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Sun Y, Zhang M, Chen CC, Gillilland M, Sun X, El-Zaatari M, Huffnagle GB, Young VB, Zhang J, Hong SC, Chang YM, Gumucio DL, Owyang C, Kao JY. Stress-induced corticotropin-releasing hormone-mediated NLRP6 inflammasome inhibition and transmissible enteritis in mice. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:1478-87, 1487.e1-8. [PMID: 23470617 PMCID: PMC3777426 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Stress alters brain-gut interactions and could exacerbate intestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome. Alterations in the intestinal microbiota have been associated with irritable bowel syndrome. Maintenance of healthy microbiota requires nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein-like receptors, pyrin-domain containing (NLRP)-6 inflammasomes. We investigated the involvement of NLRP6 in water-avoidance stress (WAS)-induced intestinal disorders in mice. METHODS B57BL6 mice were subjected to WAS for 1 hour each day for 10 days; body weights and intestinal inflammation and permeability were analyzed. We investigated signaling via the NLRP3 and NLRP6 inflammasomes, and the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in WAS-associated inflammation and NLRP6 inhibition. Mice that were not exposed to stress were co-housed with mice subjected to WAS to determine the effects of WAS-induced dysbiosis, measured by sequencing bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA. We also assessed the effects of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist and probiotics. RESULTS WAS-induced small-bowel inflammation (enteritis) was associated with inhibition of NLRP6, but not NLRP3, and was prevented by a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist, which induced epithelial expression of NLRP6. CRH was released during WAS and inhibited NLRP6 expression. WAS induced alterations in the gut microbiota of mice; co-housed nonstressed mice developed enteritis associated with increased CRH and decreased levels of NLRP6. Probiotic therapy reduced intestinal inflammation in mice with WAS-induced enteritis. CONCLUSIONS Exposure of mice to stress inhibits NLRP6 and alters the composition of the gut microbiota, leading to intestinal inflammation. These findings might explain the benefits of probiotics for patients with stress-associated gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundong Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chun-Chia Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National, Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Merritt Gillilland
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xia Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Institue of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mohamad El-Zaatari
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gary B. Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vincent B. Young
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Zhengzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Soon-Cheol Hong
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yu-Ming Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Deborah L. Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chung Owyang
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John Y. Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Zambetti LP, Laudisi F, Licandro G, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Mortellaro A. The rhapsody of NLRPs: master players of inflammation...and a lot more. Immunol Res 2012; 53:78-90. [PMID: 22427013 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, Leucine-rich Repeat and Pyrin domain containing (NLRP) family and corresponding inflammasomes are important intracellular sensors of microbial pathogens and stress signals that promote caspase-1-mediated release of IL-1β and IL-18. Studies using targeted disruption of NLRP1 and NLRP3 have revealed key roles for these inflammasomes in innate immunity and inflammation, as well as in autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancers. The newly identified family members NLRP6, NLRP10, and NLRP12 are emerging as important molecules regulating gut homeostasis in mouse models, as well as being correlated to human diseases. Here, we review our current knowledge of NLRP1 and NLRP3 biology, from molecular structure, function, and proposed models of activation to associations with several human disorders. New insights into novel NLRPs that act as regulators of intestinal immunity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Paola Zambetti
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #04 Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore
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Shanahan F. The microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease: friend, bystander, and sometime-villain. Nutr Rev 2012; 70 Suppl 1:S31-7. [PMID: 22861805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease, represent the heterogeneous outcome of three colliding influences: genetic risk factors, environmental modifiers, and immune effector mechanisms of tissue injury. The nature of these inputs is complex, with each having distinct and overlapping contributions to ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Identification of specific genetic risk factors has improved the understanding of specific pathways to disease, but the primacy of environmental or lifestyle factors linked to changes in the gut microbiota, particularly in early life, is increasingly evident. Clarification of the molecular basis of host-microbe interactions in health and in susceptible individuals promises novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus Shanahan
- Department of Medicine and Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
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