1
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Wang H, Dai K, Xiang H, Kou J, Guo H, Ying H, Wu J. High adsorption capacities for dyes by a pH-responsive sodium alginate/sodium lignosulfonate/carboxylated chitosan/polyethyleneimine adsorbent. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:135005. [PMID: 39181351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Dyes are indispensable for the rapid development of society, but untreated dye wastewater can threaten human health. In this study, an adsorbent (SA/SL/CCS/PEI@MNPs) was synthesized by one-pot method using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), sodium alginate (SA), sodium lignosulfonate (SL), carboxylated chitosan (CCS) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). The adsorbent was mesoporous micrometer-sized particles with pore size of 34.92 nm, which was favorable for dynamic column experiments. SA/SL/CCS/PEI@MNPs possessed pH-responsive performance. Under acidic condition, the maximum adsorption capacities for anionic dyes (tartrazine, reactive black-5, indigo carmine) reached >550 mg/g. Under alkaline condition, those for cationic dyes (methylene blue, methyl violet, neutral red) exceeded 1900 mg/g. The function of the various modifiers was investigated. The results indicated that the incorporation of SL, CCS and PEI was able to provide plenty of sulfonate, carboxylate and amino/imine reactive groups so that adsorption capacities of dyes were improved. The adsorption mechanism was explored by FTIR and XPS. At the same time, the adsorption mechanism was more deeply analyzed using molecular dynamics simulations and radial distribution function. It was demonstrated that the dyes adsorption on the SA/SL/CCS/PEI@MNPs was mainly due to electrostatic attraction and π-π interaction. In addition, the adsorbent had good reusability, and the removal still reached over 90 % after five cycles. In conclusion, the adsorbent displayed a broad prospect for the adsorption of organic dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, China.
| | - Houle Xiang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingwei Kou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinglan Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Baharfar M, Hillier AC, Mao G. Charge-Transfer Complexes: Fundamentals and Advances in Catalysis, Sensing, and Optoelectronic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2406083. [PMID: 39046077 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular assemblies, formed through electronic charge transfer between two or more entities, represent a rich class of compounds dubbed as charge-transfer complexes (CTCs). Their distinctive formation pathway, rooted in charge-transfer processes at the interface of CTC-forming components, results in the delocalization of electronic charge along molecular stacks, rendering CTCs intrinsic molecular conductors. Since the discovery of CTCs, intensive research has explored their unique properties including magnetism, conductivity, and superconductivity. Their more recently recognized semiconducting functionality has inspired recent developments in applications requiring organic semiconductors. In this context, CTCs offer a tuneable energy gap, unique charge-transport properties, tailorable physicochemical interactions, photoresponsiveness, and the potential for scalable manufacturing. Here, an updated viewpoint on CTCs is provided, presenting them as emerging organic semiconductors. To this end, their electronic and chemical properties alongside their synthesis methods are reviewed. The unique properties of CTCs that benefit various related applications in the realms of organic optoelectronics, catalysts, and gas sensors are discussed. Insights for future developments and existing limitations are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroo Baharfar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew C Hillier
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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3
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Zhang Y, Yu W, Wang J, Zhan T, Kamran MA, Wang K, Zhu X, Chu C, Zhu X, Chen B. Long-Term Exposure of Graphene Oxide Suspension to Air Leading to Spontaneous Radical-Driven Degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14407-14416. [PMID: 37695219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the environmental transformation and fate of graphene oxide (GO) is critical to estimate its engineering applications and ecological risks. While there have been numerous investigations on the physicochemical stability of GO in prolonged air-exposed solution, the potential generation of reactive radicals and their impact on the structure of GO remain unexplored. In this study, using liquid-PeakForce-mode atomic force microscopy and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectroscopy, we report that prolonged exposure of GO to the solution leads to the generation of nanopores in the 2D network and may even cause the disintegration of its bulk structure into fragment molecules. These fragments can assemble themselves into films with the same height as the GO at the interface. Further mediated electrochemical analysis supports that the electron-donating active components of GO facilitate the conversion of O2 to •O2- radicals on the GO surface, which are subsequently converted to H2O2, ultimately leading to the formation of •OH. We experimentally confirmed that attacks from •OH radicals can break down the C-C bond network of GO, resulting in the degradation of GO into small fragment molecules. Our findings suggest that GO can exhibit chemical instability when released into aqueous solutions for prolonged periods of time, undergoing transformation into fragment molecules through self-generated •OH radicals. This finding not only sheds light on the distinctive fate of GO-based nanomaterials but also offers a guideline for their engineering applications as advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Wentao Yu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tingjie Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Muhammad Aqeel Kamran
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chiheng Chu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
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4
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Kargeti A, Rasheed T, Ahmad Siddiqui S. Utilization of asymmetrical electron transport as strategy for modelling and design of efficient single molecule diodes: A DFT investigation. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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He Z, Zhou Y, Liu A, Gao L, Zhang C, Wei G, Ma T. Recent progress in metal sulfide-based electron transport layers in perovskite solar cells. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:17272-17289. [PMID: 34643634 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04170c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-quality electron transport layers (ETLs) are essential for stable and efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Metal sulfides (MSs) are considered potential candidates for ETLs due to their high carrier mobility, low cost, and favorable chemical and physical stability. The quality of the MS films plays important role in the photovoltaic performance of PSCs. However, few reports focus on the relative preparation, characteristics, and corresponding mechanisms of MS-based ETLs. In this review, MS-based ETLs are summarized according to their preparation strategies and the mechanism. We hope that this review can help others understand the intrinsic phenomena of MS-based ETLs and motivate further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Anmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Liguo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Chu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China.
| | - Guoying Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China.
| | - Tingli Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China.
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan
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6
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Makiura R, Niwa A, Eimura H, Uchida J, Kato T. Air/Water Interfacial Monolayer Assembly of Peptide-Conjugated Liquid-Crystalline Molecules. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Makiura
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Anna Niwa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroki Eimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Junya Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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7
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Barry DE, Kitchen JA, Mercs L, Peacock RD, Albrecht M, Gunnlaugsson T. Chiral luminescent lanthanide complexes possessing strong (samarium, Sm III) circularly polarised luminescence (CPL), and their self-assembly into Langmuir-Blodgett films. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11317-11325. [PMID: 31271402 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lanthanide directed self-assembly of chiral amphiphilic 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid based ligands 1 and 2 with various Ln(CF3SO3)3 (Ln = TbIII, SmIII, LuIII, DyIII) salts was studied in CH3CN and evaluated with the expected 1 : 3 and 1 : 1 Ln : Ligand species forming in solution. Ligand chirality was retained and transferred, as depicted by circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarised luminescence (CPL) measurements (for TbIII and SmIII), to the lanthanide centre upon complexation with high dissymmetry factor values for the SmIII complexes obtained (glum = -0.44 and 0.29 and 0.45 and -0.23 for the 4G5/2→6H5/2 and the 4G5/2→6H7/2 transitions of Sm·13 and Sm·23, respectively). The ability of the complexes to form stable Langmuir monolayers at the air-water interface was also established while Langmuir-Blodgett films of Tb·L3 and Sm·L3 exhibited lanthanide luminescent emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn E Barry
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Jonathan A Kitchen
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laszlo Mercs
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Robert D Peacock
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G 12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Martin Albrecht
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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8
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Hussain SA, Dey B, Bhattacharjee D, Mehta N. Unique supramolecular assembly through Langmuir - Blodgett (LB) technique. Heliyon 2018; 4:e01038. [PMID: 30582053 PMCID: PMC6298938 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique is a way of making supra-molecular assembly in ultrathin films with a controlled layered structure and crystal parameter, which have many envisioned technological applications for optical and molecular electronic devices as well as signal processing and transformation. Probably LB technique is the best method to manipulate materials at molecular level and provides a scope to realize the molecular electronics in reality. In this review article, we have discussed about the general introduction of LB technique and recent development on LB and related system including (i) LB methodology, (ii) characterizations of LB films, (iii) LB films and molecular electronics, (iv) historical review of LB films, (v) research and applications including fundamental research and application towards devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Arshad Hussain
- Thin Film and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar 799022, Tripura, India
| | - Bapi Dey
- Thin Film and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar 799022, Tripura, India
| | - D. Bhattacharjee
- Thin Film and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar 799022, Tripura, India
| | - N. Mehta
- Physics Department, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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9
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Jayamurugan G, Gowri V, Hernández D, Martin S, González-Orive A, Dengiz C, Dumele O, Pérez-Murano F, Gisselbrecht JP, Boudon C, Schweizer WB, Breiten B, Finke AD, Jeschke G, Bernet B, Ruhlmann L, Cea P, Diederich F. Design and Synthesis of Aviram-Ratner-Type Dyads and Rectification Studies in Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Films. Chemistry 2016; 22:10539-47. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Govindasamy Jayamurugan
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 44-632-1109
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Sector-64, Phase-X; Mohali India
| | - Vijayendran Gowri
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 44-632-1109
| | - David Hernández
- Departamento de Química Física; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain), Fax: (+34) 976-761-202
| | - Santiago Martin
- Departamento de Química Física; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain), Fax: (+34) 976-761-202
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA); Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Alejandro González-Orive
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) and Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Edificio i+d. Campus Rio Ebro; Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n; 50017 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Cagatay Dengiz
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 44-632-1109
| | - Oliver Dumele
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 44-632-1109
| | - Francesc Pérez-Murano
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Campus UAB; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Jean-Paul Gisselbrecht
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Chimie Physique du Corps Solide; Institut de Chimie-UMR 7177, C.N.R.S.; Université de Strasbourg; 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032 67081 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Corinne Boudon
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Chimie Physique du Corps Solide; Institut de Chimie-UMR 7177, C.N.R.S.; Université de Strasbourg; 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032 67081 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - W. Bernd Schweizer
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 44-632-1109
| | - Benjamin Breiten
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 44-632-1109
| | - Aaron D. Finke
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 44-632-1109
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Bruno Bernet
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 44-632-1109
| | - Laurent Ruhlmann
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Chimie Physique du Corps Solide; Institut de Chimie-UMR 7177, C.N.R.S.; Université de Strasbourg; 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032 67081 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Pilar Cea
- Departamento de Química Física; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain), Fax: (+34) 976-761-202
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) and Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Edificio i+d. Campus Rio Ebro; Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n; 50017 Zaragoza Spain
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 44-632-1109
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10
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Structural analysis and IR-spectroscopy of a new anilinium hydrogenselenite hybrid compound: A subtle structural phase transition. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Xiang D, Wang X, Jia C, Lee T, Guo X. Molecular-Scale Electronics: From Concept to Function. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4318-440. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 816] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key
Laboratory of Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute
of Modern Optics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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12
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Karthik C, Manjuladevi V, Gupta R, Kumar S. Pattern formation in Langmuir–Blodgett films of tricycloquinazoline based discotic liquid crystal molecules. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Burtman V, Zelichonok A, Pakoulev AV. Molecular photovoltaics in nanoscale dimension. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:173-225. [PMID: 21339983 PMCID: PMC3039949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the intrinsic charge transport in organic photovoltaic (PVC) devices and field-effect transistors (SAM-OFETs) fabricated by vapor phase molecular self-assembly (VP-SAM) method. The dynamics of charge transport are determined and used to clarify a transport mechanism. The 1,4,5,8-naphthalene-tetracarboxylic diphenylimide (NTCDI) SAM devices provide a useful tool to study the fundamentals of polaronic transport at organic surfaces and to discuss the performance of organic photovoltaic devices in nanoscale. Time-resolved photovoltaic studies allow us to separate the charge annihilation kinetics in the conductive NTCDI channel from the overall charge kinetic in a SAM-OFET device. It has been demonstrated that tuning of the type of conductivity in NTCDI SAM-OFET devices is possible by changing Si substrate doping. Our study of the polaron charge transfer in organic materials proposes that a cation-radical exchange (redox) mechanism is the major transport mechanism in the studied SAM-PVC devices. The role and contribution of the transport through delocalized states of redox active surface molecular aggregates of NTCDI are exposed and investigated. This example of technological development is used to highlight the significance of future technological development of nanotechnologies and to appreciate a structure-property paradigm in organic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Burtman
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, 115 South 1460 East, Room 383, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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14
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Tang Q, Tang Z, Wu J, Lin J, Oh I. Highly conducting multilayer films from graphene nanosheets by a spin self-assembly method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04055j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Preparation and characterization of Langmuir and Langmuir–Blodgett films from a pyridine-terminated stilbene. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Yang X, Zhang G, Zhang D, Zhu D. A new ex-TTF-based organogelator: formation of organogels and tuning with fullerene. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:11720-11725. [PMID: 20507139 DOI: 10.1021/la101193z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A new ex-TTF-based organogelator with L-glutamide-derived lipid unit (compound 1) was synthesized and characterized. The resulting transparent organogels can be obtained with several organic solvents such as toluene, DMSO, and ethanol. It is interesting that its gelation ability can be further enhanced by addition of C(60). The (1)H NMR and absorption spectral studies indicate that the intermolecular interaction between the ex-TTF unit in 1 and C(60) may be responsible for this phenomenon. Further studies imply that the assembly structures in the gel phases in the absence and presence of C(60) may be different. Additionally, organogels can also be prepared with compound 1 and PCBM, and the corresponding xerogel was used to modify ITO electrode. A stable and rapid photocurrent was generated after exposure of the modified ITO electrode to light. This may provide an alternative way for photocurrent generation with high energy conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyuan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Tatewaki Y, Okada S, Itagaki R, Nakamura T, Fujimori A. Study of molecular arrangement of organized molecular films of charge-transfer complexes containing 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate by in-plane and out-of-plane X-ray diffractions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 343:281-90. [PMID: 20045522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the molecular arrangement and surface morphology of organized molecular films of alkylammonium-M bis(1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate) ((dmit)(2), M = Ni, Au, and Pd) charge-transfer complexes using the surface pressure-area (pi-A) isotherm, polarized visible spectroscopy, in-plane and out-of-plane X-ray diffractions (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Since Langmuir-Blodgett films of alkylammonium-M(dmit)(2) generally exhibit superconductivity, it may be possible to develop novel electronic molecular devices on the subnanometer scale. In the bulk state, several alkylammonium-M(dmit)(2) molecules could not form a highly ordered layered structure along the c-axis and a subcell structure of the alkyl chain in the ab-plane; however, almost all molecules formed a layered structure in the film multilayers. Monolayers of alkylammonium-M(dmit)(2) molecules on the water surface were extremely condensed. Out-of-plane and in-plane XRD measurements revealed that over a long period, systematic changes occurred in the two-dimensional lattice structure of alkylammonium-M(dmit)(2) molecules and not in their bulk state. These structural changes appear to be caused by enhancement of the van der Waals interaction among long hydrocarbons and the pi-pi interaction among (dmit)(2) units arranged two dimensionally. In addition, both the molecular arrangement and the structural morphology of the films showed dependence on the hydrocarbon chain length, number of long alkyl chains, and kind of central metal. In particular, the molecular arrangement of materials having didecyl chains changed drastically and (dmit)(2) units were highly oriented in the ab-plane. Such structural formations are suggested to significantly influence the stacking of functional dmit units presiding over the conductive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Tatewaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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18
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Endo T, Akutagawa T, Kajiwara T, Kakiuchi K, Tatewaki Y, Noro SI, Nakamura T. Langmuir–Blodgett Films of Charge-Transfer Complexes: Ethylenedithio-Substituted Amphiphilic Bis-TTF Macrocycle and F4TCNQ or Br2TCNQ. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.82.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Villares A, Martín S, Giner I, Díaz J, Lydon DP, Low PJ, Cea P. The use of scanning polarization force microscopy to study the miscibility of a molecular wire candidate and an insulating fatty acid in mixed films. SOFT MATTER 2008; 4:1508-1514. [PMID: 32907118 DOI: 10.1039/b716798a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mixed films containing a conjugated "molecular wire" candidate and an "insulating" fatty acid have been prepared by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. Specifically, this paper reports the fabrication of mixed films as well as miscibility studies of 4-[4-(4-hexyloxyphenylethynyl)phenylethynyl]benzoic acid (HBPEB) and docosanoic (or behenic) acid (BA). Surface pressure vs. area per molecule isotherms were recorded, with excess area and excess Gibbs energy of mixing calculated. Surface potential-area per molecule isotherms were also recorded for mixtures over the whole range of mole fractions, with negative deviations from the additivity rule revealing orientational changes induced in the HBPEB molecules. The Langmuir films were transferred onto solid supports and characterized by SPM techniques, with atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealing that well-ordered, defect-free films are obtained. The use of scanning polarization force microscopy (SPFM), which provides non-contact imaging based on differences in surface charge distribution, i.e., surface potential, provides complimentary information regarding distribution of the components within the mixed films. From the comprehensive miscibility study performed, which includes thermodynamic and imaging methods, it can be concluded that the wire-like molecule and the fatty acid are miscible over the 0-0.1 and 0.8-1 ranges of HBPEB mole fraction while phase separation occurs for HBPEB mole fractions over the 0.1-0.8 range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Villares
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Santiago Martín
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, UKL69 7ZD
| | - Ignacio Giner
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Jordi Díaz
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Materials (LCTEM), Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí I Franquès 1 and Scientific-technical Services (Nanometric Techniques) of the University of Barcelona, Solé I Sabaris, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Donocadh P Lydon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham, UKDH1 3LE
| | - Paul J Low
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham, UKDH1 3LE
| | - Pilar Cea
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. and Institute of Nanoscience of Aragón (INA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Douvas AM, Makarona E, Glezos N, Argitis P, Mielczarski JA, Mielczarski E. Polyoxometalate-based layered structures for charge transport control in molecular devices. ACS NANO 2008; 2:733-42. [PMID: 19206605 DOI: 10.1021/nn700333j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic films consisted of molecular layers of a Keggin-structure polyoxometalate (POM: 12-tungstophosphoric acid, H(3)PW(12)O(40)) and 1,12-diaminododecane (DD) on 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES)-modified silicon surface, fabricated via the layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly method are evaluated as molecular materials for electronic devices. The effect of the fabrication process parameters, including primarily compositions of deposition solutions, on the structural characteristics of the POM-based multilayers was studied extensively with a combination of spectroscopic methods (UV, FTIR, and XPS). Well-characterized POM-based films (both single-layers and multilayers) in a controlled and reproducible way were obtained. The conduction mechanisms in single-layered and multilayered structures were elucidated by the electrical characterization of the produced films supported by the appropriate theoretical analysis. Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling and percolation mechanisms were encountered in good correlation with the structural characteristics of the films encouraging further investigation on the use of these materials in electronic and, in particular, in memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios M Douvas
- Institute of Microelectronics, National Center of Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
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21
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Goldenberg LM. Use of electrochemical techniques to study the Langmuir–Blodgett films of redox active materials. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1997v066n12abeh000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Villares A, Lydon DP, Porrès L, Beeby A, Low PJ, Cea P, Royo FM. Preparation of Ordered Films Containing a Phenylene Ethynylene Oligomer by the Langmuir−Blodgett Technique. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:7201-9. [PMID: 17552562 DOI: 10.1021/jp072052h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the fabrication and characterization of Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films incorporating an oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) (OPE) derivative, namely, 4-[4-(4-hexyloxyphenylethynyl)-phenylethynyl]-benzoic acid (HBPEB). Conditions appropriate for deposition of monolayers of HBPEB at the air-water interface have been established and the resulting Langmuir films characterized by a combination of surface pressure and surface potential versus area per molecule isotherms, Brewster angle microscopy, and ultraviolet reflection spectroscopy. The Langmuir films are readily transferred onto solid substrates, and one-layer LB films transferred at several surface pressures onto mica substrates have been analyzed by means of atomic force microscopy, from which it can be concluded that 14 mN/m is an optimum surface pressure of transference, giving well-ordered homogeneous films without three-dimensional defects and a low surface roughness. The optical and emissive properties of the LB films have been determined with significant blue-shifted absorption spectra indicating formation of two-dimensional H aggregates and a Stokes shift illustrating the effects of the solid-like environment on the molecular chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Villares
- Departamento de Química OrgAnica-Química Física, Area de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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23
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Vignau L, Ohnuki H, Nagata M, Ishizaki Y, Imabuko T, Kato R, Izumi M. Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Bedo-TTF / Behenic Acid : Effect of the Molecular Fraction of Bedo-TTF and of the Substitution of Behenic Acid for other Amphiphilic Molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259808030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Vignau
- a Lab. of Appl. Phys., Tokyo Univ. of Merc. , Marine, Tokyo , 135-8533
| | - Hitoshi Ohnuki
- a Lab. of Appl. Phys., Tokyo Univ. of Merc. , Marine, Tokyo , 135-8533
| | - Masaaki Nagata
- a Lab. of Appl. Phys., Tokyo Univ. of Merc. , Marine, Tokyo , 135-8533
| | - Yasuo Ishizaki
- a Lab. of Appl. Phys., Tokyo Univ. of Merc. , Marine, Tokyo , 135-8533
| | - Tatsuro Imabuko
- b Grad. Sch. of Arts. & Sci., Univ. of Tokyo , Tokyo , 153-8902
| | - Reizo Kato
- c ISSP, The Univ. of Tokyo , Tokyo , 106-8666 , (Japan)
| | - Mitsuru Izumi
- a Lab. of Appl. Phys., Tokyo Univ. of Merc. , Marine, Tokyo , 135-8533
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Nakamura T, Isotalo H, Akutagawa T, Tachibana H, Azumi R, Matsumoto M, Horiuchi S, Yamochi H, Saito G. Conducting Monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett Films Based on BEDO-TTF and Decyl-TCNQ Complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259608037926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Nakamura
- a Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , 060 , Japan
| | - Heikki Isotalo
- b VTT electronics, Technical Research Centre of Finland , FIN-02044 , Espoo , Finland
| | - Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- a Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , 060 , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tachibana
- c National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research , Tsukuba , 305 , Japan
| | - Reiko Azumi
- c National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research , Tsukuba , 305 , Japan
| | | | - Sachio Horiuchi
- d Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto , 606 , Japan
| | - Hideki Yamochi
- d Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto , 606 , Japan
| | - Gunzi Saito
- d Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto , 606 , Japan
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Talham DR, Seip CT, Whipps S, Fanucci GE, Petruska MA, Byrd H. Incorporating Inorganic Extended Lattice Structures into Langmuir—Blodgett Films: Comparing Metal Phosphonate LB Films to Their Solid-State Analogs. COMMENT INORG CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/02603599708032733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Lin S, Yea YZ, Zhang XF, Liu CL. Synthesis, crystal structure and properties of a charge-transfer compound [(CH3)3CNH3]3[PMo12O40] · 2H2O. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-006-0058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Kitamura T, Nakaso S, Mizoshita N, Tochigi Y, Shimomura T, Moriyama M, Ito K, Kato T. Electroactive Supramolecular Self-Assembled Fibers Comprised of Doped Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Gelators. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:14769-75. [PMID: 16231931 DOI: 10.1021/ja053496z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New electroactive supramolecular fibers have been formed by self-assembly of the derivatives of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) in liquid crystals. These derivatives are designed and prepared by introducing the TTF moiety to the scaffold derived from amino acids such as L-isoleucine whose derivatives function as organogelators. These TTF-based gelators form stable fibrous aggregates in liquid crystals. These fibers are the first example of hydrogen-bonded one-dimensional aggregates having electroactive moieties whose electrical conductivities were measured after doping. Their electronic states have also been characterized by spectroscopic methods. Unidirectionally aligned fibers are formed in the oriented liquid crystal solvents on the rubbed polyimide surface for further functionalization of the fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Kitamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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29
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Hu SX, Li XH, Jia QJ, Mai ZH, Li M. Temperature dependence of interfacial fluctuations of polymerized fatty acid salt multilayers. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:124712. [PMID: 15836414 DOI: 10.1063/1.1865952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray scattering was used to study the temperature dependence of the profile structure of polymerized 10,12-tricosadiynoic acid salt multilayers. The stacking periodicity of the multilayers was found to decrease with increasing temperature due to the conformational changes of the alkyl chains. When the samples were fully hydrated in water, the reflectivity measurement showed that the thermal fluctuations of the interfaces are enhanced with temperature, resulting in reduced ordering. Meanwhile, the diffuse scattering indicated that the thermal fluctuations renormalize the elasticity of the multilayers; both the bending and the compression moduli are reduced. Similar measurements performed in air, however, do not show this thermal enhancement although the stacking periodicity decreases in the same manner. It is implied that water might weaken the interaction between the carboxyl groups and the metal ions so that the polymerized bilayers are softened in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xin Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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30
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Nørgaard K, Bjørnholm T. Supramolecular chemistry on water – towards self-assembling molecular electronic circuitry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:1812-23. [PMID: 15795754 DOI: 10.1039/b417526n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This feature article describes the self-assembly of electroactive molecules at the air/water interface, emphasizing the structural and electronic characterizations of the resulting supramolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Nørgaard
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
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31
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Studies on the characteristics of LB films of N,N-dimethylferrocenylmethylhexadecylammonium bromide. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Talham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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33
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Sharma SK, Singhal R, Malhotra BD, Sehgal N, Kumar A. Lactose biosensor based on Langmuir–Blodgett films of poly(3-hexyl thiophene). Biosens Bioelectron 2004; 20:651-7. [PMID: 15494251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An amperometric lactose biosensor was developed by immobilizing lactase (EC 3.2.1.23) and galactose oxidase (GaO) (EC 1.1.3.9) in Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT)/stearic acid (SA) for estimation of lactose in milk and its products to prevent "lactose intolerance". The enzyme immobilized LB film was used as working electrode and platinum as reference electrode. The enzyme electrodes show a linearity 1-6 g/dL of lactose and have a shelf life more than 120 days. The reusability of electrode was found ten times with 3% loss in current response. The enzyme electrode was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and kinetic parameters such as pH, temperature and stability. The working electrode may be used for the estimation of lactose/galactose in food and biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Sharma
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
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34
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Zaslavsky D, Pakoulev A, Burtman V. Free-Energy-Driven Transfer of Charge in Dense Electrochemically Active Monomolecular Films. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047315b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Zaslavsky
- University of Illinois, School of Chemical Sciences, 600 South Mathews Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Andrei Pakoulev
- University of Illinois, School of Chemical Sciences, 600 South Mathews Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Vladimir Burtman
- University of Illinois, School of Chemical Sciences, 600 South Mathews Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Akutagawa T, Kakiuchi K, Hasegawa T, Nakamura T, Christensen CA, Becher J. Langmuir-Blodgett films of amphiphilic bis(tetrathiafulvalene) macrocycles with four alkyl chains. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:4187-95. [PMID: 15969416 DOI: 10.1021/la049950e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic bis(tetrathiafulvalene) [bis(TTF)] macrocycles with four alkyl chains were fabricated as novel electrically active Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. Two TTF units were linked via [24]crown-8, [21]crown-7, and [18]crown-6 macrocycles, forming charge-transfer (CT) salts with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) at the air-water interface and on solid substrates. The CT salt of the amphiphilic bis(TTF)-macrocycle having a [24]crown-8 ring system formed a uniform surface morphology on mica. Using single-crystal X-ray structural analysis, the layer structure between the hydrophobic chains and the one-dimensional pi-pi stack of the CT salt was confirmed. Our results show that the bis(TTF)-macrocycle was folded at the flexible [24]crown-8 moiety, forming intramolecular pi-pi dimer structures and one-dimensional intermolecular pi-pi stacks with F4-TCNQ dimers. The open-shell electronic structure of the LB films was determined by electronic spectra, electrical conductivity, and electron spin resonance analyses. Asymmetry was introduced into the bis(TTF)-macrocycle by changing the ring size from [24]crown-8 to [21]crown-7. The surface morphology of the CT salts with F4-TCNQ was established as two-dimensional round-shape domains on mica. Further reduction of the macrocyclic ring from [21]crown-7 to [18]crown-6 resulted in a CT salt of the bis(TTF)-macrocycle with F4-TCNQ with a leaf-shape domain morphology and a typical dimension of approximately 1 microm2 on mica. In general, decreasing the macrocyclic ring size from [24]crown-8 to [21]crown-7 or [18]crown-6 affected the inter- and intramolecular interactions and the surface morphologies of LB films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Akutagawa T, Uchigata M, Hasegawa T, Nakamura T, Nielsen KA, Jeppesen JO, Brimert T, Becher J. Langmuir−Blodgett Films of Charge-Transfer Complexes between an Amphiphilic Monopyrrolo-TTF and TCNQ Derivatives. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036335v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan, and University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Masanori Uchigata
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan, and University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Tatsuo Hasegawa
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan, and University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Takayoshi Nakamura
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan, and University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kent A. Nielsen
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan, and University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jan O. Jeppesen
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan, and University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Thomas Brimert
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan, and University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jan Becher
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan, and University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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37
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Ito T, Sawada K, Yamase T. Crystal Structure of Bis(dimethyldioctadecylammonium) Hexamolybdate: a Molecular Model of Langmuir–Blodgett Films. CHEM LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2003.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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Metallic Langmuir and Langmuir–Blodgett films based on TTF derivatives and fatty acid. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4931(02)00170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Ishizaki Y, Izumi M, Ohnuki H, Imakubo T, Kalita-Lipinska K. Observation of two-dimensional weak localization as a sign of coherent carrier transport in the conducting Langmuir–Blodgett films of BEDO-TTF and stearic acid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(01)00993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Applications of Organised Molecular Films to Electronic and Opto-Electronic Devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-7303(02)80009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Reitzel N, Hassenkam T, Balashev K, Jensen TR, Howes PB, Kjaer LK, Fechtenkötter A, Tchebotareva N, Ito S, Müllen LK, Bjørnholm T. Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of amphiphilic hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene: new phase transitions and electronic properties controlled by pressure. Chemistry 2001; 7:4894-901. [PMID: 11763458 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20011119)7:22<4894::aid-chem4894>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present the synthesis as well as the structural and electronic properties of an amphiphilic derivative of hexaalkylhexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC), which contains one alkyl substituent that is terminated with a carboxylic acid group. The molecules form well-defined Langmuir films when spread from a solution at the air-water interface. Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) and X-ray reflectivity studies of the Langmuir monolayer reveal two crystallographic phases at room temperature which depend on the surface pressure applied to the film. Scattering from very well-ordered (zeta = 200-400 A) pi-stacked lamellae of HBC molecules tilted approximately 45 degrees relative to the surface normal is observed in the low-pressure phase. In this phase, the HBC molecules pack in a rectangular two-dimensional unit cell with a = 22.95 A and b = 4.94 A. In the high-pressure phase, coherence from the pi stack is lost. This is a consequence of stress induced by the crystallization of the substituent alkyl chains into a hexagonal lattice, which has a trimerized superstructure in one direction: a = 3 x b = 15.78 A, b = 5.26 A, gamma = 120 degrees, A = 71.9 A2 = 3 x 23.9 A2. Thin monolayer films can be transferred to solid supports by the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) with atomic resolution reveals the crystalline packing of alkyl chains in the high-pressure phase. Kelvin force microscopy (KFM) shows a clear potential difference between the high- and low-pressure phases. This is discussed in terms of orbital delocalization (band formation) in the highly coherent low-pressure phase, which is in contrast to the localized molecular orbitals present in the high-pressure phase. The highly coherent pi stack is expected to sustain a very high charge-carrier mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Reitzel
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ohnuki H, Desbat B, Giffard M, Izumi M, Imakubo T, Mabon G, Delhaes P. Formation of Metallic Langmuir Film on the Water Surface with Fatty Acid and BEDO-TTF Molecules. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003939f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ohnuki
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Avenue A. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 5803 du CNRS, Université Bordeaux I, 33405 Talence, France, Laboratoire d’Ingénierie Moléculaire et Matériaux Organiques, UMR CNRS 6501, Université d’Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine, 2-1-6 Etchu-jima, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8533, Japan, and Condensed Molecular Materials Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa,
| | - Bernard Desbat
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Avenue A. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 5803 du CNRS, Université Bordeaux I, 33405 Talence, France, Laboratoire d’Ingénierie Moléculaire et Matériaux Organiques, UMR CNRS 6501, Université d’Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine, 2-1-6 Etchu-jima, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8533, Japan, and Condensed Molecular Materials Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa,
| | - Michel Giffard
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Avenue A. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 5803 du CNRS, Université Bordeaux I, 33405 Talence, France, Laboratoire d’Ingénierie Moléculaire et Matériaux Organiques, UMR CNRS 6501, Université d’Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine, 2-1-6 Etchu-jima, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8533, Japan, and Condensed Molecular Materials Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa,
| | - Mitsuru Izumi
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Avenue A. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 5803 du CNRS, Université Bordeaux I, 33405 Talence, France, Laboratoire d’Ingénierie Moléculaire et Matériaux Organiques, UMR CNRS 6501, Université d’Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine, 2-1-6 Etchu-jima, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8533, Japan, and Condensed Molecular Materials Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa,
| | - Tatsuro Imakubo
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Avenue A. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 5803 du CNRS, Université Bordeaux I, 33405 Talence, France, Laboratoire d’Ingénierie Moléculaire et Matériaux Organiques, UMR CNRS 6501, Université d’Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine, 2-1-6 Etchu-jima, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8533, Japan, and Condensed Molecular Materials Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa,
| | - Gilles Mabon
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Avenue A. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 5803 du CNRS, Université Bordeaux I, 33405 Talence, France, Laboratoire d’Ingénierie Moléculaire et Matériaux Organiques, UMR CNRS 6501, Université d’Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine, 2-1-6 Etchu-jima, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8533, Japan, and Condensed Molecular Materials Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa,
| | - Pierre Delhaes
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Avenue A. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 5803 du CNRS, Université Bordeaux I, 33405 Talence, France, Laboratoire d’Ingénierie Moléculaire et Matériaux Organiques, UMR CNRS 6501, Université d’Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine, 2-1-6 Etchu-jima, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8533, Japan, and Condensed Molecular Materials Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa,
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Cea P, Dominguez M, Urieta JS, Lopez MC, Royo FM. Tetrakis(octadecylthio)Tetrathiafulvalene: Influence of Long Alkyl Chains on the Architecture and Electrochemical Properties of LB Films. J Colloid Interface Sci 2001; 237:112-119. [PMID: 11334522 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2001.7446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We present here a study of a tetrathiafulvalene derivative, tetrakis(octadecylthio)tetrathiafulvalene (TTFH), arranged in LB films together with a detailed characterization process by means of UV-vis, IR, SEM, and X-ray diffraction that has allowed us to propose a packing model. These films were exposed to iodine vapor and this doping process was carefully followed using UV-vis and IR spectroscopy. The redox properties of the TTFH were studied in both organic solution and LB films. The results have been interpreted in terms of the molecular structure and the LB film architecture. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Cea
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza de San Francisco, Ciudad Universitaria, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
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Abstract
Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and its derivatives were originally prepared as strong electron-donor molecules for the development of electrically conducting materials. This Review emphasizes how TTF and its derivatives offer new and in some cases little-exploited possibilities at the molecular to the supramolecular levels, as well as in macromolecular aspects. TTF is a well-established molecule whose interest goes beyond the field of materials chemistry to be considered an important building block in supramolecular chemistry, crystal engineering, and in systems able to operate as machines. At the molecular level, TTF is a readily available molecule which displays a strong electron-donor ability. However, its use as a catalyst for radical-polar crossover reactions, thus mimicking samarium iodide chemistry, has only recently been addressed. Important goals have been achieved in the use of TTF at the macromolecular level where TTF-containing oligomers, polymers, and dendrimers have allowed the preparation of new materials that integrate the unique properties of TTF with the processability and stability that macromolecules display. The TTF molecule has also been successfully used in the construction of redox-active supramolecular systems. Thus, chemical sensors and redox-switchable ligands have been prepared from TTF while molecular shuttles and molecular switches have been prepared from TTF-containing rotaxanes and catenanes. A large synthetic effort has been devoted to the preparation of the so-called organic ferromagnets, many of which are derived from TTF. The main task in these systems is the introduction of ferromagnetic coupling between the conduction electrons and localized electrons. TTF has also played a prominent role in molecular electronics where TTF-containing D-sigma-A molecules have allowed the preparation of the first confirmed unimolecular rectifier. Recently, it has been confirmed that TTF can display efficient nonlinear optic (NLO) responses in the second and third harmonic generation as well as a good thermal stability. These findings can be combined with the redox ability of TTF as an external stimuli to provide a promising strategy for the molecular engineering of switchable NLO materials. Fullerenes endowed with TTF exhibit outstanding photophysical properties leading to charge-separated (CS) states that show remarkable lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Segura
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Química Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid (Spain)
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Nakamura T, Takahashi T, Yumoto T, Akutagawa T, Hasegawa T. Conducting Langmuir–Blodgett Films of Bis[bis(methylthio)tetrathiafulvalenedithiolate]-gold Complex. CHEM LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2001.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Coats. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Reitzel N, Greve DR, Kjaer K, Howes PB, Jayaraman M, Savoy S, McCullough RD, McDevitt JT, Bjørnholm T. Self-Assembly of Conjugated Polymers at the Air/Water Interface. Structure and Properties of Langmuir and Langmuir−Blodgett Films of Amphiphilic Regioregular Polythiophenes. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9924501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Reitzel
- CISMI, Laboratory for Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Fruebjergvej 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Condensed Matter Physics and Chemistry Department, RISØ National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Daniel R. Greve
- CISMI, Laboratory for Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Fruebjergvej 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Condensed Matter Physics and Chemistry Department, RISØ National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Kristian Kjaer
- CISMI, Laboratory for Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Fruebjergvej 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Condensed Matter Physics and Chemistry Department, RISØ National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Paul B. Howes
- CISMI, Laboratory for Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Fruebjergvej 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Condensed Matter Physics and Chemistry Department, RISØ National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Manikandan Jayaraman
- CISMI, Laboratory for Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Fruebjergvej 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Condensed Matter Physics and Chemistry Department, RISØ National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Steve Savoy
- CISMI, Laboratory for Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Fruebjergvej 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Condensed Matter Physics and Chemistry Department, RISØ National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Richard D. McCullough
- CISMI, Laboratory for Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Fruebjergvej 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Condensed Matter Physics and Chemistry Department, RISØ National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - John T. McDevitt
- CISMI, Laboratory for Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Fruebjergvej 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Condensed Matter Physics and Chemistry Department, RISØ National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Thomas Bjørnholm
- CISMI, Laboratory for Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Fruebjergvej 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Condensed Matter Physics and Chemistry Department, RISØ National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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