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Mezzasalma M, Streicher JW, Guarino FM, Jones MEH, Loader SP, Odierna G, Cooper N. Microchromosome fusions underpin convergent evolution of chameleon karyotypes. Evolution 2023; 77:1930-1944. [PMID: 37288542 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary shifts in chromosome compositions (karyotypes) are major drivers of lineage and genomic diversification. Fusion of ancestral chromosomes is one hypothesized mechanism for the evolutionary reduction of the total chromosome number, a frequently implied karyotypic shift. Empirical tests of this hypothesis require model systems with variable karyotypes, known chromosome features, and a robust phylogeny. Here we used chameleons, diverse lizards with exceptionally variable karyotypes ($2n=20\text{-}62$), to test whether chromosomal fusions explain the repeated evolution of karyotypes with fewer chromosomes than ancestral karyotypes. Using a multidisciplinary approach including cytogenetic analyses and phylogenetic comparative methods, we found that a model of constant loss through time best explained chromosome evolution across the chameleon phylogeny. Next, we tested whether fusions of microchromosomes into macrochromosomes explained these evolutionary losses using generalized linear models. Multiple comparisons supported microchromosome fusions as the predominant agent of evolutionary loss. We further compared our results to various natural history traits and found no correlations. As such, we infer that the tendency of microchromosomes to fuse was a quality of the ancestral chameleon genome and that the genomic predisposition of ancestors is a more substantive predictor of chromosome change than the ecological, physiological, and biogeographical factors involved in their diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Mezzasalma
- Science Group, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Jeffrey W Streicher
- Science Group, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio M Guarino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marc E H Jones
- Science Group, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simon P Loader
- Science Group, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gaetano Odierna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Natalie Cooper
- Science Group, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Zhang L, He J, Tan P, Gong Z, Qian S, Miao Y, Zhang HY, Tu G, Chen Q, Zhong Q, Han G, He J, Wang M. The genome of an apodid holothuroid (Chiridota heheva) provides insights into its adaptation to a deep-sea reducing environment. Commun Biol 2022; 5:224. [PMID: 35273345 PMCID: PMC8913654 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold seeps and hydrothermal vents are deep-sea reducing environments that are characterized by lacking oxygen and photosynthesis-derived nutrients. Most animals acquire nutrition in cold seeps or hydrothermal vents by maintaining epi- or endosymbiotic relationship with chemoautotrophic microorganisms. Although several seep- and vent-dwelling animals hosting symbiotic microbes have been well-studied, the genomic basis of adaptation to deep-sea reducing environment in nonsymbiotic animals is still lacking. Here, we report a high-quality genome of Chiridota heheva Pawson & Vance, 2004, which thrives by extracting organic components from sediment detritus and suspended material, as a reference for nonsymbiotic animal's adaptation to deep-sea reducing environments. The expansion of the aerolysin-like protein family in C. heheva compared with other echinoderms might be involved in the disintegration of microbes during digestion. Moreover, several hypoxia-related genes (Pyruvate Kinase M2, PKM2; Phospholysine Phosphohistidine Inorganic Pyrophosphate Phosphatase, LHPP; Poly(A)-specific Ribonuclease Subunit PAN2, PAN2; and Ribosomal RNA Processing 9, RRP9) were subject to positive selection in the genome of C. heheva, which contributes to their adaptation to hypoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Jian He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Peipei Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Zhen Gong
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shiyu Qian
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuanyuan Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Han-Yu Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Marine Georesource and Prospecting, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Guangxian Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Qiqi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Guanzhu Han
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China. .,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Maoming, 525435, China.
| | - Muhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China. .,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Maoming, 525435, China.
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3
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Wang Y, Lu H, Wang K, Wang Y, Li Y, Clemens S, Lv H, Huang Z, Wang H, Hu X, Lu F, Zhang H. Combined high- and low-latitude forcing of East Asian monsoon precipitation variability in the Pliocene warm period. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/46/eabc2414. [PMID: 33188021 PMCID: PMC7673752 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
East Asian monsoon variability in the Pliocene warm world has not been sufficiently studied because of the lack of direct records. We present a high-resolution precipitation record from Pliocene fluvial-lacustrine sequences in the Weihe Basin, Central China, a region sensitive to the East Asian monsoon. The record shows an abrupt monsoon shift at ~4.2 million years ago, interpreted as the result of high-latitude cooling, with an extratropical temperature decrease across a critical threshold. The precipitation time series exhibits a pronounced ~100-thousand year periodicity and the presence of precession and half-precession cycles, which suggest low-latitude forcing. The synchronous phase but mismatched amplitudes of the East Asian monsoon precipitation proxy and eccentricity suggest a nonlinear but sensitive precipitation response to temperature forcing in the Pliocene warm world. These observations highlight the role of high- and low-latitude forcing of East Asian monsoon variations on tectonic and orbital time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Wang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huayu Lu
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Kexin Wang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yongxiang Li
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Steven Clemens
- Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Hengzhi Lv
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zihan Huang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hanlin Wang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuzhi Hu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fuzhi Lu
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hanzhi Zhang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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4
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Westerhold T, Marwan N, Drury AJ, Liebrand D, Agnini C, Anagnostou E, Barnet JSK, Bohaty SM, De Vleeschouwer D, Florindo F, Frederichs T, Hodell DA, Holbourn AE, Kroon D, Lauretano V, Littler K, Lourens LJ, Lyle M, Pälike H, Röhl U, Tian J, Wilkens RH, Wilson PA, Zachos JC. An astronomically dated record of Earth’s climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years. Science 2020; 369:1383-1387. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba6853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of Earth’s past climate comes from the measurement of oxygen and carbon isotope variations in deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Yet, long intervals in existing records lack the temporal resolution and age control needed to thoroughly categorize climate states of the Cenozoic era and to study their dynamics. Here, we present a new, highly resolved, astronomically dated, continuous composite of benthic foraminifer isotope records developed in our laboratories. Four climate states—Hothouse, Warmhouse, Coolhouse, Icehouse—are identified on the basis of their distinctive response to astronomical forcing depending on greenhouse gas concentrations and polar ice sheet volume. Statistical analysis of the nonlinear behavior encoded in our record reveals the key role that polar ice volume plays in the predictability of Cenozoic climate dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Westerhold
- MARUM–Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Norbert Marwan
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Geosciences, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anna Joy Drury
- MARUM–Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Diederik Liebrand
- MARUM–Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudia Agnini
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Gradenigo 6, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Eleni Anagnostou
- GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - James S. K. Barnet
- Camborne School of Mines and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - Steven M. Bohaty
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - David De Vleeschouwer
- MARUM–Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Fabio Florindo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, INGV, Rome, Italy
- Institute for Climate Change Solutions, Pesaro e Urbino, Italy
| | - Thomas Frederichs
- MARUM–Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - David A. Hodell
- Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ann E. Holbourn
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Dick Kroon
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Kate Littler
- Camborne School of Mines and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Lucas J. Lourens
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mitchell Lyle
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Heiko Pälike
- MARUM–Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ursula Röhl
- MARUM–Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Roy H. Wilkens
- School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Paul A. Wilson
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - James C. Zachos
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Abalde
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - Manuel J. Tenorio
- Departamento CMIM y Q. Inorgánica-INBIO, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Cádiz; Puerto Real Spain
| | - Juan E. Uribe
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution; National Museum of Natural History; Washington District of Columbia USA
- Grupo de Evolución, Sistemática y Ecología Molecular; Universidad del Magdalena; Santa Marta Colombia
| | - Rafael Zardoya
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC); Madrid Spain
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6
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Abalde S, Tenorio MJ, Afonso CML, Uribe JE, Echeverry AM, Zardoya R. Phylogenetic relationships of cone snails endemic to Cabo Verde based on mitochondrial genomes. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:231. [PMID: 29178825 PMCID: PMC5702168 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to their great species and ecological diversity as well as their capacity to produce hundreds of different toxins, cone snails are of interest to evolutionary biologists, pharmacologists and amateur naturalists alike. Taxonomic identification of cone snails still relies mostly on the shape, color, and banding patterns of the shell. However, these phenotypic traits are prone to homoplasy. Therefore, the consistent use of genetic data for species delimitation and phylogenetic inference in this apparently hyperdiverse group is largely wanting. Here, we reconstruct the phylogeny of the cones endemic to Cabo Verde archipelago, a well-known radiation of the group, using mitochondrial (mt) genomes. RESULTS The reconstructed phylogeny grouped the analyzed species into two main clades, one including Kalloconus from West Africa sister to Trovaoconus from Cabo Verde and the other with a paraphyletic Lautoconus due to the sister group relationship of Africonus from Cabo Verde and Lautoconus ventricosus from Mediterranean Sea and neighboring Atlantic Ocean to the exclusion of Lautoconus endemic to Senegal (plus Lautoconus guanche from Mauritania, Morocco, and Canary Islands). Within Trovaoconus, up to three main lineages could be distinguished. The clade of Africonus included four main lineages (named I to IV), each further subdivided into two monophyletic groups. The reconstructed phylogeny allowed inferring the evolution of the radula in the studied lineages as well as biogeographic patterns. The number of cone species endemic to Cabo Verde was revised under the light of sequence divergence data and the inferred phylogenetic relationships. CONCLUSIONS The sequence divergence between continental members of the genus Kalloconus and island endemics ascribed to the genus Trovaoconus is low, prompting for synonymization of the latter. The genus Lautoconus is paraphyletic. Lautoconus ventricosus is the closest living sister group of genus Africonus. Diversification of Africonus was in allopatry due to the direct development nature of their larvae and mainly triggered by eustatic sea level changes during the Miocene-Pliocene. Our study confirms the diversity of cone endemic to Cabo Verde but significantly reduces the number of valid species. Applying a sequence divergence threshold, the number of valid species within the sampled Africonus is reduced to half.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Abalde
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel J Tenorio
- Departamento CMIM y Q. Inorgánica-INBIO, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carlos M L Afonso
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Juan E Uribe
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Echeverry
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Zardoya
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Blair C, Noonan BP, Brown JL, Raselimanana AP, Vences M, Yoder AD. Multilocus phylogenetic and geospatial analyses illuminate diversification patterns and the biogeographic history of Malagasy endemic plated lizards (Gerrhosauridae: Zonosaurinae). J Evol Biol 2015; 28:481-92. [PMID: 25611210 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have attempted to find single unifying mechanisms for generating Madagascar's unique flora and fauna, little consensus has been reached regarding the relative importance of climatic, geologic and ecological processes as catalysts of diversification of the region's unique biota. Rather, recent work has shown that both biological and physical drivers of diversification are best analysed in a case-by-case setting with attention focused on the ecological and life-history requirements of the specific phylogenetic lineage under investigation. Here, we utilize a comprehensive analytical approach to examine evolutionary drivers and elucidate the biogeographic history of Malagasy plated lizards (Zonosaurinae). Data from three genes are combined with fossil information to construct time-calibrated species trees for zonosaurines and their African relatives, which are used to test alternative diversification hypotheses. Methods are utilized for explicitly incorporating phylogenetic uncertainty into downstream analyses. Species distribution models are created for 14 of 19 currently recognized species, which are then used to estimate spatial patterns of species richness and endemicity. Spatially explicit analyses are employed to correlate patterns of diversity with both topographic heterogeneity and climatic stability through geologic time. We then use inferred geographic ranges to estimate the biogeographic history of zonosaurines within each of Madagascar's major biomes. Results suggest constant Neogene and Quaternary speciation with divergence from the African most recent common ancestor ~30 million years ago when oceanic currents and African rivers facilitated dispersal. Spatial patterns of diversity appear concentrated along coastal regions of northern and southern Madagascar. We find no relationship between either topographic heterogeneity or climatic stability and patterns of diversity. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest that western dry forests were important centres of origin with recent invasion into spiny and rain forest. These data highlight the power of combining multilocus phylogenetic and spatially explicit analyses for testing alternative diversification hypotheses within Madagascar's unique biota and more generally, particularly as applied to phylogenetically and biologically constrained systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blair
- Department of Biology, Duke University Durham, Durham, NC, USA
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8
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CHAN LAURENM, CHOI DEAN, RASELIMANANA ACHILLEP, RAKOTONDRAVONY HERYA, YODER ANNED. Defining spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic structure in Madagascar’s iguanid lizards (genusOplurus). Mol Ecol 2012; 21:3839-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Emergence of long distance bird migrations: a new model integrating global climate changes. Naturwissenschaften 2008; 95:1109-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-008-0435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Miller KG, Kominz MA, Browning JV, Wright JD, Mountain GS, Katz ME, Sugarman PJ, Cramer BS, Christie-Blick N, Pekar SF. The Phanerozoic Record of Global Sea-Level Change. Science 2005; 310:1293-8. [PMID: 16311326 DOI: 10.1126/science.1116412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We review Phanerozoic sea-level changes [543 million years ago (Ma) to the present] on various time scales and present a new sea-level record for the past 100 million years (My). Long-term sea level peaked at 100 +/- 50 meters during the Cretaceous, implying that ocean-crust production rates were much lower than previously inferred. Sea level mirrors oxygen isotope variations, reflecting ice-volume change on the 10(4)- to 10(6)-year scale, but a link between oxygen isotope and sea level on the 10(7)-year scale must be due to temperature changes that we attribute to tectonically controlled carbon dioxide variations. Sea-level change has influenced phytoplankton evolution, ocean chemistry, and the loci of carbonate, organic carbon, and siliciclastic sediment burial. Over the past 100 My, sea-level changes reflect global climate evolution from a time of ephemeral Antarctic ice sheets (100 to 33 Ma), through a time of large ice sheets primarily in Antarctica (33 to 2.5 Ma), to a world with large Antarctic and large, variable Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (2.5 Ma to the present).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G Miller
- Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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11
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Tellgren A, Berglund AC, Savolainen P, Janis CM, Liberles DA. Myostatin rapid sequence evolution in ruminants predates domestication. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005; 33:782-90. [PMID: 15522803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Revised: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin (GDF-8) is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle development. This gene has previously been implicated in the double muscling phenotype in mice and cattle. A systematic analysis of myostatin sequence evolution in ruminants was performed in a phylogenetic context. The myostatin coding sequence was determined from duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia caffra), eland (Taurotragus derbianus), gaur (Bos gaurus), ibex (Capra ibex), impala (Aepyceros melampus rednilis), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), and tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus). Analysis of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitution rate ratios (Ka/Ks) indicates that positive selection may have been operating on this gene during the time of divergence of Bovinae and Antilopinae, starting from approximately 23 million years ago, a period that appears to account for most of the sequence difference between myostatin in these groups. These periods of positive selective pressure on myostatin may correlate with changes in skeletal muscle mass during the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Tellgren
- Computational Biology Unit, Bergen Centre for Computational Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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12
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Bellinge RHS, Liberles DA, Iaschi SPA, O'brien PA, Tay GK. Myostatinand its implications on animal breeding: a review. Anim Genet 2005; 36:1-6. [PMID: 15670124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin, or growth and differentiation factor 8 (GDF8), has been identified as the factor causing a phenotype known as double muscling, in which a series of mutations render the gene inactive, and therefore, unable to regulate muscle fibre deposition. This phenotype occurs at a high frequency in some breeds of cattle such as Belgian Blue and Peidmontese. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that there has been positive selection pressure for non-synonymous mutations within the myostatin gene family, around the time of the divergence of cattle, sheep and goats, and these positive selective pressures on non-ancestral myostatin are relatively recent. To date, there have been reports of nine mutations in coding regions of myostatin that cause non-synonymous changes, of which three cause missense mutations, including two in exon 1 and one in exon 2. The remaining six mutations, located in exons 2 and 3, result in premature stop codons, which are the mutations responsible for the double-muscling phenotype. Unfortunately, breed management problems exist for double-muscled cattle, such as birthing difficulties, which can be overcome through genetically controlled breeding programmes, as shown in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H S Bellinge
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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13
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Paleoceanographic change during the Middle Miocene climate revolution: An Antarctic stable isotope perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/151gm14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Jansson R, Dynesius M. The Fate of Clades in a World of Recurrent Climatic Change: Milankovitch Oscillations and Evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Jansson
- Landscape Ecology Group, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Mats Dynesius
- Landscape Ecology Group, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
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Naish TR, Woolfe KJ, Barrett PJ, Wilson GS, Atkins C, Bohaty SM, Bücker CJ, Claps M, Davey FJ, Dunbar GB, Dunn AG, Fielding CR, Florindo F, Hannah MJ, Harwood DM, Henrys SA, Krissek LA, Lavelle M, van Der Meer J, McIntosh WC, Niessen F, Passchier S, Powell RD, Roberts AP, Sagnotti L, Scherer RP, Strong CP, Talarico F, Verosub KL, Villa G, Watkins DK, Webb PN, Wonik T. Orbitally induced oscillations in the East Antarctic ice sheet at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. Nature 2001; 413:719-23. [PMID: 11607028 DOI: 10.1038/35099534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Between 34 and 15 million years (Myr) ago, when planetary temperatures were 3-4 degrees C warmer than at present and atmospheric CO2 concentrations were twice as high as today, the Antarctic ice sheets may have been unstable. Oxygen isotope records from deep-sea sediment cores suggest that during this time fluctuations in global temperatures and high-latitude continental ice volumes were influenced by orbital cycles. But it has hitherto not been possible to calibrate the inferred changes in ice volume with direct evidence for oscillations of the Antarctic ice sheets. Here we present sediment data from shallow marine cores in the western Ross Sea that exhibit well dated cyclic variations, and which link the extent of the East Antarctic ice sheet directly to orbital cycles during the Oligocene/Miocene transition (24.1-23.7 Myr ago). Three rapidly deposited glacimarine sequences are constrained to a period of less than 450 kyr by our age model, suggesting that orbital influences at the frequencies of obliquity (40 kyr) and eccentricity (125 kyr) controlled the oscillations of the ice margin at that time. An erosional hiatus covering 250 kyr provides direct evidence for a major episode of global cooling and ice-sheet expansion about 23.7 Myr ago, which had previously been inferred from oxygen isotope data (Mi1 event).
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Naish
- Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
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Zachos J, Pagani M, Sloan L, Thomas E, Billups K. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science 2001; 292:686-93. [PMID: 11326091 DOI: 10.1126/science.1059412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2069] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Since 65 million years ago (Ma), Earth's climate has undergone a significant and complex evolution, the finer details of which are now coming to light through investigations of deep-sea sediment cores. This evolution includes gradual trends of warming and cooling driven by tectonic processes on time scales of 10(5) to 10(7) years, rhythmic or periodic cycles driven by orbital processes with 10(4)- to 10(6)-year cyclicity, and rare rapid aberrant shifts and extreme climate transients with durations of 10(3) to 10(5) years. Here, recent progress in defining the evolution of global climate over the Cenozoic Era is reviewed. We focus primarily on the periodic and anomalous components of variability over the early portion of this era, as constrained by the latest generation of deep-sea isotope records. We also consider how this improved perspective has led to the recognition of previously unforeseen mechanisms for altering climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zachos
- Earth Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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Peizhen Z, Molnar P, Downs WR. Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2-4 Myr ago due to the influence of climate change on erosion rates. Nature 2001; 410:891-7. [PMID: 11309607 DOI: 10.1038/35073504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Around the globe, and in a variety of settings including active and inactive mountain belts, increases in sedimentation rates as well as in grain sizes of sediments were recorded at approximately 2-4 Myr ago, implying increased erosion rates. A change in climate represents the only process that is globally synchronous and can potentially account for the widespread increase in erosion and sedimentation, but no single process-like a lowering of sea levels or expanded glaciation-can explain increases in sedimentation in all environments, encompassing continental margins and interiors, and tropical as well as higher latitudes. We suggest that climate affected erosion mainly by the transition from a period of climate stability, in which landscapes had attained equilibrium configurations, to a time of frequent and abrupt changes in temperature, precipitation and vegetation, which prevented fluvial and glacial systems from establishing equilibrium states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Peizhen
- Institute of Geology, State Seismology Bureau, Beijing, China
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Zachos JC, Shackleton NJ, Revenaugh JS, Pälike H, Flower BP. Climate response to orbital forcing across the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Science 2001; 292:274-8. [PMID: 11303100 DOI: 10.1126/science.1058288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spectral analyses of an uninterrupted 5.5-million-year (My)-long chronology of late Oligocene-early Miocene climate and ocean carbon chemistry from two deep-sea cores recovered in the western equatorial Atlantic reveal variance concentrated at all Milankovitch frequencies. Exceptional spectral power in climate is recorded at the 406-thousand-year (ky) period eccentricity band over a 3.4-million-year period [20 to 23.4 My ago (Ma)] as well as in the 125- and 95-ky bands over a 1.3-million-year period (21.7 to 23.0 Ma) of suspected low greenhouse gas levels. Moreover, a major transient glaciation at the epoch boundary ( approximately 23 Ma), Mi-1, corresponds with a rare orbital congruence involving obliquity and eccentricity. The anomaly, which consists of low-amplitude variance in obliquity (a node) and a minimum in eccentricity, results in an extended period ( approximately 200 ky) of low seasonality orbits favorable to ice-sheet expansion on Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Zachos
- Earth Sciences Department, Center for Dynamics and Evolution of the Land-Sea Interface, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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