1
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Wu H, Jia Y, Zhao X, Geng L, Lin S, Li SD, Luo Z. To What Extent Do Iodomethane and Bromomethane Undergo Analogous Reactions? J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1274-1279. [PMID: 38334079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Iodomethane and bromomethane (CH3I/CH3Br) are common chemicals, but their chemistry on nanometals is not fully understood. Here, we analyze the reactivity of Rhn+ (n = 3-30) clusters with halomethanes and unveil the spin effect and concentration dependence in the C-H and C-X bond activation. It is found that the reactions under halomethane-rich conditions differ from those under metal-rich conditions. Both CH3I and CH3Br undergo similar dehydrogenation on the Rhn+ clusters in the presence of small quantity reactants; however, different reactions are observed in the presence of sufficient CH3I/CH3Br, showing dominant Rh(CH3Br)x+ (x = 1-4) products but a series of RhnCxHyIz+ species (x = 1-4, y = 1-12, and z = 1-5) pertaining to H2, HI, or CH4 removal. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the dehydrogenation and demethanation of CH3Br are relatively less exothermic and will be deactivated by sufficient gas collisions if helium cooling takes away energy immediately; instead, the successive adsorption of CH3Br gives rise to a series of Rh(CH3Br)x+ species with accidental C-Br bond dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China
| | - Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shiquan Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Palermo AP, Zhang S, Okrut A, Schöttle C, Grosso-Giordano NA, Runnebaum RC, Edwards KC, Guan E, Ertler D, Solovyov A, Kistler JD, Aydin C, Lu J, Busygin I, Dixon DA, Gates BC, Katz A. Remotely Bonded Bridging Dioxygen Ligands Enhance Hydrogen Transfer in a Silica-Supported Tetrairidium Cluster Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3773-3784. [PMID: 38301281 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
A longstanding challenge in catalysis by noble metals has been to understand the origin of enhancements of rates of hydrogen transfer that result from the bonding of oxygen near metal sites. We investigated structurally well-defined catalysts consisting of supported tetrairidium carbonyl clusters with single-atom (apical iridium) catalytic sites for ethylene hydrogenation. Reaction of the clusters with ethylene and H2 followed by O2 led to the onset of catalytic activity as a terminal CO ligand at each apical Ir atom was removed and bridging dioxygen ligands replaced CO ligands at neighboring (basal-plane) sites. The presence of the dioxygen ligands caused a 6-fold increase in the catalytic reaction rate, which is explained by the electron-withdrawing capability induced by the bridging dioxygen ligands, consistent with the inference that reductive elimination is rate-determining. Electronic-structure calculations demonstrate an additional role of the dioxygen ligands, changing the mechanism of hydrogen transfer from one involving equatorial hydride ligands to that involving bridging hydride ligands. This mechanism is made evident by an inverse kinetic isotope effect observed in ethylene hydrogenation reactions with H2 and, alternatively, with D2 on the cluster incorporating the dioxygen ligands and is a consequence of quasi-equilibrated hydrogen transfer in this catalyst. The same mechanism accounts for rate enhancements induced by the bridging dioxygen ligands for the catalytic reaction of H2 with D2 to give HD. We posit that the mechanism involving bridging hydride ligands facilitated by oxygen ligands remote from the catalytic site may have some generality in catalysis by oxide-supported noble metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Palermo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shengjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Alexander Okrut
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christian Schöttle
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicolás A Grosso-Giordano
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ron C Runnebaum
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kyle C Edwards
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Erjia Guan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Daniel Ertler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrew Solovyov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joseph D Kistler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ceren Aydin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Igor Busygin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Bruce C Gates
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alexander Katz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Tian J, Hou L, Xia W, Wang Z, Tu Y, Pei W, Zhou S, Zhao J. Solar driven CO 2 hydrogenation to HCOOH on (TiO 2) n ( n = 1-6) atomic clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28533-28540. [PMID: 37847520 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03473a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis is a crucial reaction that addresses energy and environmental challenges by converting CO2 into fuels and value-added chemicals. However, efficient catalytic activity using earth-abundant materials can be challenging due to intrinsic limitations. Herein, we explore neutral (TiO2)n (n = 1-6) atomic clusters for CO2 hydrogenation via comprehensive ab initio calculations combined with time-dependent functional theory. Our results show that these (TiO2)n clusters exhibit outstanding thermodynamic stabilities and decent surficial activities for CO2 activation and H2 dissociation, both of which possess kinetic barriers down to 0-0.74 eV. We establish a relationship between the binding strength of *CO2 species and electron characterization for these (TiO2)n clusters. These clusters, which have a wide energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccpied molecular orbital (LUMO) that allows them to harvest the solar light in the ultraviolet regime, enabling efficient catalysis for driving the catalysis of CO2 conversion. They provide exclusive reaction channels and high selectivity for yielding HCOOH products via the carboxyl mechanism, involving the kinetic barrier of the limiting step of 0.74-1.25 eV. We also investigated the substrate effect on supported (TiO2)n clusters, with non-metallic substrates featuring inert surfaces serving as suitable options for anchoring (TiO2)n clusters while preserving their intrinsic activity and selectivity. These computational results have significant implications not only for meeting energy demands but also for mitigating carbon emissions by utilizing CO2 as an alternative feedstock rather than considering it solely as a greenhouse gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Tian
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Weizhi Xia
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Yusong Tu
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Wei Pei
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Si Zhou
- School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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4
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Yuan B, Tang SY, Zhou S. Size Effects in Gas-phase C-H Activation. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200769. [PMID: 36420565 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase clusters reaction permits addressing fundamental aspects of the challenges related to C-H activation. The size effect plays a key role in the activation processes as it may substantially affect both the reactivity and selectivity. In this paper, we reviewed the size effect related to the hydrocarbon oxidation by early transition metal oxides and main group metal oxides, methane activation mediated by late transition metals. Based on mass-spectrometry experiments in conjunction with quantum chemical calculations, mechanistic discussions were reviewed to present how and why the size greatly regulates the reactivity and product distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Yuan
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Zheda Rd. #99, 324000, Quzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Ya Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, P. R. China
| | - Shaodong Zhou
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Zheda Rd. #99, 324000, Quzhou, P.R. China
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5
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Yang H, Wang X, Liu Q, Huang A, Zhang X, Yu Y, Zhuang Z, Li G, Li Y, Peng Q, Chen X, Xiao H, Chen C. Heterogeneous Iridium Single-Atom Molecular-like Catalysis for Epoxidation of Ethylene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6658-6670. [PMID: 36802612 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient and simple catalysts to reveal the key scientific issues in the epoxidation of ethylene has been a long-standing goal for chemists, whereas a heterogenized molecular-like catalyst is desirable which combines the best aspects of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. Single-atom catalysts can effectively mimic molecular catalysts on account of their well-defined atomic structures and coordination environments. Herein, we report a strategy for selective epoxidation of ethylene, which exploits a heterogeneous catalyst comprising iridium single atoms to interact with the reactant molecules that act analogously to ligands, resulting in molecular-like catalysis. This catalytic protocol features a near-unity selectivity (99%) to produce value-added ethylene oxide. We investigated the origin of the improvement of selectivity for ethylene oxide for this iridium single-atom catalyst and attributed the improvement to the π-coordination between the iridium metal center with a higher oxidation state and ethylene or molecular oxygen. The molecular oxygen adsorbed on the iridium single-atom site not only helps to strengthen the adsorption of ethylene molecule by iridium but also alters its electronic structure, allowing iridium to donate electrons into the double bond π* orbitals of ethylene. This catalytic strategy facilitates the formation of five-membered oxametallacycle intermediates, leading to the exceptionally high selectivity for ethylene oxide. Our model of single-atom catalysts featuring remarkable molecular-like catalysis can be utilized as an effective strategy for inhibiting the overoxidation of the desired product. Implementing the concepts of homogeneous catalysis into heterogeneous catalysis would provide new perspectives for the design of new advanced catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | | | - Qinggang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aijian Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yi Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zewen Zhuang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ganggang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Single-Atom Catalysis Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100094, China
| | - Qing Peng
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hai Xiao
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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6
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Liu X, Qian B, Zhang D, Yu M, Chang Z, Bu X. Recent progress in host–guest metal–organic frameworks: Construction and emergent properties. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Escamilla P, Guerra WD, Leyva-Pérez A, Armentano D, Ferrando-Soria J, Pardo E. Metal-organic frameworks as chemical nanoreactors for the preparation of catalytically active metal compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:836-851. [PMID: 36598064 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05686k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the emergence of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a myriad of thrilling properties and applications, in a wide range of fields, have been reported for these materials, which mainly arise from their porous nature and rich host-guest chemistry. However, other important features of MOFs that offer great potential rewards have been only barely explored. For instance, despite the fact that MOFs are suitable candidates to be used as chemical nanoreactors for the preparation, stabilization and characterization of unique functional species, that would be hardly accessible outside the functional constrained space offered by MOF channels, only very few examples have been reported so far. In particular, we outline in this feature recent advances in the use of highly robust and crystalline oxamato- and oxamidato-based MOFs as reactors for the in situ preparation of well-defined catalytically active single atom catalysts (SACS), subnanometer metal nanoclusters (SNMCs) and supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs). The robustness of selected MOFs permits the post-synthetic (PS) in situ preparation of the desired catalytically active metal species, which can be characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) taking advantage of its high crystallinity. The strategy highlighted here permits the always challenging large-scale preparation of stable and well-defined SACs, SNMCs and SCCs, exhibiting outstanding catalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Escamilla
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Walter D Guerra
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Antonio Leyva-Pérez
- Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Donatella Armentano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Jesús Ferrando-Soria
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Emilio Pardo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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8
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Brindle J, Sufyan SA, Nigra MM. Support, composition, and ligand effects in partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol using gold–copper clusters. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00137c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of metallic composition, support, and ligands on catalytic performance using AuCu clusters in benzyl alcohol oxidation is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Brindle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Sayed Abu Sufyan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Michael M. Nigra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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9
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Piotrowski MJ, Orenha RP, Parreira RLT, Guedes-Sobrinho D. Assessment of the van der Waals, Hubbard U parameter and spin-orbit coupling corrections on the 2D/3D structures from metal gold congeners clusters. J Comput Chem 2021; 43:230-243. [PMID: 34751955 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The coinage-metal clusters possess a natural complexity in their theoretical treatment that may be accompanied by inherent shortcomings in the methodological approach. Herein, we performed a scalar-relativistic density functional theory study, considering Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE) with (empirical and semi empirical) van der Waals (vdW), spin-orbit coupling (SOC), +U (Hubbard term), and their combinations, to treat the Cu 13 , Ag 13 , and Au 13 clusters in different structural motifs. The energetic scenario is given by the confirmation of the 3D lowest energy configurations for Cu 13 and Ag 13 within all approaches, while for Au 13 there is a 2D/3D competition, depending on the applied correction. The 2D geometry is 0.43 eV more stable with plain PBE than the 3D one, the SOC, +U, and/or vdW inclusion decreases the overestimated stability of the planar configurations, where the most surprising result is found by the D3 and D3BJ vdW corrections, for which the 3D configuration is 0.29 and 0.11 eV, respectively, more stable than the 2D geometry (with even higher values when SOC and/or +U are added). The D3 dispersion correction represents 7.9% (4.4%) of the total binding energy for the 3D (2D) configuration, (not) being enough to change the sd hybridization and the position of the occupied d -states. Our predictions are in agreement with experimental results and in line with the best results obtained for bulk systems, as well as with hybrid functionals within D3 corrections. The properties description undergoes small corrections with the different approaches, where general trends are maintained, that is, the average bond length is smaller (larger) for lower (higher)-coordinated structures, since a same number of electrons are shared by a smaller (larger) number of bonds, consequently, the bonds are stronger (weaker) and shorter (longer) and the sd hybridization index is larger (smaller). Thus, Au has a distinct behavior in relation to its lighter congeners, with a complex potential energy surface, where in addition to the relevant relativistic effects, correlation and dispersion effects must also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício J Piotrowski
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renato P Orenha
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato L T Parreira
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Zhou X, Sterbinsky GE, Wasim E, Chen L, Tait SL. Tuning Ligand-Coordinated Single Metal Atoms on TiO 2 and their Dynamic Response during Hydrogenation Catalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3825-3837. [PMID: 33955201 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-coordinated supported catalysts (LCSCs) are of growing interest for heterogeneous single-atom catalysis. Here, the effect of the choice of organic ligand on the activity and stability of TiO2 -supported single-atom Pt-ligand catalysts was investigated for ethylene hydrogenation. The activity of these catalysts showed a significant dependence on the choice of ligand and also correlated with coordination number for Pt-ligand and Pt-Cl- . Of the three ligands examined in this study, the one with the lowest Pt coordination number, 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (PDO), showed the lowest reaction temperature and highest reaction rate, likely due to those metal sites being more accessible to reactant adsorption. In-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) experiments showed that the activity also correlated with good heterolytic dissociation of hydrogen, which was supported by OH/OD exchange experiments and was the rate-determining step of the hydrogenation reaction. In these in-situ XAS experiments up to 190 °C, the supported Pt-ligand catalyst showed excellent stability against structural and chemical change. Instead of Pt, the PDO ligand could be coordinated with Ir on TiO2 to form Ir LCSCs that showed slow activation by loss of Ir-Cl bonds, then excellent stability in the hydrogenation of ethylene. These results provide the chance to engineer ligand-coordinated supported catalysts at the single-atom catalyst level by the choice of ligand and enable new applications at relatively high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - George E Sterbinsky
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, Illinois, 60439, USA
| | - Eman Wasim
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
| | - Linxiao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
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11
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Yonezawa AF, Nagurniak GR, Orenha RP, Silva EHD, Parreira RLT, Piotrowski MJ. Stability Changes in Iridium Nanoclusters via Monoxide Adsorption: A DFT Study within the van der Waals Corrections. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4805-4818. [PMID: 34048257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small iridium nanoclusters are prominent subnanometric systems for catalysis-related applications, mainly because of a large surface-to-volume ratio, noncoalescence feature, and tunable properties, which are completely influenced by the number of atoms, geometry, and molecular interaction with the chemical environment. Herein, we investigate the interaction between Irn nanoclusters (n = 2-7) and polluting molecules, CO, NO, and SO, using van der Waals D3 corrected density functional theory calculations. Starting from a representative structural set, we determine the growth pattern of the lowest energy unprotected Irn nanoclusters, which is based on open structural motifs, and from the adsorption of a XO (X = C, N, and S) molecule, the preferred high-symmetric adsorption sites were determined, dominated by the onefold top site. For protected systems, 4XO/Ir4 and 6XO/Ir6, we found a reduction in the total magnetic moment, while the equilibrium bonds of the nanoclusters expanded (contracted) due to mCO and mNO (mSO) adsorption, with exceptions for systems with large structural distortions (4SO/Ir4 and 6NO/Ir6). Meanwhile, the C-O and N-O (S-O) bond strength decreases (increases) following an increase (decrease) in the C-O and N-O (S-O) distances upon adsorption. We show, through energetic analysis, that for the different chemical environments, relative stability changes occur from the most stable unprotected nanoclusters, planar square (Ir4), and prism (Ir6) to higher energy isomers. The change in the stability order between the two competing protected systems is feasible if the balance between the interaction energy (additive term) and distortion energies (nonadditive terms) compensates for the relative total energies of the unprotected configurations. For all systems, the interaction energy is the main reason responsible for stability alterations, except for 4SO/Ir4, where the main contribution is from a small penalty due to Ir4 distortions upon adsorption, and for 4NO/Ir4, where the energetic effects from the adsorption do not overcome the difference between the binding energies of the unprotected nanoclusters. Finally, from energy decomposition and Hirshfeld charge analysis, we find a predominant covalent nature of the physical contributions in mOX···Irn interactions with a cationic core (Irn) and an anionic shell (XO coverage).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex F Yonezawa
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Pelotas, PO Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Glaucio R Nagurniak
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 89036-004 Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Renato P Orenha
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Eder H da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato L T Parreira
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício J Piotrowski
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Pelotas, PO Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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12
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Meloni M, Runnebaum RC. Tuning supported Ni catalysts by varying zeolite Beta heteroatom composition: effects on ethylene adsorption and dimerization catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00308a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of zeolite heteroatom composition on the electron density and catalytic activity of a supported Ni cation is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meloni
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of California
- Davis
- 95616 USA
| | - Ron C. Runnebaum
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of California
- Davis
- 95616 USA
- Department of Viticulture & Enology
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13
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Fu J, Ren D, Xiao M, Wang K, Deng Y, Luo D, Zhu J, Wen G, Zheng Y, Bai Z, Yang L, Chen Z. Manipulating Au-CeO 2 Interfacial Structure Toward Ultrahigh Mass Activity and Selectivity for CO 2 Reduction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:6621-6628. [PMID: 33105072 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Deploying the application of Au-based catalysts directly on CO2 reduction reactions (CO2 RR) relies on the simultaneous improvement of mass activity (usually lower than 10 mA mg-1 Au at -0.6 V) and selectivity. To achieve this target, we herein manipulate the interface of small-size Au (3.5 nm) and CeO2 nanoparticles through adjusting the surface charge of Au and CeO2 . The well-regulated interfacial structure not only guarantees the utmost utilization of Au, but also enhances the CO2 adsorption. Consequently, the mass activity (CO) of the optimal AuCeO2 /C catalyst reaches 139 mA mg-1 Au with 97 % CO faradaic efficiency (FECO ) at -0.6 V. Moreover, the strong interaction between Au and CeO2 endows the catalyst with excellent long-term stability. This work affords a charge-guided approach to construct the interfacial structure for CO2 RR and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jile Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Fine Chemicals Green Manufacturing, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2 L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, N6 A 5B9, Canada
| | - Dezhang Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2 L 3G1, Canada
| | - Meiling Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2 L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ke Wang
- Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK
| | - Yaping Deng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2 L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2 L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jianbing Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2 L 3G1, Canada
| | - Guobin Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2 L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, N6 A 5B9, Canada
- Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK
| | - Zhengyu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Fine Chemicals Green Manufacturing, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Fine Chemicals Green Manufacturing, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2 L 3G1, Canada
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14
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Rong H, Ji S, Zhang J, Wang D, Li Y. Synthetic strategies of supported atomic clusters for heterogeneous catalysis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5884. [PMID: 33208740 PMCID: PMC7674434 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Supported atomic clusters with uniform metal sites and definite low-nuclearity are intermediate states between single-atom catalysts (SACs) and nanoparticles in size. Benefiting from the presence of metal–metal bonds, supported atomic clusters can trigger synergistic effects among every metal atom, which contributes to achieving unique catalytic properties different from SACs and nanoparticles. However, the scalable and precise synthesis and atomic-level insights into the structure–properties relationship of supported atomic clusters is a great challenge. This perspective presents the latest progress of the synthesis of supported atomic clusters, highlights how the structure affects catalytic properties, and discusses the limitations as well as prospects. Supported atomic clusters with precise nuclearity are intermediate states between single-atom catalysts and nanoparticles in size. Here the authors summarize and discuss synthetic strategies of supported atomic clusters with unique catalytic properties for heterogeneous reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpan Rong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction-Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shufang Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jiatao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction-Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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15
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Witzke RJ, Chapovetsky A, Conley MP, Kaphan DM, Delferro M. Nontraditional Catalyst Supports in Surface Organometallic Chemistry. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Witzke
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Alon Chapovetsky
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Matthew P. Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - David M. Kaphan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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16
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Dong C, Li Y, Cheng D, Zhang M, Liu J, Wang YG, Xiao D, Ma D. Supported Metal Clusters: Fabrication and Application in Heterogeneous Catalysis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yinlong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Danyang Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengtao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
- National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels China Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Yang-Gang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Dequan Xiao
- Center for Integrative Materials Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Ding Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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17
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Babucci M, Hoffman AS, Debefve LM, Kurtoglu SF, Bare SR, Gates BC, Uzun A. Unraveling the individual influences of supports and ionic liquid coatings on the catalytic properties of supported iridium complexes and iridium clusters. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Sengupta T, Chung JS, Kang SG. A mechanistic insight into rhodium-doped gold clusters as a better hydrogenation catalyst. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:5125-5138. [PMID: 32073083 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10258b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of the hydrogenation of ethylene on pristine (Aun, n = 8 and 20) and rhodium-doped (AunRh) gold clusters was unveiled by theoretical calculations. All reaction pathways are predicted and the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters are computed and compared. Doping a rhodium atom on the magic gold cluster surface is effective in reducing the activation barriers for hydrogenation and in creating two competitive pathways with significantly higher turnover frequencies. The lower barriers of hydrogenation on the AunRh clusters were analyzed and explained based on distortion/interaction activation strain (DIAS) analysis. Further insights into the reaction mechanism on both types of clusters are provided by intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) calculations. This theoretical study provides an idea to elucidate the hydrogenation mechanism on Au clusters and the effect of the rhodium dopant on the catalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turbasu Sengupta
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehakro, Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610, South Korea.
| | - Jin Suk Chung
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehakro, Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610, South Korea.
| | - Sung Gu Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehakro, Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610, South Korea.
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19
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Viciano-Chumillas M, Mon M, Ferrando-Soria J, Corma A, Leyva-Pérez A, Armentano D, Pardo E. Metal-Organic Frameworks as Chemical Nanoreactors: Synthesis and Stabilization of Catalytically Active Metal Species in Confined Spaces. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:520-531. [PMID: 32027486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of the first metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), we have witnessed an explosion of captivating architectures with exciting physicochemical properties and applications in a wide range of fields. This, in part, can be understood under the light of their rich host-guest chemistry and the possibility to use single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) as a basic characterization tool. Moreover, chemistry on preformed MOFs, applying recent developments in template-directed synthesis and postsynthetic methodologies (PSMs), has shown to be a powerful synthetic tool to (i) tailor MOFs channels of known topology via single-crystal to single-crystal (SC-SC) processes, (ii) impart higher degrees of complexity and heterogeneity within them, and most importantly, (iii) improve their capabilities toward applications with respect to the parent MOFs. However, the unique properties of MOFs have been, somehow, limited and underestimated. This is clearly reflected on the use of MOFs as chemical nanoreactors, which has been barely uncovered. In this Account, we bring together our recent advances on the construction of MOFs with appealing properties to act as chemical nanoreactors and be used to synthesize and stabilize, within their channels, catalytically active species that otherwise could be hardly accessible. First, through two relevant examples, we present the potential of the metalloligand approach to build highly robust and crystalline oxamato- and oxamidato-MOFs with tailored channels, in terms of size, charge and functionality. These are initial requisites to have a playground where we can develop and fully take advantage of singular properties of MOFs as well as visualize/understand the processes that take place within MOFs pores and somehow make structure-functionalities correlations and develop more performant MOFs nanoreactors. Then, we describe how to exploit the unique and singular features that offer each of these MOFs confined space for (i) the incorporation and stabilization of metals salts and complexes, (ii) the in situ stepwise synthesis of subnanometric metal clusters (SNMCs), and (iii) the confined-space self-assembly of supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs), by means of PSMs and underpinned by SC-XRD. The strategy outlined here has led to unique rewards such as the highly challenging gram-scale preparation of stable and well-defined ligand-free SNMCs, exhibiting outstanding catalytic activities, and the preparation of unique SCCs, different to those assembled in solution, with enhanced stabilities, catalytic activities, recyclabilities, and selectivities. The results presented in this Accounts are just a few recent examples, but highly encouraging, of the large potential way of MOFs acting as chemical nanoreactors. More work is needed to found the boundaries and fully understand the chemistry in the confined space. In this sense, mastering the synthetic chemistry of discrete organic molecules and inorganic complexes has basically changed our way of live. Thus, achieving the same degree of control on extended hybrid networks will open new frontiers of knowledge with unforeseen possibilities. We aim to stimulate the interest of researchers working in broadly different fields to fully unleash the host-guest chemistry in MOFs as chemical nanoreactors with exclusive functional species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Viciano-Chumillas
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Mon
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesus Ferrando-Soria
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Leyva-Pérez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Donatella Armentano
- Dipartamento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87030, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Emilio Pardo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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20
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Agarwal S, Mehta S, Joshi K. Understanding the ML black box with simple descriptors to predict cluster–adsorbate interaction energy. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00633e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) is currently one of the most accurate and yet practical theories used to gain insight into the properties of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Agarwal
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Shweta Mehta
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Kavita Joshi
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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21
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Li Z, Ji S, Liu Y, Cao X, Tian S, Chen Y, Niu Z, Li Y. Well-Defined Materials for Heterogeneous Catalysis: From Nanoparticles to Isolated Single-Atom Sites. Chem Rev 2019; 120:623-682. [PMID: 31868347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of well-defined materials in heterogeneous catalysis will open up numerous new opportunities for the development of advanced catalysts to address the global challenges in energy and the environment. This review surveys the roles of nanoparticles and isolated single atom sites in catalytic reactions. In the second section, the effects of size, shape, and metal-support interactions are discussed for nanostructured catalysts. Case studies are summarized to illustrate the dynamics of structure evolution of well-defined nanoparticles under certain reaction conditions. In the third section, we review the syntheses and catalytic applications of isolated single atomic sites anchored on different types of supports. In the final part, we conclude by highlighting the challenges and opportunities of well-defined materials for catalyst development and gaining a fundamental understanding of their active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Shufang Ji
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xing Cao
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Shubo Tian
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yuanjun Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Zhiqiang Niu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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22
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Resasco J, DeRita L, Dai S, Chada JP, Xu M, Yan X, Finzel J, Hanukovich S, Hoffman AS, Graham GW, Bare SR, Pan X, Christopher P. Uniformity Is Key in Defining Structure–Function Relationships for Atomically Dispersed Metal Catalysts: The Case of Pt/CeO2. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:169-184. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Resasco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Leo DeRita
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | | | - Joseph P. Chada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Mingjie Xu
- Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou 511458, PR China
| | | | - Jordan Finzel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sergei Hanukovich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Adam S. Hoffman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - George W. Graham
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Simon R. Bare
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Phillip Christopher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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23
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Ge Y, Le A, Marquino GJ, Nguyen PQ, Trujillo K, Schimelfenig M, Noble A. Tools for Prescreening the Most Active Sites on Ir and Rh Clusters toward C-H Bond Cleavage of Ethane: NBO Charges and Wiberg Bond Indexes. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:18809-18819. [PMID: 31737843 PMCID: PMC6854828 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
B3LYP calculations were carried out to study the insertion of iridium (Ir) and rhodium (Rh) clusters into a C-H bond of ethane, which is often the rate-limiting step of the catalytic cycle of oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. Our previous research on Ir catalysis correlates the diffusivity of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the Ir clusters and the relative activities of the various catalytic sites. The drawback of this research is that the molecular orbital visualization is qualitative rather than quantitative. Therefore, in this study on C-H bond activation by the Ir and Rh clusters, we conducted analyses of natural bond orbital (NBO) charges and Wiberg bond indexes (WBIs), both of which are not only quantitative but also independent of the basis sets. We found strong correlation between the NBO charges, the WBIs, and the relative activities of the various catalytic sites on the Ir and Rh clusters. Analyses of the NBO charges and the WBIs provide a fast and reliable means of prescreening the most active sites on the Ir and Rh clusters and potentially on other similar transition-metal clusters that activate the C-H bonds of ethane and other light alkanes.
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24
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Du Y, Sheng H, Astruc D, Zhu M. Atomically Precise Noble Metal Nanoclusters as Efficient Catalysts: A Bridge between Structure and Properties. Chem Rev 2019; 120:526-622. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Du
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Hongting Sheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Didier Astruc
- Université de Bordeaux, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Talence 33405 Cedex, France
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
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25
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Guan E, Fang CY, Yang D, Wang L, Xiao FS, Gates BC. Supported cluster catalysts synthesized to be small, simple, selective, and stable. Faraday Discuss 2018; 208:9-33. [PMID: 29901045 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00076j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular metal complexes on supports have drawn wide attention as catalysts offering new properties and opportunities for precise synthesis to make uniform catalytic species that can be understood in depth. Here we highlight advances in research with catalysts that are a step more complex than those incorporating single, isolated metal atoms on supports. These more complex catalysts consist of supported noble metal clusters and supported metal oxide clusters, and our emphasis is placed on some of the simplest and best-defined of these catalysts, made by precise synthesis, usually with organometallic precursors. Characterization of these catalysts by spectroscopic, microscopic, and theoretical methods is leading to rapid progress in fundamental understanding of catalyst structure and function, and to expansion of this class of materials. The simplest supported metal clusters incorporate two metal atoms each-they are pair-site catalysts. These and clusters containing several metal atoms have reactivities determined by the metal nuclearity, the ligands on the metal, and the supports, which themselves are ligands. Metal oxide clusters are also included in the discussion presented here, with Zr6O8 clusters that are nodes in metal-organic frameworks being among those that are understood the best. The surface and catalytic chemistries of these metal oxide clusters are distinct from those of bulk zirconia. A challenge in using any supported cluster catalysts is associated with their possible sintering, and recent research shows how metal nanoparticles can be encapsulated in sheaths with well-defined porous structures-zeolites-that make them highly resistant to sintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erjia Guan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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26
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Ro I, Resasco J, Christopher P. Approaches for Understanding and Controlling Interfacial Effects in Oxide-Supported Metal Catalysts. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Insoo Ro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | - Joaquin Resasco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | - Phillip Christopher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
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27
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Liu L, Corma A. Metal Catalysts for Heterogeneous Catalysis: From Single Atoms to Nanoclusters and Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4981-5079. [PMID: 29658707 PMCID: PMC6061779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1842] [Impact Index Per Article: 307.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Metal species with different size (single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles) show different catalytic behavior for various heterogeneous catalytic reactions. It has been shown in the literature that many factors including the particle size, shape, chemical composition, metal-support interaction, and metal-reactant/solvent interaction can have significant influences on the catalytic properties of metal catalysts. The recent developments of well-controlled synthesis methodologies and advanced characterization tools allow one to correlate the relationships at the molecular level. In this Review, the electronic and geometric structures of single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles will be discussed. Furthermore, we will summarize the catalytic applications of single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles for different types of reactions, including CO oxidation, selective oxidation, selective hydrogenation, organic reactions, electrocatalytic, and photocatalytic reactions. We will compare the results obtained from different systems and try to give a picture on how different types of metal species work in different reactions and give perspectives on the future directions toward better understanding of the catalytic behavior of different metal entities (single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles) in a unifying manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Liu
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politécnica de València-Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, España
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politécnica de València-Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, España
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28
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Mon M, Rivero‐Crespo MA, Ferrando‐Soria J, Vidal‐Moya A, Boronat M, Leyva‐Pérez A, Corma A, Hernández‐Garrido JC, López‐Haro M, Calvino JJ, Ragazzon G, Credi A, Armentano D, Pardo E. Synthesis of Densely Packaged, Ultrasmall Pt
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Clusters within a Thioether‐Functionalized MOF: Catalytic Activity in Industrial Reactions at Low Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6186-6191. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mon
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMOL). Universitat de València Paterna 46980 València Spain
| | - Miguel A. Rivero‐Crespo
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC). Universidad Politècnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Jesús Ferrando‐Soria
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMOL). Universitat de València Paterna 46980 València Spain
| | - Alejandro Vidal‐Moya
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC). Universidad Politècnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Mercedes Boronat
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC). Universidad Politècnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Antonio Leyva‐Pérez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC). Universidad Politècnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC). Universidad Politècnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Juan C. Hernández‐Garrido
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Cádiz Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT). Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Cádiz Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz Spain
| | - Miguel López‐Haro
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Cádiz Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT). Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Cádiz Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz Spain
| | - José J. Calvino
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Cádiz Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT). Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Cádiz Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz Spain
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari University of Bologna Viale Fanin 50 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - Donatella Armentano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche Università della Calabria 87030 Rende, Cosenza Italy
| | - Emilio Pardo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMOL). Universitat de València Paterna 46980 València Spain
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Mon M, Rivero‐Crespo MA, Ferrando‐Soria J, Vidal‐Moya A, Boronat M, Leyva‐Pérez A, Corma A, Hernández‐Garrido JC, López‐Haro M, Calvino JJ, Ragazzon G, Credi A, Armentano D, Pardo E. Synthesis of Densely Packaged, Ultrasmall Pt
0
2
Clusters within a Thioether‐Functionalized MOF: Catalytic Activity in Industrial Reactions at Low Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mon
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMOL). Universitat de València Paterna 46980 València Spain
| | - Miguel A. Rivero‐Crespo
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC). Universidad Politècnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Jesús Ferrando‐Soria
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMOL). Universitat de València Paterna 46980 València Spain
| | - Alejandro Vidal‐Moya
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC). Universidad Politècnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Mercedes Boronat
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC). Universidad Politècnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Antonio Leyva‐Pérez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC). Universidad Politècnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC). Universidad Politècnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Juan C. Hernández‐Garrido
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Cádiz Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT). Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Cádiz Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz Spain
| | - Miguel López‐Haro
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Cádiz Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT). Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Cádiz Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz Spain
| | - José J. Calvino
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Cádiz Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT). Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Cádiz Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real Cádiz Spain
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari University of Bologna Viale Fanin 50 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - Donatella Armentano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche Università della Calabria 87030 Rende, Cosenza Italy
| | - Emilio Pardo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMOL). Universitat de València Paterna 46980 València Spain
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30
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31
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Dong T, Xiong W, Yu J, Pienkos PT. Co-production of fully renewable medium chain α-olefins and bio-oilviahydrothermal liquefaction of biomass containing polyhydroxyalkanoic acid. RSC Adv 2018; 8:34380-34387. [PMID: 35548653 PMCID: PMC9086982 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07359g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Medium chain-length linear α-olefins (mcl-LAO) are versatile precursors to commodity products such as synthetic lubricants and biodegradable detergents, and have been traditionally produced from ethylene oligomerization and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (mcl-PHA) can be produced by some microorganisms as an energy storage. In this study, Pseudomonas putida biomass that contained mcl-PHA was used in HTL at 300 °C for 30 min, and up to 65 mol% of mcl-PHA was converted into mcl-LAO. The yield and quality of the bio-oil co-produced in the HTL was remarkably improved with the biomass rich in mcl-PHA. Experiments with extracted mcl-PHA revealed the degradation mechanism of mcl-PHA in HTL. Overall, this work demonstrates a novel process to co-produce mcl-LAO and bio-oil from renewable biomass. Co-production of fully renewable medium chain α-olefins and bio-oil by hydrothermal liquefaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- National Bioenergy Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Golden
- USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- National Bioenergy Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Golden
- USA
| | - Jianping Yu
- National Bioenergy Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Golden
- USA
| | - Philip T. Pienkos
- National Bioenergy Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Golden
- USA
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32
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Piotrowski MJ, Nagurniak GR, Silva EHD, Parreira RLT. Bareversusprotected tetrairidium clusters by density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:29480-29492. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05263h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The lowest energy configuration of the tetrairidium cluster is a square planar isomer in bare case, while the tetrahedral configuration is assumed in different chemical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eder H. da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas
- Universidade de Franca
- Franca
- Brazil
| | - Renato L. T. Parreira
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas
- Universidade de Franca
- Franca
- Brazil
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33
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Bottom-up precise synthesis of stable platinum dimers on graphene. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1070. [PMID: 29057957 PMCID: PMC5715161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Supported metal clusters containing only a few atoms are of great interest. Progress has been made in synthesis of metal single-atom catalysts. However, precise synthesis of metal dimers on high-surface area support remains a grand challenge. Here, we show that Pt2 dimers can be fabricated with a bottom–up approach on graphene using atomic layer deposition, through proper nucleation sites creation, Pt1 single-atom deposition and attaching a secondary Pt atom selectively on the preliminary one. Scanning transmission electron microscopy, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations suggest that the Pt2 dimers are likely in the oxidized form of Pt2Ox. In hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane, Pt2 dimers exhibit a high specific rate of 2800 molH2 molPt−1 min−1 at room temperature, ~17- and 45-fold higher than graphene supported Pt single atoms and nanoparticles, respectively. These findings open an avenue to bottom–up fabrication of supported atomically precise ultrafine metal clusters for practical applications. Controlled fabrication of few-atoms supported catalysts is a major challenge in the synthesis of nanomaterials. Here, the authors show a bottom-up approach to precisely synthesize platinum dimers supported on graphene, which display higher catalytic activity and stability than single atoms and nanoparticles.
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34
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Ogino I. X-ray absorption spectroscopy for single-atom catalysts: Critical importance and persistent challenges. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(17)62880-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Fortea-Pérez FR, Mon M, Ferrando-Soria J, Boronat M, Leyva-Pérez A, Corma A, Herrera JM, Osadchii D, Gascon J, Armentano D, Pardo E. The MOF-driven synthesis of supported palladium clusters with catalytic activity for carbene-mediated chemistry. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:760-766. [PMID: 28604715 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of catalysts able to assist industrially important chemical processes is a topic of high importance. In view of the catalytic capabilities of small metal clusters, research efforts are being focused on the synthesis of novel catalysts bearing such active sites. Here we report a heterogeneous catalyst consisting of Pd4 clusters with mixed-valence 0/+1 oxidation states, stabilized and homogeneously organized within the walls of a metal-organic framework (MOF). The resulting solid catalyst outperforms state-of-the-art metal catalysts in carbene-mediated reactions of diazoacetates, with high yields (>90%) and turnover numbers (up to 100,000). In addition, the MOF-supported Pd4 clusters retain their catalytic activity in repeated batch and flow reactions (>20 cycles). Our findings demonstrate how this synthetic approach may now instruct the future design of heterogeneous catalysts with advantageous reaction capabilities for other important processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco R Fortea-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMOL), Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Mon
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMOL), Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Ferrando-Soria
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMOL), Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Boronat
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Leyva-Pérez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Herrera
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Dmitrii Osadchii
- Catalysis Engineering-Chemical Engineering Dept, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Gascon
- Catalysis Engineering-Chemical Engineering Dept, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Donatella Armentano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87030 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Emilio Pardo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMOL), Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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36
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Liu Y, Wang Q, Liu H, Li K, Jia L, Li D, Hou B, Wang B. Insights into the metal-support interaction between NiCu cluster and MgO as well as its effect on H adsorption and H2 dissociation. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Palermo A, Solovyov A, Ertler D, Okrut A, Gates BC, Katz A. Dialing in single-site reactivity of a supported calixarene-protected tetrairidium cluster catalyst. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4951-4960. [PMID: 28959418 PMCID: PMC5607854 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A closed Ir4 carbonyl cluster, 1, comprising a tetrahedral metal frame and three sterically bulky tert-butyl-calix[4]arene(OPr)3(OCH2PPh2) (Ph = phenyl; Pr = propyl) ligands at the basal plane, was characterized with variable-temperature 13C NMR spectroscopy, which show the absence of scrambling of the CO ligands at temperatures up to 313 K. This demonstration of distinct sites for the CO ligands was found to extend to the reactivity and catalytic properties, as shown by selective decarbonylation in a reaction with trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) as an oxidant, which, reacting in the presence of ethylene, leads to the selective bonding of an ethyl ligand at the apical Ir site. These clusters were supported intact on porous silica and found to catalyze ethylene hydrogenation, and a comparison of the kinetics of the single-hydrogenation reaction and steady-state hydrogenation catalysis demonstrates a unique single-site catalyst-with each site having the same catalytic activity. Reaction orders in the catalytic ethylene hydrogenation reaction of approximately 1/2 and 0 for H2 and C2H4, respectively, nearly match those for conventional noble-metal catalysts. In contrast to oxidative decarbonylation, thermal desorption of CO from silica-supported cluster 1 occurred exclusively at the basal plane, giving rise to sites that do not react with ethylene and are catalytically inactive for ethylene hydrogenation. The evidence of distinctive sites on the cluster catalyst leads to a model that links to hydrogen-transfer catalysis on metals-involving some surface sites that bond to both hydrocarbon and hydrogen and are catalytically engaged (so-called "*" sites) and others, at the basal plane, which bond hydrogen and CO but not hydrocarbon and are reservoir sites (so-called "S" sites).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Palermo
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California at Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , USA .
| | - Andrew Solovyov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720-1462 , USA . ;
| | - Daniel Ertler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720-1462 , USA . ;
| | - Alexander Okrut
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720-1462 , USA . ;
| | - Bruce C Gates
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California at Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , USA .
| | - Alexander Katz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720-1462 , USA . ;
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38
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Ge Y, Jiang H, Kato R, Gummagatta P. Size and Site Dependence of the Catalytic Activity of Iridium Clusters toward Ethane Dehydrogenation. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9500-9508. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingbin Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, United States
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, United States
| | - Russell Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, United States
| | - Prasuna Gummagatta
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, United States
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39
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Rimoldi M, Mezzetti A. Batch and Continuous Flow Hydrogenation of Liquid and Gaseous Alkenes Catalyzed by a Silica-grafted Iridium(III) Hydride. Helv Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201600184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martino Rimoldi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich
| | - Antonio Mezzetti
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich
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40
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Gao H. DFT study of the adsorption properties of single Pt, Pd, Ag, In and Sn on the γ-Al2O3 (1 1 0) surface. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Heard CJ, Hu C, Skoglundh M, Creaser D, Grönbeck H. Kinetic Regimes in Ethylene Hydrogenation over Transition-Metal Surfaces. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Heard
- Department
of Applied Physics, ‡Competence Centre for Catalysis, and §Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Chaoquan Hu
- Department
of Applied Physics, ‡Competence Centre for Catalysis, and §Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Skoglundh
- Department
of Applied Physics, ‡Competence Centre for Catalysis, and §Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Derek Creaser
- Department
of Applied Physics, ‡Competence Centre for Catalysis, and §Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Grönbeck
- Department
of Applied Physics, ‡Competence Centre for Catalysis, and §Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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42
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Coupry DE, Butson J, Petkov PS, Saunders M, O'Donnell K, Kim H, Buckley C, Addicoat M, Heine T, Szilágyi PÁ. Controlling embedment and surface chemistry of nanoclusters in metal–organic frameworks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5175-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00659k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A combined theoretical and experimental approach demonstrates that nanocluster embedment into the pores of metal–organic frameworks (MOF) may be influenced by the chemical functionalisation of the MOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. E. Coupry
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences
- Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - J. Butson
- Department of Physics
- Astronomy and Medical Radiation Sciences
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - P. S. Petkov
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences
- Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - M. Saunders
- Centre for Microscopy
- Characterisation and Analysis
- Perth
- Australia
| | - K. O'Donnell
- Department of Physics
- Astronomy and Medical Radiation Sciences
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - H. Kim
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - C. Buckley
- Department of Physics
- Astronomy and Medical Radiation Sciences
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - M. Addicoat
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences
- Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - T. Heine
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences
- Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
| | - P. Á. Szilágyi
- Department of Physics
- Astronomy and Medical Radiation Sciences
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
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43
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Rafiee E, Khodayari M. Starch as a green source for Fe3O4@carbon core–shell nanoparticles synthesis: a support for 12-tungstophosphoric acid, synthesis, characterization, and application as an efficient catalyst. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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Ferry A, Schaepe K, Tegeder P, Richter C, Chepiga KM, Ravoo BJ, Glorius F. Negatively Charged N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Stabilized Pd and Au Nanoparticles and Efficient Catalysis in Water. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Ferry
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kira Schaepe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Patricia Tegeder
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kathryn M. Chepiga
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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45
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Bayram E, Lu J, Aydin C, Browning ND, Özkar S, Finney E, Gates BC, Finke RG. Agglomerative Sintering of an Atomically Dispersed Ir1/Zeolite Y Catalyst: Compelling Evidence Against Ostwald Ripening but for Bimolecular and Autocatalytic Agglomeration Catalyst Sintering Steps. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Bayram
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jing Lu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ceren Aydin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nigel D. Browning
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Saim Özkar
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eric Finney
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Bruce C. Gates
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Richard G. Finke
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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46
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Chen Y, Huo M, Chen T, Li Q, Sun Z, Song L. The properties of Irn (n = 2–10) clusters and their nucleation on γ-Al2O3 and MgO surfaces: from ab initio studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:1680-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04881d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption and nucleation of Ir clusters on γ-Al2O3(001) and MgO(100) based on first-principles calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miao Huo
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
| | - Tong Chen
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Additive and Condiment Testing
- Zhenjiang entry-exit inspection quarantine bureau
| | - Qiang Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Catalytic Science and Technology
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- China
| | - Zhaolin Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Catalytic Science and Technology
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- China
| | - Lijuan Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Catalytic Science and Technology
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- China
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47
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Qi K, Zhao JM, Wang GC. A density functional theory study of ethylene hydrogenation on MgO- and γ-Al2O3-supported carbon-containing Ir4 clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4899-908. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02958e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A CIr4 cluster supported on γ-Al2O3(110) shows higher reactivity than that on MgO(100) for the hydrogenation of ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhen Qi
- College of Chemistry and Life Science
- Shenyang Normal University
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Jin-Mo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Lab of Metal and Molecule-based Material Chemistry and Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Gui-Chang Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Lab of Metal and Molecule-based Material Chemistry and Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
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48
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Sharninghausen LS, Mercado BQ, Crabtree RH, Balcells D, Campos J. Gel-assisted crystallization of [Ir4(IMe)7(CO)H10]2+ and [Ir4(IMe)8H9]3+ clusters derived from catalytic glycerol dehydrogenation. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:18403-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03302k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two unique Ir4 clusters isolated during catalytic glycerol dehydrogenation, crystallized using aqueous and organic gel matrices and displaying remarkable structural features are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Balcells
- The Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo
- N-0315 Oslo
- Norway
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49
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Garino C, Borfecchia E, Gobetto R, van Bokhoven JA, Lamberti C. Determination of the electronic and structural configuration of coordination compounds by synchrotron-radiation techniques. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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50
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Okrut A, Runnebaum RC, Ouyang X, Lu J, Aydin C, Hwang SJ, Zhang S, Olatunji-Ojo OA, Durkin KA, Dixon DA, Gates BC, Katz A. Selective molecular recognition by nanoscale environments in a supported iridium cluster catalyst. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 9:459-465. [PMID: 24747837 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The active sites of enzymes are contained within nanoscale environments that exhibit exquisite levels of specificity to particular molecules. The development of such nanoscale environments on synthetic surfaces, which would be capable of discriminating between molecules that would nominally bind in a similar way to the surface, could be of use in nanosensing, selective catalysis and gas separation. However, mimicking such subtle behaviour, even crudely, with a synthetic system remains a significant challenge. Here, we show that the reactive sites on the surface of a tetrairidium cluster can be controlled by using three calixarene-phosphine ligands to create a selective nanoscale environment at the metal surface. Each ligand is 1.4 nm in length and envelopes the cluster core in a manner that discriminates between the reactivities of the basal-plane and apical iridium atoms. CO ligands are initially present on the clusters and can be selectively removed from the basal-plane sites by thermal dissociation and from the apical sites by reactive decarbonylation with the bulky reactant trimethylamine-N-oxide. Both steps lead to the creation of metal sites that can bind CO molecules, but only the reactive decarbonylation step creates vacancies that are also able to bond to ethylene, and catalyse its hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Okrut
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ron C Runnebaum
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Xiaoying Ouyang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Ceren Aydin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Son-Jong Hwang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Shengjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - Olayinka A Olatunji-Ojo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Kathleen A Durkin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - Bruce C Gates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Katz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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