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Zhu X, Wang Z, Teng F. A review of regulated self-organizing approaches for tissue regeneration. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 167:63-78. [PMID: 34293337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue and organ regeneration is the dynamic process by which a population of cells rearranges into a specific form with specific functions. Traditional tissue regeneration utilizes tissue grafting, cell implantation, and structured scaffolds to achieve clinical efficacy. However, tissue grafting methods face a shortage of donor tissue, while cell implantation may involve leakage of the implanted cells without a supportive 3D matrix. Cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation in structured scaffolds may disorganize and frustrate the artificially pre-designed structures, and sometimes involve immunogenic reactions. To overcome this limitation, the self-organizing properties and innate regenerative capability of tissue/organism formation in the absence of guidance by structured scaffolds has been investigated. This review emphasizes the growing subfield of the regulated self-organizing approach for neotissue formation and describes advances in the subfield using diverse, cutting-edge, inter-disciplinarity technologies. We cohesively summarize the directed self-organization of cells in the micro-engineered cell-ECM system and 3D/4D cell printing. Mathematical modeling of cellular self-organization is also discussed for providing rational guidance to intractable problems in tissue regeneration. It is envisioned that future self-organization approaches integrating biomathematics, micro-nano engineering, and gene circuits developed from synthetic biology will continue to work in concert with self-organizing morphogenesis to enhance rational control during self-organizing in tissue and organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhu
- College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213022, China; Changzhou Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacture Technology, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213022, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Special Robot Technology, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213022, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213022, China
| | - Fang Teng
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, China.
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Lara-Velazquez M, Akinduro OO, Reimer R, Woodmansee WW, Quinones-Hinojosa A. Stem cell therapy and its potential role in pituitary disorders. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2017; 24:292-300. [PMID: 28520591 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pituitary gland is one of the key components of the endocrine system. Congenital or acquired alterations can mediate destruction of cells in the gland leading to hormonal dysfunction. Even though pharmacological treatment for pituitary disorders is available, exogenous hormone replacement is neither curative nor sustainable. Thus, alternative therapies to optimize management and improve quality of life are desired. RECENT FINDINGS An alternative modality to re-establish pituitary function is to promote endocrine cell regeneration through stem cells that can be obtained from the pituitary parenchyma or pluripotent cells. Stem cell therapy has been successfully applied to a plethora of other disorders, and is a promising alternative to hormonal supplementation for resumption of normal hormone homeostasis. SUMMARY In this review, we describe the common causes for pituitary deficiencies and the advances in cellular therapy to restore the physiological pituitary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Lara-Velazquez
- aDepartment of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Florida bNational Autonomous University of Mexico, PECEM, Mexico cDepartment of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Florida, USA
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Zhu X, Gojgini S, Chen TH, Fei P, Dong S, Ho CM, Segura T. Directing three-dimensional multicellular morphogenesis by self-organization of vascular mesenchymal cells in hyaluronic acid hydrogels. J Biol Eng 2017; 11:12. [PMID: 28392831 PMCID: PMC5376694 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical scaffolds are useful for supporting cells to form three-dimensional (3D) tissue. However, it is non-trivial to develop a scheme that can robustly guide cells to self-organize into a tissue with the desired 3D spatial structures. To achieve this goal, the rational regulation of cellular self-organization in 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) such as hydrogel is needed. RESULTS In this study, we integrated the Turing reaction-diffusion mechanism with the self-organization process of cells and produced multicellular 3D structures with the desired configurations in a rational manner. By optimizing the components of the hydrogel and applying exogenous morphogens, a variety of multicellular 3D architectures composed of multipotent vascular mesenchymal cells (VMCs) were formed inside hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels. These 3D architectures could mimic the features of trabecular bones and multicellular nodules. Based on the Turing reaction-diffusion instability of morphogens and cells, a theoretical model was proposed to predict the variations observed in 3D multicellular structures in response to exogenous factors. It enabled the feasibility to obtain diverse types of 3D multicellular structures by addition of Noggin and/or BMP2. CONCLUSIONS The morphological consistency between the simulation prediction and experimental results probably revealed a Turing-type mechanism underlying the 3D self-organization of VMCs in HA hydrogels. Our study has provided new ways to create a variety of self-organized 3D multicellular architectures for regenerating biomaterial and tissues in a Turing mechanism-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213022 China
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Shiva Gojgini
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peng Fei
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Siyan Dong
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Chih-Ming Ho
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Tatiana Segura
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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Abstract
Significant progress has been made recently in unravelling the embryonic events leading to pituitary morphogenesis, both in vivo and in vitro. This includes dissection of the molecular mechanisms controlling patterning of the ventral diencephalon that regulate formation of the pituitary anlagen or Rathke's pouch. There is also a better characterisation of processes that underlie maintenance of pituitary progenitors, specification of endocrine lineages and the three-dimensional organisation of newly differentiated endocrine cells. Furthermore, a population of adult pituitary stem cells (SCs), originating from embryonic progenitors, have been described and shown to have not only regenerative potential, but also the capacity to induce tumour formation. Finally, the successful recapitulation in vitro of embryonic events leading to generation of endocrine cells from embryonic SCs, and their subsequent transplantation, represents exciting advances towards the use of regenerative medicine to treat endocrine deficits. In this review, an up-to-date description of pituitary morphogenesis will be provided and discussed with particular reference to pituitary SC studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Rizzoti
- Division of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental GeneticsMRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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Vankelecom H, Chen J. Pituitary stem cells: where do we stand? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 385:2-17. [PMID: 23994027 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Some 5 years ago, the stem cells of the adult pituitary gland were discovered. Subsequent in-depth characterization revealed expression of several stemness markers and embryo-typical factors. Now, the quest is open to decipher their role in the gland. When and how pituitary stem cells differentiate to contribute to the mature hormone-producing cell populations is not known. New research models support their involvement in cell regeneration after injury in the gland, and suggest a possible role in pituitary tumor formation. From their expression phenotype, pituitary stem cells seem to re-use embryonic developmental programs during the creation of new hormonal cells. Here, we will review the latest progression in the domain of pituitary stem cells, including the uncovering of some new molecular flavors and of the first potential functions. Eventually, we will speculate on their differentiation programs towards hormonal cells, with a particular focus on gonadotropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jianghai Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China.
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Paroder V, Miller T, Cohen MM, Shanske AL. Absent sella turcica: a case report and a review of the literature. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2013; 32:375-83. [PMID: 23688421 DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2013.799249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Absent sella turcica is an extremely rare and dramatic radiographic finding. It may be isolated or occur in the presence of other anomalies, often involving the adenohypophysis. Our evaluation of a female infant with multiple anomalies including absence of the sella turcica, a normal pituitary in the craniopharyngeal canal, normal pituitary function, choanal atresia and anomalies of the appendiceal skeleton prompted a review of the occurrence and biology of an absent sella turcica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Paroder
- Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 18:241-50. [PMID: 23486386 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835f5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Paroder V, Miller T, Shanske AL, Shiota K, Khan MN, Cohen Jr MM. Letter to the editor: Hidden pituitary gland: Implications for assessment. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:630-1. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Lloyd RV, Hardin H, Montemayor-Garcia C, Rotondo F, Syro LV, Horvath E, Kovacs K. Stem cells and cancer stem-like cells in endocrine tissues. Endocr Pathol 2013; 24:1-10. [PMID: 23435637 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-013-9235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells are a subpopulation of self-renewing cells that are more resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy than the other surrounding cancer cells. The cancer stem cell model predicts that only a subset of cancer cells possess the ability to self-renew and produce progenitor cells that can reconstitute and sustain tumor growth. Evidence supporting the existence of cancer stem-like cells in the thyroid, pituitary, and in other endocrine tissues is rapidly accumulating. These cells have been studied using specific biomarkers including: CD133, CD44, Nestin, Nanog, and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme. Putative cancer stem-like cells can be studied in vitro using serum-free media supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor grown in low attachment plates or in extracellular matrix leading to sphere formation in vitro. Cancer stem-like cells can also be separated by fluorescent cell sorting and used for in vitro or in vivo studies. Injection of enriched populations of cancer stem-like cells (also referred to as tumor initiating cells) into immunodeficient mice results in growth of xenografts which express cancer stem-like biomarkers. Human cancer stem-like cells have been identified in thyroid cancer cell lines, in primary thyroid cancers, in normal pituitary, and in pituitary tumors. Other recent studies suggest the existence of stem cells and cancer stem-like cells in endocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, lungs, adrenal, parathyroid, and skin. New discoveries in this field may lead to more effective therapies for highly aggressive and lethal endocrine cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo V Lloyd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, K4/436 CSC 8550, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Toescu EC, Dayanithi G. Neuroendocrine signalling: natural variations on a Ca2+ theme. Cell Calcium 2012; 51:207-11. [PMID: 22385835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This special issue on Ca(2+) signalling in neuroendocrine cells is an opportunity to assess, through a range of first-class review articles, the complex world of endocrine signalling, a complexity that is probably best captured by calling it "diversity in unity". The unity comes from the fact that all the endocrine cells are excitable cells, able to generate action potentials and are using Ca(2+) as an essential informational molecule, coupling cell stimulation with the activation of secretion, through the exocytotic process. The 'diversity' element, illustrated by almost all the reviews, stems from the modalities employed to achieve the increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) signal, the balance between the participation of Ca(2+) entry through the plasma membrane voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels and the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular Ca(2+) stores, and the cross-talk between the Ca(2+) and cyclic AMP signalling pathways.
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