p13.3, and little is known about their functions in neurodevelopment, especially in neuronal migration. This review will summarize the recent progress on the functions of LIS1, CRK, and 14-3-3ε and describe the recent findings of other molecules in the MDS critical regions in neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Sarah A. Bennison
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Lozen Robinson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(215)-991-8288
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12
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Garcia-Lopez R, Pombero A, Estirado A, Geijo-Barrientos E, Martinez S. Interneuron Heterotopia in the Lis1 Mutant Mouse Cortex Underlies a Structural and Functional Schizophrenia-Like Phenotype. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:693919. [PMID: 34327202 PMCID: PMC8313859 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.693919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
LIS1 is one of the principal genes related to Type I lissencephaly, a severe human brain malformation characterized by an abnormal neuronal migration in the cortex during embryonic development. This is clinically associated with epilepsy and cerebral palsy in severe cases, as well as a predisposition to developing mental disorders, in cases with a mild phenotype. Although genetic variations in the LIS1 gene have been associated with the development of schizophrenia, little is known about the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. We have studied how the Lis1 gene might cause deficits associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia using the Lis1/sLis1 murine model, which involves the deletion of the first coding exon of the Lis1 gene. Homozygous mice are not viable, but heterozygous animals present abnormal neuronal morphology, cortical dysplasia, and enhanced cortical excitability. We have observed reduced number of cells expressing GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) in the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate area, as well as fewer parvalbumin-expressing cells in the anterior cingulate cortex in Lis1/sLis1 mutants compared to control mice. The cFOS protein expression (indicative of neuronal activity) in Lis1/sLis1 mice was higher in the medial prefrontal (mPFC), perirhinal (PERI), entorhinal (ENT), ectorhinal (ECT) cortices, and hippocampus compared to control mice. Our results suggest that deleting the first coding exon of the Lis1 gene might cause cortical anomalies associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Pombero
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | - Salvador Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Alicante, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Salud Mental-CIBERSAM-ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
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13
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Fan J, Yang Y, Qian JK, Zhang X, Ji JQ, Zhang L, Li SZ, Yuan F. Aberrant Expression of PAFAH1B3 Affects Proliferation and Apoptosis in Osteosarcoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:664478. [PMID: 34136395 PMCID: PMC8201501 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.664478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a major malignant tumor of bone and soft tissue, which is presenting with early metastasis and a high mortality rate. Platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase 1B3 (PAFAH1B3), a cancer-relevant molecular, was found to play a vital role in tumorigenesis and aggressiveness in several cancer types. However, the roles and the regulating mechanisms of PAFAH1B3 in osteosarcoma progression remain unclear. PAFAH1B3 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in 83 osteosarcoma tissues and 44 paired adjacent normal bone tissues. In vitro, loss-of-function assay was performed to explore the role of PAFAH1B3 in osteosarcoma cells. Tumor xenograft growth assay was used to verify the effect of PAFAH1B3 knockdown on osteosarcoma growth in vivo. Chip assay was carried out to investigate the mechanism in osteosarcoma proliferation regulated by PAFAH1B3. PAFAH1B3 was overexpressed in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines. Moreover, PAFAH1B3 knockdown inhibited osteosarcoma cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in vitro, and also suppressed osteosarcoma growth in vivo. Furthermore, the proliferative effect of PAFAH1B3 in osteosarcoma was related to the regulation of the expression of EIF4EBP1, MYC, PTGS2 and RPS6KB1. This study demonstrated the biological function of PAFAH1B3 on osteosarcoma proliferation. This research suggested that PAFAH1B3 could be a novel therapeutic target for osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Kui Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Qing Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Zhu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Murakami M, Sato H, Taketomi Y. Updating Phospholipase A 2 Biology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1457. [PMID: 33086624 PMCID: PMC7603386 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily contains more than 50 enzymes in mammals that are subdivided into several distinct families on a structural and biochemical basis. In principle, PLA2 has the capacity to hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to release fatty acids and lysophospholipids, yet several enzymes in this superfamily catalyze other reactions rather than or in addition to the PLA2 reaction. PLA2 enzymes play crucial roles in not only the production of lipid mediators, but also membrane remodeling, bioenergetics, and body surface barrier, thereby participating in a number of biological events. Accordingly, disturbance of PLA2-regulated lipid metabolism is often associated with various diseases. This review updates the current state of understanding of the classification, enzymatic properties, and biological functions of various enzymes belonging to the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the novel roles of PLA2s in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.S.); (Y.T.)
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15
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Markus SM, Marzo MG, McKenney RJ. New insights into the mechanism of dynein motor regulation by lissencephaly-1. eLife 2020; 9:59737. [PMID: 32692650 PMCID: PMC7373426 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lissencephaly (‘smooth brain’) is a severe brain disease associated with numerous symptoms, including cognitive impairment, and shortened lifespan. The main causative gene of this disease – lissencephaly-1 (LIS1) – has been a focus of intense scrutiny since its first identification almost 30 years ago. LIS1 is a critical regulator of the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein, which transports numerous cargoes throughout the cell, and is a key effector of nuclear and neuronal transport during brain development. Here, we review the role of LIS1 in cellular dynein function and discuss recent key findings that have revealed a new mechanism by which this molecule influences dynein-mediated transport. In addition to reconciling prior observations with this new model for LIS1 function, we also discuss phylogenetic data that suggest that LIS1 may have coevolved with an autoinhibitory mode of cytoplasmic dynein regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Markus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Matthew G Marzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
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16
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Moon HM, Hippenmeyer S, Luo L, Wynshaw-Boris A. LIS1 determines cleavage plane positioning by regulating actomyosin-mediated cell membrane contractility. eLife 2020; 9:51512. [PMID: 32159512 PMCID: PMC7112955 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss of human PAFAH1B1 (coding for LIS1) results in the disruption of neurogenesis and neuronal migration via dysregulation of microtubule (MT) stability and dynein motor function/localization that alters mitotic spindle orientation, chromosomal segregation, and nuclear migration. Recently, human- induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models revealed an important role for LIS1 in controlling the length of terminal cell divisions of outer radial glial (oRG) progenitors, suggesting cellular functions of LIS1 in regulating neural progenitor cell (NPC) daughter cell separation. Here, we examined the late mitotic stages NPCs in vivo and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in vitro from Pafah1b1-deficient mutants. Pafah1b1-deficient neocortical NPCs and MEFs similarly exhibited cleavage plane displacement with mislocalization of furrow-associated markers, associated with actomyosin dysfunction and cell membrane hyper-contractility. Thus, it suggests LIS1 acts as a key molecular link connecting MTs/dynein and actomyosin, ensuring that cell membrane contractility is tightly controlled to execute proper daughter cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Mi Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Liqun Luo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States
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17
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Keidar L, Gerlitz G, Kshirsagar A, Tsoory M, Olender T, Wang X, Yang Y, Chen YS, Yang YG, Voineagu I, Reiner O. Interplay of LIS1 and MeCP2: Interactions and Implications With the Neurodevelopmental Disorders Lissencephaly and Rett Syndrome. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:370. [PMID: 31474834 PMCID: PMC6703185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
LIS1 is the main causative gene for lissencephaly, while MeCP2 is the main causative gene for Rett syndrome, both of which are neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we report nuclear functions for LIS1 and identify previously unrecognized physical and genetic interactions between the products of these two genes in the cell nucleus, that has implications on MeCP2 organization, neuronal gene expression and mouse behavior. Reduced LIS1 levels affect the association of MeCP2 with chromatin. Transcriptome analysis of primary cortical neurons derived from wild type, Lis1±, MeCP2−/y, or double mutants mice revealed a large overlap in the differentially expressed (DE) genes between the various mutants. Overall, our findings provide insights on molecular mechanisms involved in the neurodevelopmental disorders lissencephaly and Rett syndrome caused by dysfunction of LIS1 and MeCP2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liraz Keidar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gabi Gerlitz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aditya Kshirsagar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Tsoory
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tsviya Olender
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Irina Voineagu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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18
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Shi CH, Zhang S, Yang ZH, Liu YT, Li YS, Li Z, Hu ZW, Xu YM. Identification of a novel PAFAH1B1 missense mutation as a cause of mild lissencephaly with basal ganglia calcification. Brain Dev 2019; 41:29-35. [PMID: 30100227 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the genetic and clinical features of a Chinese family exhibiting an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern of lissencephaly. METHODS Clinical examinations and cranial imaging studies were performed for all members of the family (two unaffected members and three surviving members from a total of four affected members). In addition, whole-exome sequencing analysis was performed for DNA from an affected patient to scan for candidate mutations, followed by Sanger sequencing to verify these candidate mutations in the entire family. A total of 200 ethnicity-matched healthy controls without neuropsychiatric disorder were also included and analyzed. RESULTS We identified a novel missense mutation, c.412G > A, p.(E138K), that cosegregated with the disease in exon 6 of the platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b regulatory subunit 1 (PAFAH1B1) gene in the affected members; this mutation was not found in the 200 controls. Multiple sequence alignments showed that codon 138, where the mutation (c.G412A) occurred, was located within a phylogenetically conserved region. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed calcification within the bilateral globus pallidus in all three affected members. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel missense mutation, c.412G > A, p.(E138K),in the PAFAH1B1 gene of a Chinese family with lissencephaly. In addition, our findings suggest that basal ganglia calcification is a novel clinical feature of PAFAH1B1-related lissencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-He Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China; Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Yu-Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China; Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yu-Ming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, China.
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19
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Kono N, Arai H. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases: An overview and update. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:922-931. [PMID: 30055287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs) are unique members of the phospholipase A2 family that can hydrolyze the acetyl group of PAF, a signaling phospholipid that has roles in diverse (patho)physiological processes. Three types of PAF-AH have been identified in mammals, one plasma type and two intracellular types [PAF-AH (I) and PAF-AH (II)]. Plasma PAF-AH and PAF-AH (II) are monomeric enzymes that are structurally similar, while PAF-AH (I) is a multimeric enzyme with no homology to other PAF-AHs. PAF-AH (I) shows a strong preference for an acetyl group, whereas plasma PAF-AH and PAF-AH (II) also hydrolyze phospholipids with oxidatively modified fatty acids. Plasma PAF-AH has been implicated in several diseases including cardiovascular disease. PAF-AH (I) is required for spermatogenesis and is increasingly recognized as an oncogenic factor. PAF-AH (II) was recently shown to act as a bioactive lipid-producing enzyme in mast cells and thus could be a drug target for allergic diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Novel functions of phospholipase A2 Guest Editors: Makoto Murakami and Gerard Lambeau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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20
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Liu H, Wang H, Zhu H, Zhang H, Liu S. Preliminary study of protein changes in trisomy 21 fetus by proteomics analysis in amniocyte. Prenat Diagn 2018; 38:435-444. [PMID: 29611199 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education; Chengdu China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education; Chengdu China
| | - Hongmei Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education; Chengdu China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education; Chengdu China
| | - Shanling Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University); Ministry of Education; Chengdu China
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21
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Cavallin M, Rujano MA, Bednarek N, Medina-Cano D, Bernabe Gelot A, Drunat S, Maillard C, Garfa-Traore M, Bole C, Nitschké P, Beneteau C, Besnard T, Cogné B, Eveillard M, Kuster A, Poirier K, Verloes A, Martinovic J, Bidat L, Rio M, Lyonnet S, Reilly ML, Boddaert N, Jenneson-Liver M, Motte J, Doco-Fenzy M, Chelly J, Attie-Bitach T, Simons M, Cantagrel V, Passemard S, Baffet A, Thomas S, Bahi-Buisson N. WDR81 mutations cause extreme microcephaly and impair mitotic progression in human fibroblasts and Drosophila neural stem cells. Brain 2017; 140:2597-2609. [PMID: 28969387 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microlissencephaly is a rare brain malformation characterized by congenital microcephaly and lissencephaly. Microlissencephaly is suspected to result from abnormalities in the proliferation or survival of neural progenitors. Despite the recent identification of six genes involved in microlissencephaly, the pathophysiological basis of this condition remains poorly understood. We performed trio-based whole exome sequencing in seven subjects from five non-consanguineous families who presented with either microcephaly or microlissencephaly. This led to the identification of compound heterozygous mutations in WDR81, a gene previously associated with cerebellar ataxia, intellectual disability and quadrupedal locomotion. Patient phenotypes ranged from severe microcephaly with extremely reduced gyration with pontocerebellar hypoplasia to moderate microcephaly with cerebellar atrophy. In patient fibroblast cells, WDR81 mutations were associated with increased mitotic index and delayed prometaphase/metaphase transition. Similarly, in vivo, we showed that knockdown of the WDR81 orthologue in Drosophila led to increased mitotic index of neural stem cells with delayed mitotic progression. In summary, we highlight the broad phenotypic spectrum of WDR81-related brain malformations, which include microcephaly with moderate to extremely reduced gyration and cerebellar anomalies. Our results suggest that WDR81 might have a role in mitosis that is conserved between Drosophila and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Cavallin
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Neurology APHP- Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Maria A Rujano
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Epithelial biology and disease, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - Daniel Medina-Cano
- Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Molecular and Pathophysiological Bases of Cognitive Disorders, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Antoinette Bernabe Gelot
- AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique, Neuropathologie, Paris, France.,INMED, INSERM U 901 Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Severine Drunat
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM UMR1141, APHP-Robert DEBRE Universitary Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Camille Maillard
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - Christine Bole
- Genomic Core Facility, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Nitschké
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Claire Beneteau
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes CEDEX 1, France
| | - Thomas Besnard
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes CEDEX 1, France
| | - Benjamin Cogné
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes CEDEX 1, France
| | - Marion Eveillard
- CHU Nantes, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes CEDEX 1, France
| | - Alice Kuster
- CHU Nantes, Service de réanimation Pédiatrique, Centre de compétence des maladies héréditaires du métabolisme, 38 boulevard Jean Monet, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Karine Poirier
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM UMR1141, APHP-Robert DEBRE Universitary Hospital, Paris, France.,Sorbonne-Paris Cité University, Denis Diderot School of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Jelena Martinovic
- Unit of Fetal Pathology Hospital Antoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart, France
| | - Laurent Bidat
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, René Dubos Hospital, Pontoise, France
| | - Marlene Rio
- Service de Génétique, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - M Louise Reilly
- Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Disease, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Pediatric Radiology, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Image - Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | - Jacques Motte
- University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, UFR médecine, Reims, France
| | | | - Jamel Chelly
- IGBMC, INSERM U964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg. 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France.,Pôle de biologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tania Attie-Bitach
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Service de Génétique, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Matias Simons
- Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Epithelial biology and disease, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Cantagrel
- Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Molecular and Pathophysiological Bases of Cognitive Disorders, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM UMR1141, APHP-Robert DEBRE Universitary Hospital, Paris, France.,Sorbonne-Paris Cité University, Denis Diderot School of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Baffet
- Institut Curie. CNRS UMR144, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Thomas
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Neurology APHP- Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France
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22
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Gene fusions PAFAH1B1 – USP6 and RUNX2 – USP6 in aneurysmal bone cysts identified by next generation sequencing. Cancer Genet 2017; 212-213:13-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Bershteyn M, Nowakowski TJ, Pollen AA, Di Lullo E, Nene A, Wynshaw-Boris A, Kriegstein AR. Human iPSC-Derived Cerebral Organoids Model Cellular Features of Lissencephaly and Reveal Prolonged Mitosis of Outer Radial Glia. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 20:435-449.e4. [PMID: 28111201 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Classical lissencephaly is a genetic neurological disorder associated with mental retardation and intractable epilepsy, and Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) is the most severe form of the disease. In this study, to investigate the effects of MDS on human progenitor subtypes that control neuronal output and influence brain topology, we analyzed cerebral organoids derived from control and MDS-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using time-lapse imaging, immunostaining, and single-cell RNA sequencing. We saw a cell migration defect that was rescued when we corrected the MDS causative chromosomal deletion and severe apoptosis of the founder neuroepithelial stem cells, accompanied by increased horizontal cell divisions. We also identified a mitotic defect in outer radial glia, a progenitor subtype that is largely absent from lissencephalic rodents but critical for human neocortical expansion. Our study, therefore, deepens our understanding of MDS cellular pathogenesis and highlights the broad utility of cerebral organoids for modeling human neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bershteyn
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alex A Pollen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elizabeth Di Lullo
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aishwarya Nene
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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24
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Ye S, Fujiwara T, Zhou J, Varughese KI, Zhao H. LIS1 Regulates Osteoclastogenesis through Modulation of M-SCF and RANKL Signaling Pathways and CDC42. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1488-1499. [PMID: 27994513 PMCID: PMC5166490 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that depletion of LIS1, a key regulator of microtubules and cytoplasmic dynein motor complex, in osteoclast precursor cells by shRNAs attenuates osteoclastogenesis in vitro. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we show that conditional deletion of LIS1 in osteoclast progenitors in mice led to increased bone mass and decreased osteoclast number on trabecular bone. In vitro mechanistic studies revealed that loss of LIS1 had little effects on cell cycle progression but accelerated apoptosis of osteoclast precursor cells. Furthermore, deletion of LIS1 prevented prolonged activation of ERK by M-CSF and aberrantly enhanced prolonged JNK activation stimulated by RANKL. Finally, lack of LIS1 abrogated M-CSF and RANKL induced CDC42 activation and retroviral transduction of a constitutively active form of CDC42 partially rescued osteoclastogenesis in LIS1-deficient macrophages. Therefore, these data identify a key role of LIS1 in regulation of cell survival of osteoclast progenitors by modulating M-CSF and RANKL induced signaling pathways and CDC42 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiao Ye
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Toshifumi Fujiwara
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jian Zhou
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA;; Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Kottayil I Varughese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Haibo Zhao
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA;; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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25
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Besenboeck C, Cvitic S, Lang U, Desoye G, Wadsack C. Going into labor and beyond: phospholipase A2 in pregnancy. Reproduction 2016; 151:R91-R102. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe phospholipase A2(PLA2) family is a very diverse group of enzymes, all serving in the cleavage of phospholipids, thereby releasing high amounts of arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophospholipids. AA serves as a substrate for prostaglandin production, which is of special importance in pregnancy for the onset of parturition. Novel research demonstrates that PLA2action affects the immune response of the mother toward the child and is therefore probably implied in the tolerance of the fetus and prevention of miscarriage. This review presents data on the biochemical and enzymatic properties of PLA2during gestation with a special emphasis on its role for the placental function and development of the fetus. We also critically discuss the possible pathophysiological significance of PLA2alterations and its possible functional consequences. These alterations are often associated with pregnancy pathologies such as preeclampsia and villitis or pregnancy complications such as obesity and diabetes in the mother as well as preterm onset of labor.
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26
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Hadley KB, Ryan AS, Forsyth S, Gautier S, Salem N. The Essentiality of Arachidonic Acid in Infant Development. Nutrients 2016; 8:216. [PMID: 27077882 PMCID: PMC4848685 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) is an n-6 polyunsaturated 20-carbon fatty acid formed by the biosynthesis from linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6). This review considers the essential role that ARA plays in infant development. ARA is always present in human milk at a relatively fixed level and is accumulated in tissues throughout the body where it serves several important functions. Without the provision of preformed ARA in human milk or infant formula the growing infant cannot maintain ARA levels from synthetic pathways alone that are sufficient to meet metabolic demand. During late infancy and early childhood the amount of dietary ARA provided by solid foods is low. ARA serves as a precursor to leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes, collectively known as eicosanoids which are important for immunity and immune response. There is strong evidence based on animal and human studies that ARA is critical for infant growth, brain development, and health. These studies also demonstrate the importance of balancing the amounts of ARA and DHA as too much DHA may suppress the benefits provided by ARA. Both ARA and DHA have been added to infant formulas and follow-on formulas for more than two decades. The amounts and ratios of ARA and DHA needed in infant formula are discussed based on an in depth review of the available scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Hadley
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
| | - Alan S Ryan
- Clinical Research Consulting, 9809 Halston Manor, Boynton Beach, FL 33473, USA.
| | - Stewart Forsyth
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
| | - Sheila Gautier
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
| | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
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27
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Fu Q, Wang W, Zhou T, Yang Y. Emerging roles of NudC family: from molecular regulation to clinical implications. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:455-62. [PMID: 26965524 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-5029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear distribution gene C (NudC) was first found in Aspergillus nidulans as an upstream regulator of NudF, whose mammalian homolog is Lissencephaly 1 (Lis1). NudC is conserved from fungi to mammals. Vertebrate NudC has three homologs: NudC, NudC-like protein (NudCL), and NudC-like protein 2 (NudCL2). All members of the NudC family share a conserved p23 domain, which possesses chaperone activity both in conjunction with and independently of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Our group and the others found that NudC homologs were involved in cell cycle regulation by stabilizing the components of the LIS1/dynein complex. Additionally, NudC plays important roles in cell migration, ciliogenesis, thrombopoiesis, and the inflammatory response. It has been reported that NudCL is essential for the stability of the dynein intermediate chain and ciliogenesis via its interaction with the dynein 2 complex. Our data showed that NudCL2 regulates the LIS1/dynein pathway by stabilizing LIS1 with Hsp90 chaperone. The fourth distantly related member of the NudC family, CML66, a tumor-associated antigen in human leukemia, contains a p23 domain and appears to promote oncogenesis by regulating the IGF-1R-MAPK signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the NudC family and highlight its potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqin Fu
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Yuehong Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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28
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Morgese MG, Tucci P, Mhillaj E, Bove M, Schiavone S, Trabace L, Cuomo V. Lifelong Nutritional Omega-3 Deficiency Evokes Depressive-Like State Through Soluble Beta Amyloid. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2079-2089. [PMID: 26924315 PMCID: PMC5355522 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence pointed out that the prevalence of depression has reached epidemic proportions in last decades. This increase has been linked to many environmental factors, among these the influence of dietary factors has gained great attention. In particular, it has been reported that low n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake in diet is correlated to the development of depressive and anxiety-like symptoms. Furthermore, maternal malnutrition is a widely accepted risk factor for developing mental illness in later adulthood; among others, depression has been strongly associated to this event. On the other hand, we have previously found that acute intracerebral injection of the soluble beta amyloid 1–42 (Aβ1–42) peptide induces a depressive-like behavior in rats, associated to altered hypothalamic–pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation and reduced cortical serotonin and neurotrophin levels. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of pre- and post-natal (5 weeks post-weaning) exposure to diets differently enriched in n-3, n-6, as well as n-6/n-3 PUFA balanced, on immobility time displayed on the forced swimming test (FST), along with neuroendocrine quantification in offspring rats. Results showed that n-6 PUFA-enriched diet increased depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, as shown by the elevation in the immobility time in the FST test and self-grooming in the open field test. Those effects were accompanied by reduced cortical serotonin, high plasmatic corticosterone and hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor levels. Finally, enhanced plasmatic Aβ1–42 levels after n-6 PUFA diet and reduced plasmatic Aβ1–42 levels after n-3 PUFA were found. Taken together, our data indicate that Aβ1–42 might be crucially involved in behavioral alterations found after n-6 rich PUFA diet and strongly endorse the protective role of n-3 and the detrimental effect of improper n-6 PUFA diet consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mhillaj
- Physiology and Pharmacology, La Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Bove
- Physiology and Pharmacology, La Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cuomo
- Physiology and Pharmacology, La Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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29
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Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid mediator whose synthesis and degradation depend on specific sets of enzymes. PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) hydrolyzes the acetyl moiety of PAF at its sn-2 position and thereby inactivates it. PAF-AH Ib, originally identified in brain, exists in the cytoplasm of many (probably all) types of mammalian cells and tissues. PAF-AH Ib consists of three subunits (α1, α2, and β), in which the α subunits provide the catalytic activity. The finding that the β subunit is the product of the causative gene for Miller-Dieker lissencephaly led to extensive analyses of PAF-AH Ib subunits in the field of cell biology and neurobiology. More than 20 molecules are known to bind to PAF-AH Ib subunits, and PAF-AH Ib has been implicated in neuronal development, neuronal functions, Alzheimer's disease, bipolar disorder, cancer, spermatogenesis, and tolerance to hypoxia. However, in almost all of these cases, how the catalytic activity is involved and the identity of the most important substrate of this enzyme are unclear. In this chapter, the structure and functions of PAF-AH Ib and its subunit proteins are summarized and their contributions to human diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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30
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Callejas-Negrete OA, Plamann M, Schnittker R, Bartnicki-García S, Roberson RW, Pimienta G, Mouriño-Pérez RR. Two microtubule-plus-end binding proteins LIS1-1 and LIS1-2, homologues of human LIS1 in Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 82:213-27. [PMID: 26231681 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
LIS1 is a microtubule (Mt) plus-end binding protein that interacts with the dynein/dynactin complex. In humans, LIS1 is required for proper nuclear and organelle migration during cell growth. Although gene duplication is absent from Neurospora crassa, we found two paralogues of human LIS1. We named them LIS1-1 and LIS1-2 and studied their dynamics and function by fluorescent tagging. At the protein level, LIS1-1 and LIS1-2 were very similar. Although, the characteristic coiled-coil motif was not present in LIS1-2. LIS1-1-GFP and LIS1-2-GFP showed the same cellular distribution and dynamics, but LIS1-2-GFP was less abundant. Both LIS1 proteins were found in the subapical region as single fluorescent particles traveling toward the cell apex, they accumulated in the apical dome forming prominent short filament-like structures, some of which traversed the Spitzenkörper (Spk). The fluorescent structures moved exclusively in anterograde fashion along straight paths suggesting they traveled on Mts. There was no effect in the filament behavior of LIS1-1-GFP in the Δlis1-2 mutant but the dynamics of LIS1-2-GFP was affected in the Δlis1-1 mutant. Microtubular integrity and the dynein-dynactin complex were necessary for the formation of filament-like structures of LIS1-1-GFP in the subapical and apical regions; however, conventional kinesin (KIN-1) was not. Deletion mutants showed that the lack of lis1-1 decreased cell growth by ∼75%; however, the lack of lis1-2 had no effect on growth. A Δlis1-1;Δlis1-2 double mutant showed slower growth than either single mutant. Conidia production was reduced but branching rate increased in Δlis1-1 and the Δlis1-1;Δlis1-2 double mutants. The absence of LIS1-1 had a strong effect on Mt organization and dynamics and indirectly affected nuclear and mitochondrial distribution. The absence of LIS1-1 filaments in dynein mutants (ropy mutants) or in benomyl treated hyphae indicates the strong association between this protein and the regulation of the dynein-dynactin complex and Mt organization. LIS1-1 and LIS1-2 had a high amino acid homology, nevertheless, the absence of the coiled-coil motif in LIS1-2 suggests that its function or regulation may be distinct from that of LIS1-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Callejas-Negrete
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, B.C., Mexico
| | - Michael Plamann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Robert Schnittker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Salomon Bartnicki-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, B.C., Mexico
| | | | - Genaro Pimienta
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, B.C., Mexico
| | - Rosa R Mouriño-Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, B.C., Mexico.
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31
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Alonso A, Greenlee M, Matts J, Kline J, Davis KJ, Miller RK. Emerging roles of sumoylation in the regulation of actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and septins. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:305-39. [PMID: 26033929 PMCID: PMC5049490 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sumoylation is a powerful regulatory system that controls many of the critical processes in the cell, including DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, nuclear transport, and DNA replication. Recently, new functions for SUMO have begun to emerge. SUMO is covalently attached to components of each of the four major cytoskeletal networks, including microtubule-associated proteins, septins, and intermediate filaments, in addition to nuclear actin and actin-regulatory proteins. However, knowledge of the mechanisms by which this signal transduction system controls the cytoskeleton is still in its infancy. One story that is beginning to unfold is that SUMO may regulate the microtubule motor protein dynein by modification of its adaptor Lis1. In other instances, cytoskeletal elements can both bind to SUMO non-covalently and also be conjugated by it. The molecular mechanisms for many of these new functions are not yet clear, but are under active investigation. One emerging model links the function of MAP sumoylation to protein degradation through SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases, also known as STUbL enzymes. Other possible functions for cytoskeletal sumoylation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Alonso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Matt Greenlee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Jessica Matts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Jake Kline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Kayla J. Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Rita K. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
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32
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Hayashi K, Kubo KI, Kitazawa A, Nakajima K. Cellular dynamics of neuronal migration in the hippocampus. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:135. [PMID: 25964735 PMCID: PMC4408843 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A fine structure of the hippocampus is required for proper functions, and disruption of this formation by neuronal migration defects during development may play a role in some psychiatric illnesses. During hippocampal development in rodents, pyramidal neurons in the Ammon's horn are mostly generated in the ventricular zone (VZ), spent as multipolar cells just above the VZ, and then migrate radially toward the pial surface, ultimately settling into the hippocampal plate. Although this process is similar to that of neocortical projection neurons, these are not identical. In addition to numerous histological studies, the development of novel techniques gives a clear picture of the cellular dynamics of hippocampal neurons, as well as neocortical neurons. In this article, we provide an overview of the cellular mechanisms of rodent hippocampal neuronal migration including those of dentate granule cells, especially focusing on the differences of migration modes between hippocampal neurons and neocortical neurons. The unique migration mode of hippocampal pyramidal neurons might enable clonally related cells in the Ammon's horn to distribute in a horizontal fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanehiro Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kubo
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Kitazawa
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Chang JW, Zuhl AM, Speers AE, Niessen S, Brown SJ, Mulvihill MM, Fan YC, Spicer TP, Southern M, Scampavia L, Fernandez-Vega V, Dix MM, Cameron MD, Hodder PS, Rosen H, Nomura DK, Kwon O, Hsu KL, Cravatt BF. Selective inhibitor of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases 1b2 and 1b3 that impairs cancer cell survival. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:925-32. [PMID: 25602368 DOI: 10.1021/cb500893q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAFAHs) 1b2 and 1b3 are poorly characterized serine hydrolases that form a complex with a noncatalytic protein (1b1) to regulate brain development, spermatogenesis, and cancer pathogenesis. Determining physiological substrates and biochemical functions for the PAFAH1b complex would benefit from selective chemical probes that can perturb its activity in living systems. Here, we report a class of tetrahydropyridine reversible inhibitors of PAFAH1b2/3 discovered using a fluorescence polarization-activity-based protein profiling (fluopol-ABPP) screen of the NIH 300,000+ compound library. The most potent of these agents, P11, exhibited IC50 values of ∼40 and 900 nM for PAFAH1b2 and 1b3, respectively. We confirm selective inhibition of PAFAH1b2/3 in cancer cells by P11 using an ABPP protocol adapted for in situ analysis of reversible inhibitors and show that this compound impairs tumor cell survival, supporting a role for PAFAH1b2/3 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Melinda M. Mulvihill
- Department
of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yi Chiao Fan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel K. Nomura
- Department
of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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Karasawa K, Inoue K. Overview of PAF-Degrading Enzymes. PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR ACETYLHYDROLASES (PAF-AH) 2015; 38:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Volvert ML, Prévot PP, Close P, Laguesse S, Pirotte S, Hemphill J, Rogister F, Kruzy N, Sacheli R, Moonen G, Deiters A, Merkenschlager M, Chariot A, Malgrange B, Godin JD, Nguyen L. MicroRNA targeting of CoREST controls polarization of migrating cortical neurons. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1168-83. [PMID: 24794437 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of cortical projection neurons is a multistep process characterized by dynamic cell shape remodeling. The molecular basis of these changes remains elusive, and the present work describes how microRNAs (miRNAs) control neuronal polarization during radial migration. We show that miR-22 and miR-124 are expressed in the cortical wall where they target components of the CoREST/REST transcriptional repressor complex, thereby regulating doublecortin transcription in migrating neurons. This molecular pathway underlies radial migration by promoting dynamic multipolar-bipolar cell conversion at early phases of migration, and later stabilization of cell polarity to support locomotion on radial glia fibers. Thus, our work emphasizes key roles of some miRNAs that control radial migration during cerebral corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Volvert
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Paul Prévot
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Pierre Close
- GIGA-Signal Transduction, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Sophie Laguesse
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Sophie Pirotte
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - James Hemphill
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Florence Rogister
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Kruzy
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Rosalie Sacheli
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Gustave Moonen
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Matthias Merkenschlager
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alain Chariot
- GIGA-Signal Transduction, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Juliette D Godin
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium.
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Moon HM, Wynshaw-Boris A. Cytoskeleton in action: lissencephaly, a neuronal migration disorder. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 2:229-45. [PMID: 23495356 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During neocortical development, the extensive migratory movements of neurons from their place of birth to their final location are essential for the coordinated wiring of synaptic circuits and proper neurological function. Failure or delay in neuronal migration causes severe abnormalities in cortical layering, which consequently results in human lissencephaly ('smooth brain'), a neuronal migration disorder. The brains of lissencephaly patients have less-convoluted gyri in the cerebral cortex with impaired cortical lamination of neurons. Since microtubule (MT) and actin-associated proteins play important functions in regulating the dynamics of MT and actin cytoskeletons during neuronal migration, genetic mutations or deletions of crucial genes involved in cytoskeletal processes lead to lissencephaly in human and neuronal migration defects in mouse. During neuronal migration, MT organization and transport are controlled by platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase isoform 1b regulatory subunit 1 (PAFAH1B1, formerly known as LIS1, Lissencephaly-1), doublecortin (DCX), YWHAE, and tubulin. Actin stress fibers are modulated by PAFAH1B1 (LIS1), DCX, RELN, and VLDLR (very low-density lipoprotein receptor)/LRP8 (low-density lipoprotein-related receptor 8, formerly known as APOER2). There are several important levels of crosstalk between these two cytoskeletal systems to establish accurate cortical patterning in development. The recent understanding of the protein networks that govern neuronal migration by regulating cytoskeletal dynamics, from human and mouse genetics as well as molecular and cellular analyses, provides new insights on neuronal migration disorders and may help us devise novel therapeutic strategies for such brain malformations.
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Reelin in the Years: Controlling Neuronal Migration and Maturation in the Mammalian Brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/597395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular protein Reelin was initially identified as an essential factor in the control of neuronal migration and layer formation in the developing mammalian brain. In the years following its discovery, however, it became clear that Reelin is a multifunctional protein that controls not only the positioning of neurons in the developing brain, but also their growth, maturation, and synaptic activity in the adult brain. In this review, we will highlight the major discoveries of the biological activities of Reelin and the underlying molecular mechanisms that affect the development and function of the mammalian brain, from embryonic ages to adulthood.
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Acyltransferases and transacylases that determine the fatty acid composition of glycerolipids and the metabolism of bioactive lipid mediators in mammalian cells and model organisms. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 53:18-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rab6a releases LIS1 from a dynein idling complex and activates dynein for retrograde movement. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2033. [PMID: 23783758 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein drives the movement of a wide range of cargoes towards the minus ends of microtubules. We previously demonstrated that LIS1 forms an idling complex with dynein, which is transported to the plus ends of microtubules by kinesin motors. Here we report that the small GTPase Rab6a is essential for activation of idling dynein. Immunoprecipitation and microtubule pull-down assays reveal that the GTP bound mutant, Rab6a(Q72L), dissociates LIS1 from a LIS1-dynein complex, activating dynein movement in in vitro microtubule gliding assays. We monitor transient interaction between Rab6a(Q72L) and dynein in vivo using dual-colour fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Finally, we demonstrate that Rab6a(Q72L) mediates LIS1 release from a LIS1-dynein complex followed by dynein activation through an in vitro single-molecule assay using triple-colour quantum dots. Our findings reveal a surprising function for GTP bound Rab6a as an activator of idling dynein.
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Moon HM, Youn YH, Pemble H, Yingling J, Wittmann T, Wynshaw-Boris A. LIS1 controls mitosis and mitotic spindle organization via the LIS1-NDEL1-dynein complex. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:449-66. [PMID: 24030547 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous LIS1 mutations are responsible for the human neuronal migration disorder lissencephaly. Mitotic functions of LIS1 have been suggested from many organisms throughout evolution. However, the cellular functions of LIS1 at distinct intracellular compartments such as the centrosome and the cell cortex have not been well defined especially during mitotic cell division. Here, we used detailed cellular approaches and time-lapse live cell imaging of mitosis from Lis1 mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts to reveal critical roles of LIS1 in mitotic spindle regulation. We found that LIS1 is required for the tight control of chromosome congression and segregation to dictate kinetochore-microtubule (MT) interactions and anaphase progression. In addition, LIS1 is essential for the establishment of mitotic spindle pole integrity by maintaining normal centrosome number. Moreover, LIS1 plays crucial roles in mitotic spindle orientation by increasing the density of astral MT plus-end movements toward the cell cortex, which enhances cortical targeting of LIS1-dynein complex. Overexpression of NDEL1-dynein and MT stabilization rescues spindle orientation defects in Lis1 mutants, demonstrating that mouse LIS1 acts via the LIS1-NDEL1-dynein complex to regulate astral MT plus-ends dynamics and establish proper contacts of MTs with the cell cortex to ensure precise cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Mi Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics
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41
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Schneider AM, Schmidt S, Jonas S, Vollmer B, Khazina E, Weichenrieder O. Structure and properties of the esterase from non-LTR retrotransposons suggest a role for lipids in retrotransposition. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:10563-72. [PMID: 24003030 PMCID: PMC3905857 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-LTR retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements and play a major role in eukaryotic genome evolution and disease. Similar to retroviruses they encode a reverse transcriptase, but their genomic integration mechanism is fundamentally different, and they lack homologs of the retroviral nucleocapsid-forming protein Gag. Instead, their first open reading frames encode distinct multi-domain proteins (ORF1ps) presumed to package the retrotransposon-encoded RNA into ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs). The mechanistic roles of ORF1ps are poorly understood, particularly of ORF1ps that appear to harbor an enzymatic function in the form of an SGNH-type lipolytic acetylesterase. We determined the crystal structures of the coiled coil and esterase domains of the ORF1p from the Danio rerio ZfL2-1 element. We demonstrate a dimerization of the coiled coil and a hydrolytic activity of the esterase. Furthermore, the esterase binds negatively charged phospholipids and liposomes, but not oligo-(A) RNA. Unexpectedly, the esterase can split into two dynamic half-domains, suited to engulf long fatty acid substrates extending from the active site. These properties indicate a role for lipids and membranes in non-LTR retrotransposition. We speculate that Gag-like membrane targeting properties of ORF1ps could play a role in RNP assembly and in membrane-dependent transport or localization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany and Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Spemannstrasse 39, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Reiner O, Sapir T. LIS1 functions in normal development and disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:951-6. [PMID: 23973156 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
LIS1, the first gene to be identified as involved in a neuronal migration disease, is a dosage-sensitive gene whose proper levels are required for multiple aspects of cortical development. Deletions in LIS1 result in a severe brain malformation, known as lissencephaly, whereas duplications delay brain development. LIS1 affects the proliferation of progenitors, spindle orientation and interkinetic nuclear movement in the ventricular zone, as well as nucleokinesis and migration of neurons. LIS1 regulatory interaction with the minus end directed molecular motor cytoplasmic dynein is the key for understanding its complex cellular functions. LIS1-dynein interaction decreases the average velocity of the molecular motor in vitro, shows more complex effects in vivo, and may be of importance in high-load transport especially in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Escamez T, Bahamonde O, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Vieta E, Martinez S, Echevarria D. Developmental dynamics of PAFAH1B subunits during mouse brain development. J Comp Neurol 2013; 520:3877-94. [PMID: 22522921 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) mediates an array of biological processes in the mammalian central nervous system as a bioactive lipid messenger in synaptic function and dysfunction (plasticity, memory, and neurodegeneration). The intracellular enzyme that deacetylates the PAF (PAFAH1B) is composed of a tetramer of two catalytic subunits, ALPHA1 (PAFAH1B3) and ALPHA2 (PAFAH1B2), and a regulatory dimer of LIS1 (PAFAH1B1). We have investigated the mouse PAFAH1B subunit genes during brain development in normal mice and in mice with a hypomorphic allele for Lis1 (Lis1/sLis1; Cahana et al. [2001] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:6429-6434). We have analyzed quantitatively (by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction) and qualitatively (by in situ hybridization techniques) the amounts and expression patterns of their transcription in developing and postnatal brain, focusing mainly on differences in two laminated encephalic regions, the forebrain (telencephalon) and hindbrain (cerebellum) separately. The results revealed significant differences in cDNA content between these two brain subdivisions but, more importantly, between the LIS1 complex subunits. In addition, we found significant spatial differences in gene expression patterns. Comparison of results obtained with Lis1/sLis1 analysis also revealed significant temporal and spatial differences in Alpha1 and Lis1 expression levels. Thus, small changes in the amount of the Lis1 gene may differentially regulate expression of Alpha1 and Alpha2, depending on the brain region, which suggests different roles for each LIS1 complex subunit during neural differentiation and neural migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Escamez
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación UVEG-UMH-CIBERSAM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Area de Salud Mental, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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Passarelli MK, Ewing AG, Winograd N. Single-cell lipidomics: characterizing and imaging lipids on the surface of individual Aplysia californica neurons with cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2231-8. [PMID: 23323749 PMCID: PMC3867296 DOI: 10.1021/ac303038j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurons isolated from Aplysia californica , an organism with a well-defined neural network, were imaged with secondary ion mass spectrometry, C(60)-SIMS. A major lipid component of the neuronal membrane was identified as 1-hexadecyl-2-octadecenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine [PC(16:0e/18:1)] using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The assignment was made directly off the sample surface using a C(60)-QSTAR instrument, a prototype instrument that combines an ion source with a commercial electrospray ionization/matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (ESI/MALDI) mass spectrometer. Normal phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (NP-LC-MS) was used to confirm the assignment. Cholesterol and vitamin E were also identified with in situ tandem MS analyses that were compared to reference spectra obtained from purified compounds. In order to improve sensitivity on the single-cell level, the tandem MS spectrum of vitamin E reference material was used to extract and compile all the vitamin E related peaks from the cell image. The mass spectrometry images reveal heterogeneous distributions of intact lipid species, PC(16:0e/18:1), vitamin E, and cholesterol on the surface of a single neuron. The ability to detect these molecules and determine their relative distribution on the single-cell level shows that the C(60)-QSTAR is a potential platform for studying important biochemical processes, such as neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Passarelli
- Department of Chemistry, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, S-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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Toba S, Tamura Y, Kumamoto K, Yamada M, Takao K, Hattori S, Miyakawa T, Kataoka Y, Azuma M, Hayasaka K, Amamoto M, Tominaga K, Wynshaw-Boris A, Wanibuchi H, Oka Y, Sato M, Kato M, Hirotsune S. Post-natal treatment by a blood-brain-barrier permeable calpain inhibitor, SNJ1945 rescued defective function in lissencephaly. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1224. [PMID: 23390575 PMCID: PMC3565454 DOI: 10.1038/srep01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Toward a therapeutic intervention of lissencephaly, we applied a novel calpain inhibitor, SNJ1945. Peri-natal or post-natal treatment with SNJ1945 rescued defective neuronal migration in Lis1+/− mice, impaired behavioral performance and improvement of 18F-FDG uptake. Furthermore, SNJ1945 improved the neural circuit formation and retrograde transport of NFG in Lis1+/− mice. Thus, SNJ1945 is a potential drug for the treatment of human lissencephaly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Toba
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3 Abeno, Osaka 545-8586, Japan
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Bechler ME, Brown WJ. PAFAH Ib phospholipase A2 subunits have distinct roles in maintaining Golgi structure and function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:595-601. [PMID: 23262398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that the phospholipase subunits of Platelet Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase (PAFAH) Ib, α1 and α2 partially localize to the Golgi complex and regulate its structure and function. Using siRNA knockdown of individual subunits, we find that α1 and α2 perform overlapping and unique roles in regulating Golgi morphology, assembly, and secretory cargo trafficking. Knockdown of either α1 or α2 reduced secretion of soluble proteins, but neither single knockdown reduced secretion to the same degree as knockdown of both. Knockdown of α1 or α2 inhibited reassembly of an intact Golgi complex to the same extent as knockdown of both. Transport of VSV-G was slowed but at different steps in the secretory pathway: reduction of α1 slowed trans Golgi network to plasma membrane transport, whereas α2 loss reduced endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi trafficking. Similarly, knockdown of either subunit alone disrupted the Golgi complex but with markedly different morphologies. Finally, knockdown of α1, or double knockdown of α1 and α2, resulted in a significant redistribution of kinase dead protein kinase D from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, whereas loss of α2 alone had no such effect. These studies reveal an unexpected complexity in the regulation of Golgi structure and function by PAFAH Ib. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phospholipids and Phospholipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Bechler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Gourfinkel-An I, Baulac S, Brice A, Leguern E, Baulac M. Genetics of inherited human epilepsies. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22034131 PMCID: PMC3181638 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2001.3.1/igourfinkelan] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Major advances have recently been made in our understanding of the genetic basis of monogenic inherited epilepsies. Progress has been particularly spectacular with respect to idiopathic epilepsies, with the discovery that mutations in ion channel subunits are implicated. However, important advances have also been made in many inherited symptomatic epilepsies, for which direct molecular diagnosis is now possible, simplifying previously complex investigations, it is expected that identification of the genes implicated in familial forms of epilepsies will lead to a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of these disorders and to the development of experimental models and new therapeutic strategies, in this article, we review the clinical and genetic data concerning most of the inherited human epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gourfinkel-An
- Unité d'Epileptologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Service d'Electrophysiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Lo FY, Chen HT, Cheng HC, Hsu HS, Wang YC. Overexpression of PAFAH1B1 is associated with tumor metastasis and poor survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2012; 77:585-92. [PMID: 22749159 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Our previous array-comparative genomic hybridization study showed that PAFAH1B1 gene locus was amplified in lung cancer patients, suggesting that PAFAH1B1 is a potential oncogene in lung cancer. Here, we investigate the oncogenic mechanisms of PAFAH1B1 in lung cancer. PAFAH1B1 was characterized in cell and animal models of lung cancer by in vitro migration and invasion assays and in vivo metastasis studies. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PAFAH1B1 were further determined and the prognostic effects of PAFAH1B1 overexpression in lung cancer patients were analyzed. Overexpression of PAFAH1B1 enhanced migration and invasion in lung cancer cells, whereas knockdown of PAFAH1B1 decreased cell migration and invasion, and disrupted cell microtubule organization and pericellular poly-fibronectin assemblies. In vivo tumor metastasis assay confirmed that PAFAH1B1 knockdown in lung cancer cells markedly reduced their metastasis capabilities in animals. The frequencies of overexpressed PAFAH1B1 mRNA and protein were 62.4% (63/101) and 57.4% (58/101) in lung cancer patients, respectively. The clinical correlation results showed that overexpression of PAFAH1B1 was significantly associated with late stage (mRNA: P=0.008, protein: P=0.008) and poor survival in lung adenocarcinoma (P=0.020) and male patients (P=0.049). Our results provide the first evidence that PAFAH1B1 overexpression contributes to lung tumorigenesis and poor prognosis. These effects are partly mediated through disruption of microtubule network and pericellular poly-fibronectin assembly to promote migration and invasiveness of lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yi Lo
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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49
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Bazelot M, Simonnet J, Dinocourt C, Bruel-Jungerman E, Miles R, Fricker D, Francis F. Cellular anatomy, physiology and epileptiform activity in the CA3 region of Dcx knockout mice: a neuronal lamination defect and its consequences. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:244-56. [PMID: 22250815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We report data on the neuronal form, synaptic connectivity, neuronal excitability and epileptiform population activities generated by the hippocampus of animals with an inactivated doublecortin gene. The protein product of this gene affects neuronal migration during development. Human doublecortin (DCX) mutations are associated with lissencephaly, subcortical band heterotopia, and syndromes of intellectual disability and epilepsy. In Dcx(-/Y) mice, CA3 hippocampal pyramidal cells are abnormally laminated. The lamination defect was quantified by measuring the extent of the double, dispersed or single pyramidal cell layer in the CA3 region of Dcx(-/Y) mice. We investigated how this abnormal lamination affected two groups of synapses that normally innervate defined regions of the CA3 pyramidal cell membrane. Numbers of parvalbumin (PV)-containing interneurons, which contact peri-somatic sites, were not reduced in Dcx(-/Y) animals. Pyramidal cells in double, dispersed or single layers received PV-containing terminals. Excitatory mossy fibres which normally target proximal CA3 pyramidal cell apical dendrites apparently contact CA3 cells of both layers in Dcx(-/Y) animals but sometimes on basilar rather than apical dendrites. The dendritic form of pyramidal cells in Dcx(-/Y) animals was altered and pyramidal cells of both layers were more excitable than their counterparts in wild-type animals. Unitary inhibitory field events occurred at higher frequency in Dcx(-/Y) animals. These differences may contribute to a susceptibility to epileptiform activity: a modest increase in excitability induced both interictal and ictal-like discharges more effectively in tissue from Dcx(-/Y) mice than from wild-type animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bazelot
- INSERM UMR-S975, CRICM, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, UPMC, 105 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
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Regulation of the Golgi complex by phospholipid remodeling enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1078-88. [PMID: 22562055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian Golgi complex is a highly dynamic organelle consisting of stacks of flattened cisternae with associated coated vesicles and membrane tubules that contribute to cargo import and export, intra-cisternal trafficking, and overall Golgi architecture. At the morphological level, all of these structures are continuously remodeled to carry out these trafficking functions. Recent advances have shown that continual phospholipid remodeling by phospholipase A (PLA) and lysophospholipid acyltransferase (LPAT) enzymes, which deacylate and reacylate Golgi phospholipids, respectively, contributes to this morphological remodeling. Here we review the identification and characterization of four cytoplasmic PLA enzymes and one integral membrane LPAT that participate in the dynamic functional organization of the Golgi complex, and how some of these enzymes are integrated to determine the relative abundance of COPI vesicle and membrane tubule formation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lipids and Vesicular Transport.
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