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Zou L, Lan C, Zhang S, Zheng X, Xu Z, Li C, Yang L, Ruan F, Tan SC. Near-Instantaneously Self-Healing Coating toward Stable and Durable Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:190. [PMID: 34498197 PMCID: PMC8426454 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Durable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is highly desired, as electromagnetic pollution is a great concern for electronics' stable performance and human health. Although a superhydrophobic surface can extend the service lifespan of EMI shielding materials, degradation of its protection capability and insufficient self-healing are troublesome issues due to unavoidable physical/chemical damages under long-term application conditions. Here, we report, for the first time, an instantaneously self-healing approach via microwave heating to achieve durable shielding performance. First, a hydrophobic 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (POTS) layer was coated on a polypyrrole (PPy)-modified fabric (PPy@POTS), enabling protection against the invasion of water, salt solution, and corrosive acidic and basic solutions. Moreover, after being damaged, the POTS layer can, for the first time, be instantaneously self-healed via microwave heating for a very short time, i.e., 4 s, benefiting from the intense thermal energy generated by PPy under electromagnetic wave radiation. This self-healing ability is also repeatable even after intentionally severe plasma etching, which highlights the great potential to achieve robust and durable EMI shielding applications. Significantly, this approach can be extended to other EMI shielding materials where heat is a triggering stimulus for healing thin protection layers. We envision that this work could provide insights into fabricating EMI shielding materials with durable performance for portable and wearable devices, as well as for human health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zou
- Anhui Province International Cooperation Research Center of Textile Structure Composite Materials, Anhui Polytechnic University, Anhui, 241000, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Chuntao Lan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Songlin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore.
| | - Xianhong Zheng
- Anhui Province International Cooperation Research Center of Textile Structure Composite Materials, Anhui Polytechnic University, Anhui, 241000, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- Anhui Province International Cooperation Research Center of Textile Structure Composite Materials, Anhui Polytechnic University, Anhui, 241000, Wuhu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changlong Li
- Anhui Province International Cooperation Research Center of Textile Structure Composite Materials, Anhui Polytechnic University, Anhui, 241000, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Anhui Province International Cooperation Research Center of Textile Structure Composite Materials, Anhui Polytechnic University, Anhui, 241000, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangtao Ruan
- Anhui Province International Cooperation Research Center of Textile Structure Composite Materials, Anhui Polytechnic University, Anhui, 241000, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Swee Ching Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore.
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Fedrowitz M, Kamino K, Löscher W. Significant Differences in the Effects of Magnetic Field Exposure on 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis in Two Substrains of Sprague-Dawley Rats. Cancer Res 2004; 64:243-51. [PMID: 14729631 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously (S. Thun-Battersby et al., Cancer Res., 59: 3627-3633, 1999) that power-line frequency (50-Hz) magnetic fields (MFs) at micro T-flux densities enhance mammary gland tumor development and growth in the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) model of breast cancer in female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. We also demonstrated that MF exposure results in an enhanced proliferative activity of the mammary epithelium of SD rats (M. Fedrowitz et al., Cancer Res., 62: 1356-1363, 2002), which is a likely explanation for the cocarcinogenic or tumor-promoting effects of MF exposure in the DMBA model. However, in contrast with our data, in a similar study conducted by Battelle in the United States, no evidence for a cocarcinogenic or tumor-promoting effect of MF exposure was found in the DMBA model in SD rats (L. E. Anderson et al., Carcinogenesis, 20: 1615-1620, 1999). Probably the most important difference between our and the Battelle studies was the use of different substrains of SD rats; the United States rats were much more susceptible to DMBA than the rats used in our studies. This prompted us to compare different substrains of SD outbred rats in our laboratory in respect to MF effects on cell proliferation in the mammary gland, susceptibility to DMBA-induced mammary cancer, and MF effects on mammary tumor development and growth in the DMBA model. The SD substrain (termed "SD1") used in all of our previous studies was considered MF-sensitive and used for comparison with another substrain ("SD2") obtained from the same breeder. In contrast with SD1 rats, no enhanced cell proliferation was determined after MF exposure in SD2 rats. MF exposure significantly increased mammary tumor development and growth in SD1 but not SD2 rats. These data indicate that the genetic background plays a pivotal role in effects of MF exposure. Different strains or substrains of rats may serve to evaluate the genetic factors underlying sensitivity to cocarcinogenic or tumor-promoting effects of MF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Fedrowitz
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Tonini R, Baroni MD, Masala E, Micheletti M, Ferroni A, Mazzanti M. Calcium protects differentiating neuroblastoma cells during 50 Hz electromagnetic radiation. Biophys J 2001; 81:2580-9. [PMID: 11606272 PMCID: PMC1301726 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(01)75902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite growing concern about electromagnetic radiation, the interaction between 50- to 60-Hz fields and biological structures remains obscure. Epidemiological studies have failed to prove a significantly correlation between exposure to radiation fields and particular pathologies. We demonstrate that a 50- to 60-Hz magnetic field interacts with cell differentiation through two opposing mechanisms: it antagonizes the shift in cell membrane surface charges that occur during the early phases of differentiation and it modulates hyperpolarizing K channels by increasing intracellular Ca. The simultaneous onset of both mechanisms prevents alterations in cell differentiation. We propose that cells are normally protected against electromagnetic insult. Pathologies may arise, however, if intracellular Ca regulation or K channel activation malfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tonini
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica Generali, I(a) Università di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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Min YS, Jeong JH, Choi YM, Lee BC, Huh IH, Lee SY, Sohn UD. The influences of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on clonidine-induced sleep in 2-day-old chicks. JOURNAL OF AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY 2001; 21:197-203. [PMID: 11952875 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2680.2001.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. It has been shown that magnetic fields (MFs) affect a variety of biological effects in animal brains. There have been few experiments on the effects of MFs on sleep. Therefore, we investigated whether extremely low frequency (ELF) MFs affect the sleep induced by clonidine, a central alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist. Clonidine produced dose-related increase of the sleeping time and dose-related decrease of the onset time in 2-day-old chicks. 2. Exposure of chicks to MFs (5, 10, 20 G; for 3, 6, 9, 12 h) significantly increased the clonidine-induced sleep time as a direct function of intensity and duration of MF application. Clonidine reduced noradrenaline or tyrosine in the brain, an effect which was not further changed in animals exposed to MF. 3. To determine whether the gamma amino butyric acid A (GABA(A))/benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor system is involved in the decrease in clonidine-induced sleep caused by activation of central alpha(2)-adrenergic systems, we examined exposure of chicks to the effects of the BZD receptor antagonist flumazenil (0.5 mg kg(-1), i.p.) and GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline (0.1 mg kg-1, i.p.) on clonidine-induced sleep. Bicuculline and flumazenil inhibited the increase of clonidine-induced sleep time by MFs. Clonidine or MFs did not change GABA levels in the brain. 4. These results suggest that MFs can increase clonidine-induced sleep via a change of GABA(A) and BZD receptor system irrespective of the concentration of GABA or noradrenaline in the brain of 2-day-old chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Min
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Wu R, Jiang H, Hu G, Fu Y, Lu D. Cloning and identification of magnetic field-responsive genes in Daudi cells. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02884981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Miyakoshi J, Mori Y, Yaguchi H, Ding G, Fujimori A. Suppression of heat-induced HSP-70 by simultaneous exposure to 50 mT magnetic field. Life Sci 2000; 66:1187-96. [PMID: 10737414 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effect of extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELFMF) at 50 mT and 60 Hz on heat-induced expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp-70) was examined in HL60RG cells. No increase in hsp-70 production was observed in the cells after exposure to 50 mT ELFMF alone. Simultaneous exposure to 50 mT ELFMF in combination with mild heat at 42 and 40 degrees C suppressed heat-induced hsp-70 expression. The suppression of hsp-70 occurred when cells were simultaneously exposed to both for longer periods of more than 5 h. However, the suppression of hsp-70 was not observed at a magnetic density of 5 and 0.5 mT. This result suggests that exposure to 50 mT ELFMF may act on a protection against the concomitant mild heat stress in HL60RG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Miyakoshi
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
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Wolff H, Gamble S, Barkley T, Janaway L, Jowett F, Halls JA, Arrand JE. The design, construction and calibration of a carefully controlled source for exposure of mammalian cells to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 1999; 19:231-242. [PMID: 10503701 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/19/3/301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite some epidemiological evidence for an association between increased risk of cancer and exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs), cancer causation by such exposure remains unproven. Furthermore, for reasons such as biological unresponsiveness of the chosen system, poor equipment design and experimental confounders, no reproducible effects on animals or mammalian cells in culture have been demonstrated following exposure to power frequency EMFs at levels normally encountered in residential settings (<10 to 1000 microT). The apparatus described here, designed specifically to perform large, well-controlled cell biology experiments, reduces extraneous variables to the absolute minimum, so that small effects cannot be ascribed to some cause unrelated to the experimental protocol. Our novel apparatus consists of two identical solenoids which, in use, only differ by whether the field-producing current is flowing or not; they do not influence one another in any way. They are supplied with conditioned air from a common tissue culture incubator, are completely screened from environmental a.c. fields with Mumetal shielding and can be operated under normal laboratory conditions. Furthermore, the arrangement is such that the investigator is unaware whether cells have, or have not, been exposed until after the results have been evaluated. We report the design, construction, calibration and potential uses of this source.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wolff
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
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