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Li S, Kang Y, Zeng Y. Targeting tumor and bone microenvironment: Novel therapeutic opportunities for castration-resistant prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189033. [PMID: 38040267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite standard hormonal therapy that targets the androgen receptor (AR) attenuates prostate cancer (PCa) effectively in the initial stage, the tumor ultimately converts to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and the acquired resistance is still a great challenge for the management of advanced prostate cancer patients. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of multiple cellular and noncellular agents is well known as a vital role during the development and progression of CRPC by establishing communication between TME and tumor cells. Additionally, as primary prostate cancer progresses towards metastasis, and CRPC always experiences bone metastasis, the TME is conducive to the spread of tumors to the distant sits, particularly in bone. In addition, the bone microenvironment (BME) is also closely related to the survival, growth and colonization of metastatic tumor cells. The present review summarized the recent studies which mainly focused on the role of TME or BME in the CRPC patients with bone metastasis, and discussed the underlying mechanisms, as well as the potential therapeutic values of targeting TME and BME in the management of metastatic CRPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Li
- Second ward of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Surgery,Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China; The Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research on Gastrointestinal Tumor Combining Medicine with Engineering, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Kang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China.
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2
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Wang J, Deng T, Sun H, Sun X, You Y, Wang Y, Xun Q, Ma Y. Efficacy and safety of moxibustion for benign prostatic hyperplasia: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e28437. [PMID: 34941196 PMCID: PMC8702266 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland that is common in older men. The clinical manifestations of BPH are frequent urination, urgency, incomplete dribbling of urine, and urinary retention. Moxibustion, as a convenient, safe and effective method, has been widely applied in the clinical treatment of BPH. The study aim to assess the efficacy and safety of moxibustion for BPH. METHODS The following electronic databases will be searched regardless of language and publication status: Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, China Biomedical Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database, and Wanfang Database, to select studies that meet the requirements. The study will consist of a prospective randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of moxibustion in the treatment of BPH, language of publication does not have barrier of blinding or restrictions, adverse events will be assessed and reported for safety assessment. Two reviewers will independently conduct and screen all included studies and the meta-analysis will be performed with RevMan V5.3. RESULTS The study will provide a high-quality convincing assessment of efficacy and safety of moxibustion for BPH. CONCLUSION The conclusion of this study will provide the latest evidence for judging whether moxibustion is effective and safe in the treatment of BPH. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER INPLASY2021120021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaze Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Deng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolu Sun
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuwei You
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Xun
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Chen L, Wang YY, Li D, Wang C, Wang SY, Shao SH, Zhu ZY, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Ruan Y, Han BM, Xia SJ, Jiang CY, Zhao FJ. LMO2 upregulation due to AR deactivation in cancer-associated fibroblasts induces non-cell-autonomous growth of prostate cancer after androgen deprivation. Cancer Lett 2021; 503:138-150. [PMID: 33503448 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in prostate fibroblasts in addition to normal prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Moreover, AR activation in fibroblasts dramatically influences prostate cancer (PCa) cell behavior. Androgen deprivation leads to deregulation of AR downstream target genes in both fibroblasts and PCa cells. Here, we identified LIM domain only 2 (LMO2) as an AR target gene in prostate fibroblasts using ChIP-seq and revealed that LMO2 can be repressed directly by AR through binding to androgen response elements (AREs), which results in LMO2 overexpression after AR deactivation due to normal prostate fibroblasts to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) transformation or androgen deprivation therapy. Next, we investigated the mechanisms of LMO2 overexpression in fibroblasts and the role of this event in non-cell-autonomous promotion of PCa cells growth in the androgen-independent manner through paracrine release of IL-11 and FGF-9. Collectively, our data suggest that AR deactivation deregulates LMO2 expression in prostate fibroblasts, which induces castration resistance in PCa cells non-cell-autonomously through IL-11 and FGF-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yue-Yang Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Deng Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Jiangyin People's Hospital, Jiangyin, 214400, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Si-Hui Shao
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Zhu
- Clinical Medical College, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Bang-Min Han
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shu-Jie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Chen-Yi Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Fu-Jun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China; Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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Yang BY, Jiang CY, Dai CY, Zhao RZ, Wang XJ, Zhu YP, Qian YX, Yin FL, Fu XY, Jing YF, Han BM, Xia SJ, Ruan Y. 5-ARI induces autophagy of prostate epithelial cells through suppressing IGF-1 expression in prostate fibroblasts. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12590. [PMID: 30883989 PMCID: PMC6536403 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives 5α‐reductase inhibitor (5‐ARI) is a commonly used medicine in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Our study mainly focuses on the mechanism of BPH development after 5ARI treatment. Materials and Methods Prostate specimens from patients were collected. Insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), Beclin‐1, LC3 levels, was analysed by immunohistochemistry. The role IGF‐1 on autophagic flux in prostate epithelial cells was studied. Additionally, effect of autophagy on recombinant grafts consisting of prostate stromal and epithelial cells in nude mice was investigated. Results We demonstrated that IGF‐1 expression is down‐regulated in prostate fibroblasts after long‐term 5‐ARI application. A decrease in IGF‐1 levels was found to activate autophagic flux through the mTOR pathway in prostate epithelial cells, while the inhibition of IGF‐1 receptor function induced autophagy in prostate epithelial cells. In addition, we revealed that blocking autophagic flux initiation can reduce the volume of recombinant grafts in vivo. Finally, our findings suggest that long‐term 5‐ARI application reduces IGF‐1 secretion by prostatic stromal cells, thereby inducing autophagy of prostatic epithelial cells, which is one of the mechanisms underlying BPH pathogenesis and progression. Conclusions Focusing on the autophagy induced by low levels of IGF‐1 in prostatic epithelial cells, after elucidating AR signalling impairment of prostate stromal cells, might provide a novel strategy for the treatment and prevention of BPH development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yu Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Yi Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Yun Dai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Zhe Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Jie Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ping Zhu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xin Qian
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu-Li Yin
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Fu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Feng Jing
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bang-Min Han
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Jie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jiang CY, Yang BY, Zhao S, Shao SH, Bei XY, Shi F, Sun Q, Deng Z, Wang XH, Han BM, Zhao FJ, Xia SJ, Ruan Y. Deregulation of ATG9A by impaired AR signaling induces autophagy in prostate stromal fibroblasts and promotes BPH progression. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:431. [PMID: 29568063 PMCID: PMC5864884 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The activation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays an essential role in both prostate stromal cells and epithelial cells during the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Here we demonstrated that androgen ablation after 5α-reductase inhibitor (5-ARI) treatment induced autophagy in prostate stromal fibroblasts inhibiting cell apoptosis. In addition, we found that ATG9A expression was increased after androgen ablation, which facilitated autophagic flux development. Knockdown of ATG9A not only inhibited autophagy notably in prostate stromal fibroblasts, but also reduced the volumes of prostate stromal fibroblast and epithelial cell recombinant grafts in nude mice. In conclusion, our findings suggested that ATG9A upregulation after long-term 5-ARI treatment constitutes a possible mechanism of BPH progression. Thus, combined treatment with 5-ARI and autophagy inhibitory agents would reduce the risk of BPH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Bo-Yu Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Si-Hui Shao
- Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Bei
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zheng Deng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xiao-Hai Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Bang-Min Han
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Fu-Jun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shu-Jie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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6
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Jiang CY, Yu JJ, Ruan Y, Wang XH, Zhao W, Wang XJ, Zhu YP, Gao Y, Hao KY, Chen L, Han BM, Xia SJ, Zhao FJ. LIM domain only 2 over-expression in prostate stromal cells facilitates prostate cancer progression through paracrine of Interleukin-11. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26247-58. [PMID: 27028859 PMCID: PMC5041978 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of stromal-epithelial crosstalk are essential for Prostate cancer (PCa) tumorigenesis and progression. Peripheral zone of the prostate gland possesses a stronger inclination for PCa than transition zone. We previously found a variety of genes that differently expressed among different prostate stromal cells, including LIM domain only 2 (LMO2) which highly expressed in peripheral zone derived stromal cells (PZSCs) and PCa associated fibroblasts (CAFs) compared to transition zone derived stromal cells (TZSCs). Studies on its role in tumors have highlighted LMO2 as an oncogene. Herein, we aim to study the potential mechanisms of stromal LMO2 in promoting PCa progression. The in vitro cells co-culture and in vivo cells recombination revealed that LMO2 over-expressed prostate stromal cells could promote the proliferation and invasiveness of either prostate epithelial or cancer cells. Further protein array screening confirmed that stromal LMO2 stimulated the secretion of Interleukin-11 (IL-11), which could promote proliferation and invasiveness of PCa cells via IL-11 receptor α (IL11Rα) – STAT3 signaling. Moreover, stromal LMO2 over-expression could suppress miR-204-5p which was proven to be a negative regulator of IL-11 expression. Taken together, results of our study demonstrate that prostate stromal LMO2 is capable of stimulating IL-11 secretion and by which activates IL11Rα – STAT3 signaling in PCa cells and then facilitates PCa progression. These results may make stromal LMO2 responsible for zonal characteristic of PCa and as a target for PCa microenvironment-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yu
- Department of Urology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xiao-Hai Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xing-Jie Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yi-Ping Zhu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Kui-Yuan Hao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Bang-Min Han
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Shu-Jie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.,Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Fu-Jun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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Zou Q, Cui D, Liang S, Xia S, Jing Y, Han B. Aging up-regulates ARA55 in stromal cells, inducing androgen-mediated prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration. J Mol Histol 2016; 47:305-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-016-9679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Peng Y, Chen Q, Gu M, Chen Y, Zhang M, Zhou J, Wang H, Gao Y, Li W, Wang Z, Cai Z. Human Stromal Cells in the Peripheral Zone of the Prostate Promote Tumorigenesis of Prostatic Cancer Stem Cells through Up-regulation of C-Kit Expression. J Cancer 2015; 6:776-85. [PMID: 26185540 PMCID: PMC4504114 DOI: 10.7150/jca.9961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Most prostate cancers originate from the prostatic peripheral zone (PZ). We tested the hypothesis that the stromal cells from PZ and transitional zone (TZ) have differential effects on the ability of tumorigenesis. Methods: Stromal cells isolated from the PZ and TZ of normal human prostates mixed with DU145 cells subcutaneously injected into athymic nude mice. The volume and weight of tumors was measured and analyzing the ability of purified DU145 cells isolated from the tumors to migrate and proliferate. The expression patterns of stem cell-specific genes of these DU145 cells were examined. The C-Kit inhibitor, imatinib mesylate, was administrated to confirm the effect of stromal cells on the tumorigenesis. Results: The volume and weight of tumors were significantly higher in mice transplanted with DU145 and stromal cells from PZ. In contrast, the data was significantly lower with DU145 and stromal cells from TZ than DU145 alone. The purified DU145 cells isolated from the tumors with DU145 and stromal cells in PZ had increased ability to migrate and proliferate, and had increased expression of C-Kit. These effects of the stromal cells in the PZ on DU145 cells could be blocked using imatinib mesylate. Conclusions: Human stromal cells in the PZ promote the in vivo tumorigenesis of DU145 through up-regulating C-Kit; in contrast, the stromal cells in the TZ inhibit it through down-regulating the expression of C-Kit. The model will be useful for understanding the mechanisms by which the prostatic stem cell niche controls the tumorigeneis of prostatic cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Peng
- 1. Department of Urology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qi Chen
- 1. Department of Urology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Meng Gu
- 1. Department of Urology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yanbo Chen
- 1. Department of Urology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- 1. Department of Urology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- 1. Department of Urology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Hao Wang
- 1. Department of Urology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yan Gao
- 2. Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wenji Li
- 1. Department of Urology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- 1. Department of Urology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhikang Cai
- 1. Department of Urology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
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9
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Al Suhaibani ES, Kizilbash NA, Al Beladi F. Comparative Histopathological Characterization of Prostate Cancer in Saudi Patients by Conventional and 2005 ISUP Modified Gleason Systems. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:10923-6. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.24.10923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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10
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Lu YY, Jiang B, Zhao FJ, Cui D, Jiang Q, Yu JJ, Li EH, Wang XH, Han BM, Xia SJ. Androgen receptors expressed by prostatic stromal cells obtained from younger versus older males exhibit opposite roles in prostate cancer progression. Asian J Androl 2013; 15:672-8. [PMID: 23792338 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2013.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for prostate cancer (PCa), and prostatic stromal cells may also promote PCa progression. Accordingly, stromal cells do not equally promote PCa in older males and younger males. Therefore, it is also possible that the expression of androgen receptors (ARs) by prostatic stromal cells in older versus younger males plays different roles in PCa progression. Using a gene knockdown technique and coculture system, we found that the knockdown of the AR in prostatic stromal cells obtained from younger males could promote the invasiveness and metastasis of cocultured PC3/LNCaP cells in vitro. By contrast, the invasiveness and metastasis of LNCaP cells was inhibited when cocultured with prostatic stromal cells from older males that when AR expression was knocked down. Moreover, after targeting AR expression with small hairpin RNA (shRNA), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in stromal cells was observed to increase in the younger group, but decreased or remained unchanged in the older group. One exception, however, was observed with MMP9. In vivo, after knocking down AR expression in prostatic stromal cells, the incidence of metastatic lymph nodes was observed to increase in the younger age group, but decreased in the older age group. Together, these data suggest that the AR in prostatic stromal cells played opposite roles in PCa metastasis for older versus younger males. Therefore, collectively, the function of the AR in prostatic stromal cells appears to change with age, and this may account for the increased incidence of PCa in older males.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Yi Lu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated First People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Matos AR, Coutinho-Camillo CM, Thuler LCS, Fonseca FP, Soares FA, Silva EA, Gimba ER. Expression analysis of thrombospondin 2 in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 94:438-44. [PMID: 23470460 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin 2 (TSP2) is a protein with important roles in different tumor types, mainly related to tumor inhibition. However, there are limiting data regarding TSP2 in prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We aimed to investigate TSP2 transcript and protein expression in tumoral and non-tumoral prostate tissues and cell lines, and its implications for PCa diagnosis and progression. TSP2 transcript expression was evaluated by real time PCR in PCa and BPH tissue samples and in tumoral and non-tumoral cell lines. TSP2 protein expression analysis was conducted by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray (TMA) containing PCa and BPH tissue samples. TSP2 transcript was down-regulated in PCa tissue samples and cell lines, when compared to BPH and non-tumoral samples (P<0.01). Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis demonstrated that TSP2 transcript levels can better distinguish PCa from BPH tissue samples (P<0.01) than serum PSA levels (P=0.299). TSP2 protein expression has been observed in the cytoplasm of both PCa and BPH epithelial and stromal compartments. TSP2 stromal staining scores were significantly lower in PCa than in BPH tissues (P<0.01), while similar TSP2 epithelial staining patterns were observed in both diseases. Notably, the TSP2 epithelial staining score was significantly correlated to vascular invasion and biochemical recurrence in PCa tissue samples (P<0.05). Our data indicate that TSP2 is down-regulated at PCa tissues and cell lines, especially at stroma compartment, which could be related to PCa progression. TSP2 levels could potentially be applied for differential PCa and BPH diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Matos
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular/Programa de Pós Graduação Stricto Sensu em Oncologia do Instituto Nacional de Câncer, CPQ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Vitkus S, Yeh CR, Lin HH, Hsu I, Yu J, Chen M, Yeh S. Distinct function of estrogen receptor α in smooth muscle and fibroblast cells in prostate development. Mol Endocrinol 2012. [PMID: 23204329 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen signaling, through estrogen receptor (ER)α, has been shown to cause hypertrophy in the prostate. Our recent report has shown that epithelial ERα knockout (KO) will not affect the normal prostate development or homeostasis. However, it remains unclear whether ERα in different types of stromal cells has distinct roles in prostate development. This study proposed to elucidate how KO of ERα in the stromal smooth muscle or fibroblast cells may interrupt cross talk between prostate stromal and epithelial cells. Smooth muscle ERαKO (smERαKO) mice showed decreased glandular infolding with the proximal area exhibiting a significant decrease. Fibroblast ERαKO mouse prostates did not exhibit this phenotype but showed a decrease in the number of ductal tips. Additionally, the amount of collagen observed in the basement membrane was reduced in smERαKO prostates. Interestingly, these phenotypes were found to be mutually exclusive among smERαKO or fibroblast ERαKO mice. Compound KO of ERα in both fibroblast and smooth muscle showed combined phenotypes from each of the single KO. Further mechanistic studies showed that IGF-I and epidermal growth factor were down-regulated in prostate smooth muscle PS-1 cells lacking ERα. Together, our results indicate the distinct functions of fibroblast vs. smERα in prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Vitkus
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Jiang Q, Han BM, Zhao FJ, Hong Y, Xia SJ. The differential effects of prostate stromal cells derived from different zones on prostate cancer epithelial cells under the action of sex hormones. Asian J Androl 2011; 13:798-805. [PMID: 21765438 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that prostate cancer (PCa) occurs predominantly in the peripheral zone (PZ), whereas benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) typically develops in the transition zone. To identify possible mechanisms underlying zonal differences, we compared the effects of prostate stromal cells derived from the peripheral zone (PZsc) and the transition zone (TZsc) on a PCa epithelial cell line (PC3) in the presence of sex hormones. First, we observed that androgen receptor (AR) mRNA was more highly expressed in PZsc than TZsc when the cells were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and β-oestradiol (E2) (P<0.05). By ELISA, we looked for differences in the secretion of peptide growth factors from PZsc and TZsc. We found that keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) secretion increased with increasing concentrations of DHT (P<0.01) and was higher in PZsc than TZsc. Under treatment with DHT plus E2, PZsc secreted more transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) than TZsc, but this pattern was reversed when the cells were treated with E2 only. With increasing concentrations of DHT, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) secretion increased in PZsc but decreased in TZsc. To further characterize the effects of PZsc and TZsc on PC3 cells, we developed a coculture model and performed MTT assays, Western blot analysis and real-time RT-PCR. We found that PZsc promoted PC3 cell proliferation and progression better than TZsc, particularly when treated with 10 nmol l(-1) DHT plus 10 nmol l(-1) E2. In conclusion, our data suggest that PZsc may have a greater capacity to induce PCa development and progression than TZsc via growth factors regulated by sex hormones. These findings provide possible mechanisms underlying zonal differences in prostate diseases, which may aid the search for novel therapeutic targets for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Institute of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
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Differences in phenotype and gene expression of prostate stromal cells from patients of varying ages and their influence on tumour formation by prostate epithelial cells. Asian J Androl 2011; 13:732-41. [PMID: 21642999 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is an age-related disease, and the stromal microenvironment plays an important role in prostatic malignant progression. However, the differences in prostate stromal cells present in young and old tissue are still obscure. We established primary cultured stromal cells from normal prostatic peripheral zone (PZ) of donors of varying ages and found that cultured stromal cells from old donors (PZ-old) were more enlarged and polygonal than those from young donors (PZ-young). Furthermore, based on immunocytochemical and ultrastructural analysis, the components of stromal cells changed from a majority of fibroblasts to a mixture of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts with increasing donor age. Using a three-dimensional in vitro culture system, we found that PZ-old stromal cells could enhance the proliferation, migration and invasion of cocultured benign BPH-1 and PC-3 cells. Using an in vivo tissue recombination system, we also found that PZ-old stromal cells are more effective than PZ-young cells in promoting tumour formation by BPH-1 cells of high passage (>100) and PC-3 cells. To probe the possible mechanism of these effects, we performed cDNA microarray analysis and profiled 509 upregulated genes and 188 downregulated genes in PZ-old cells. Among the changed genes, we found genes coding for a subset of paracrine factors that are capable of influencing adjacent epithelial cells; these include hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 (IGFBP4), IGFBP5 and matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1). Changes in the expression of these genes were further confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Overall, our findings indicate that stromal cells from prostate PZ of old donors are more active than similar cells from young donors in promoting the malignant process of adjacent epithelial cells. This finding hints at a new potential strategy for the prevention of PCa.
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Bergh A. Characterization and functional role of the stroma compartment in prostate tumors. Future Oncol 2010; 5:1231-5. [PMID: 19852737 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of: Dakhova O, Ozen M, Creighton CJ et al.: Global gene expression analysis of reactive stroma in prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 3979–3989 (2009). Prostate tumors are composed of many cell types, yet the biological significances of the different nonepithelial cells have been largely overlooked. According to recent studies, however, the stroma, which constitutes a substantial part of the tumor volume, plays an important role during the initiation, progression, metastasis and metastatic growth of prostate cancers. To explore this further, Dakhova and co-workers compared gene expression in laser microdissected normal peripheral zone stroma with stroma in peripheral zone cancers (only those with reactive stroma grade 3). A total of 544 genes were upregulated and 606 genes downregulated in tumor stroma. The cancer stroma showed signs of formation of nerves, increased number of stem cells, and responses to DNA damage. Further studies are needed to explore the functional consequences of this, particularly the role of nerves. If these stroma changes can be used as prognostic markers, as targets for therapy, and if similar changes occur in metastases also need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
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Thalmann GN, Rhee H, Sikes RA, Pathak S, Multani A, Zhau HE, Marshall FF, Chung LWK. Human prostate fibroblasts induce growth and confer castration resistance and metastatic potential in LNCaP Cells. Eur Urol 2009; 58:162-71. [PMID: 19747763 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor microenvironment is important for progressive and metastatic disease. OBJECTIVE To study the hypothesis that prostate fibroblasts have differential ability to induce castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) and metastatic progression and whether this effect might vary depending on the zonal origin of the fibroblast. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Human prostate fibroblasts from the peripheral (PZ), transition (TZ) and central (CZ) zones of radical prostatectomy specimens (n=13) were isolated and compared for their ability to promote androgen independence and metastatic progression in androgen-responsive PCa lymph node carcinoma of the prostate (LNCaP) cells in vivo. INTERVENTIONS By coinoculating marginally tumorigenic LNCaP cells with PZ or TZ and by altering host hormonal milieu, a series of tumorigenic and metastatic LNCaP epithelial sublines-P4, P4-2 (derivatives from interaction with PZ), T4, and T4-2 (derivatives from interaction with TZ)-were established and characterized. MEASUREMENTS In vivo and in vitro evaluation of induction of tumor growth and metastatic potential. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS 1) LNCaP sublines were permanently altered in their cytogenetic and biologic profiles after cellular interaction with prostate stromal fibroblasts. LNCaP sublines grew faster under anchorage-dependent and -independent conditions, expressed 1-12-fold more prostate-specific antigen in vitro than LNCaP cells, and gained metastatic potential; 2) zonal differences of stromal fibroblasts in their ability to induce the growth and progression of LNCaP tumors as xenografts in mice may exist but need further analysis; 3) PZ-conditioned medium induced more anchorage-independent growth of LNCaP cells in vitro. TZ had a higher growth rate and were more sensitive to dihydrotestosterone. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that prostate fibroblasts have growth inductive potential on PCa cells and affect their subsequent progression to castration resistance and development of a metastatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N Thalmann
- Department of Urology, University of Bern, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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