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Kim J, So B, Heo Y, So H, Jo JK. Penile Erection Morphometry: The Need for a Novel Approach. World J Mens Health 2024; 42:667-680. [PMID: 38164024 PMCID: PMC11439814 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.230179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
For many males, sexual function holds significant value in determining their quality of life. Despite the importance of male erectile function, no quantitative method to measure it accurately is currently available. Standardized assessment methods such as RigiScan™, International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), and the stamp test are used to evaluate sexual function, but those methods cannot repetitively and quantitatively measure erectile function. Only direct measurement can quantitatively assess the shape of an erect penis. This paper presents the essential requirements for developing an ideal measurement method for penile erection. It also introduces current approaches for diagnosing male sexual function and reviews ongoing research to quantitatively measure erectile function. The paper further summarizes and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each method with respect to the essential requirements. Finally, the paper discusses the future direction toward the development of Penile Erection Morphometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwon Kim
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeongchan So
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongki Heo
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hongyun So
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jung Ki Jo
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
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2
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Wang C, WangDing Y. A meta-analysis of Chinese men's penile size in a global context. Andrology 2024. [PMID: 39087754 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penile size is a topic of significant interest among men and healthcare professionals. However, data on adult male penile dimensions in China are scarce, hindering clinical counseling and research. This study aimed to establish normative data for Chinese penile size and compare it with a global reference population. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of published studies on penile size, focusing on Chinese and international data. Studies from East and Southeast Asia were excluded to minimize regional confounding factors. The analysis included 23 Chinese studies encompassing 34,060 men aged 16-57 years, and 19 international studies encompassing 15,216 men aged 16-91 years. Penile length and circumference were assessed in both flaccid and erect states. RESULTS This study established the first nomogram and percentile distribution chart for adult male penile size in China. The mean flaccid length was 7.42 cm (standard deviation [SD] ± 0.95 cm), and the mean flaccid circumference was 8.54 cm (SD ± 0.62 cm). The mean erect length was 12.42 cm (SD ± 1.63 cm), and the mean erect circumference was 10.75 cm (SD ± 1.34 cm). Compared with the global reference population (flaccid length: 9.09 cm ± 1.51 cm, flaccid circumference: 9.12 cm ± 0.93 cm; p < 0.05 for both), Chinese men exhibited statistically significant shorter flaccid lengths and circumferences. No significant differences were observed in erect length or circumference between Chinese men and the global reference population (p > 0.05 for both). Notably, the growth coefficient during erection (defined as the percentage increase from flaccid length to erect length) was significantly higher in Chinese men (67.39%) compared with the global average (43.45%; p < 0.05), supporting the hypothesis of a proportionally greater increase in shorter penises. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel and comprehensive data on penile size in Chinese men. Compared with a global reference population, Chinese men exhibited shorter flaccid penises but a higher proportional increase upon erection. These findings may be of value for clinical counseling and future research on penile size variations. The newly developed nomogram and percentile chart can serve as a valuable tool for both patients and healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuntong Wang
- School of Social Development, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Yihe WangDing
- School of International Tourism and Management, City University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
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3
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Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS, Shaikh MA, Elbeltagi R. Microphallus early management in infancy saves adulthood sensual life: A comprehensive review. World J Clin Pediatr 2024; 13:89224. [PMID: 38947989 PMCID: PMC11212752 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.89224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Microphallus/Micropenis is a rare condition with significant physical and psychological implications for affected individuals. This article comprehensively reviews micropenis, its etiology, epidemiology, and various treatment options. We conducted a thorough literature review to collect relevant information on micropenis and microphallus, as well as related disorders. Our primary databases were PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. We searched for articles published in English between 2000 and 2023. Our analysis included 67 review articles, 56 research studies, 11 case reports, one guideline, and one editorial. Our search terms included "microphallus", "micropenis", "congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism", "androgen insensitivity syndrome", "pediatric management of micropenis", "testosterone therapy", and "psychosocial implications of micropenis". We focused on diagnosing micropenis and related conditions, including hormonal assessments, medical and surgical treatment options, psychosocial and psychological well-being, sexual development of adolescents, and sociocultural influences on men's perceptions of penile size. Additionally, we explored parenting and family dynamics in cases of micropenis and disorders of sex development, implications of hormonal treatment in neonates, and studies related to penile augmentation procedures and their effectiveness. The article highlights the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in addressing the physical and psychological well-being of individuals with micropenis. Surgical procedures, such as penile lengthening and girth enhancement, and non-surgical approaches like hormonal therapy are explored. The significance of psychological support, education, and lifestyle modifications is emphasized. Early management and comprehensive care are crucial for individuals with micropenis, from infancy to adolescence and beyond. A multidisciplinary approach involving urologists, endocrinologists, and mental health professionals is recommended. Regular assessment of treatment effectiveness and the need for updated guidelines are essential to provide the best possible care. Healthcare professionals should prioritize early diagnosis, and neonatologists should measure stretched penile length in neonates. A collaborative effort is needed among professionals, parents, and affected individuals to create a supportive environment that recognizes worth beyond physical differences. Continuous research and evidence-based updates are crucial for improving care standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
- Department of Pediatric, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Bahrain
- Department of Pediatric, University Medical Center, Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Department of Medical Microbiology Section and Pathology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 12, Bahrain
- Department of Medical Microbiology Section and Pathology, Irish Royal College of Surgeon, Busaiteen 15503, Bahrain
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Bahrain
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center, Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Majed A Shaikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Ibn Al Nafees Hospital, Manama 54533, Bahrain
| | - Reem Elbeltagi
- Department of Medicine, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busiateen 15503, Bahrain
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4
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Belladelli F, Del Giudice F, Glover F, Mulloy E, Muncey W, Basran S, Fallara G, Pozzi E, Montorsi F, Salonia A, Eisenberg ML. Worldwide Temporal Trends in Penile Length: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World J Mens Health 2023; 41:848-860. [PMID: 36792094 PMCID: PMC10523114 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.220203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Normative male genital measurements are clinically useful and temporal changes would have important implications. The aim of the present study is to characterize the trend of worldwide penile length over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis using papers from PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library from inception to April 2022 was performed. PRISMA guidelines were used for abstracting data and assessing data quality and validity. Pooled means and standard deviations for flaccid, stretched, and erect length were obtained. Subgroup analyses were performed by looking at differences in the region of origin, population type, and the decade of publication. Metaregression analyses were to adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS Seventy-five studies published between 1942 and 2021 were evaluated including data from 55,761 men. The pooled mean length estimates were flaccid length: 8.70 cm (95% CI, 8.16-9.23), stretched length: 12.93 cm (95% CI, 12.48-13.39), and erect length: 13.93 cm (95% CI, 13.20-14.65). All measurements showed variation by geographic region. Erect length increased significantly over time (QM=4.49, df=2, p=0.04) in several regions of the world and across all age groups, while no trends were identified in other penile size measurements. After adjusting for geographic region, subject age, and subject population; erect penile length increased 24% over the past 29 years. CONCLUSIONS The average erect penis length has increased over the past three decades across the world. Given the significant implications, attention to potential causes should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Belladelli
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Urology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Francesco Del Giudice
- Department of Urology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Frank Glover
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Evan Mulloy
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wade Muncey
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Satvir Basran
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Fallara
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Urology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozzi
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Urology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Urology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Urology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael L Eisenberg
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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5
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Sabuncu K, Culha MG. Re: Penile length and circumference dimensions: A large study in young Italian men. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14150. [PMID: 34247405 DOI: 10.1111/and.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Sabuncu
- Department of Urology, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gokhan Culha
- Department of Urology, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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Takeshima Y, Suzuki M, Ikegaya H, Idota N, Kawai T, Sato Y, Kume H. A cross-sectional cadaveric study of the correlation between genital organ measurements, serum testosterone, and serum prostate-specific antigen levels in Japanese male subjects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 13:36-42. [PMID: 34093964 PMCID: PMC8166811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Association of organ sizes in the genitalia have long been a topic of interest for the general public. However, factors such as selection bias, embarrassment, and invasive testing have hindered studies on living individuals. We obtained measurements of penile size, testicular weight, and prostate weight, and conducted related serum testing on 63 Japanese male adults who died of unexpected reasons and underwent autopsy from 2009 to 2013. Micropenis was seen in 7 subjects (11.1%) as determined by flaccid penile length. Penile measurements were mainly correlated with body weight, testicular weight with age and body mass index, and prostate weight with age and serum prostate-specific antigen level. No correlation was detected between testosterone and any genital organ measurements. Interestingly, penile circumference showed no correlation to any of the penile length measurements. Prostate weight showed a significant positive correlation with penile circumference, penile stretched length, and testicular weight. Although the direct clinical implications are unclear, utilizing autopsy provided insight into genital organ measurements free of patient selection bias and other disadvantages of live patient testing. With a larger sample size, autopsy studies may be of use to future adjustment of nomograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Takeshima
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, The Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Motofumi Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikegaya
- Department of Forensics Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKajii-cho 465, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Nozomi Idota
- Department of Forensics Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKajii-cho 465, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Taketo Kawai
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Haruki Kume
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Di Mauro M, Tonioni C, Cocci A, Kluth LA, Russo GI, Gomez Rivas J, Cacciamani G, Cito G, Morelli G, Polloni G, di Maida F, Giunti D. Penile length and circumference dimensions: A large study in young Italian men. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14053. [PMID: 33748967 PMCID: PMC8243978 DOI: 10.1111/and.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the size of the penis in flaccidity and in erection of Italian men. A total of 4,685 men living in Italy and who have been visited at the Italian urology operating units were involved in the study between January 2019 and January 2020. Each patient was given details on how to measure their penis (erect length and circumference) in flaccidity and in erection, from the lower base to the distal penile tip. Mean (standard deviation [SD]) flaccid penis length was 9.47 (2.69), mean (SD) flaccid penis circumference was 9.59 (3.08), mean (SD) erect penis length was 16.78 (2.55) and mean (SD) erect penis circumference was 12.03 (3.82). At the linear regression analysis, height was associated with flaccid penis length (β = 0.04; p-value = .01), and erect penis length was (β = 0.05; p-value < .01) and erect penis circumference was (β = 0.06; p-value < .01). Height is proportional to the length of the penis in flaccidity and in erection, and to the circumference in erection. The increase in BMI leads to a reduction in the length of the erect penis, as well as weight gain reduces the length of the flaccid penis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Di Mauro
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Cocci
- Department of Urology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luis A Kluth
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Giorgio Ivan Russo
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Juan Gomez Rivas
- Department of Urology, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni Cacciamani
- USC Institute of Urology and Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gianmartin Cito
- Department of Urology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Giunti
- Centro Integrato di Sessuologia Il Ponte, Florence, Italy
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8
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Nguyen Hoai B, Pham Minh Q, Nguyen Cao T, Sansone A, Colonnello E, Jannini EA. Data from 14,597 penile measurements of vietnamese men. Andrology 2021; 9:906-915. [PMID: 33484108 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penis size is a highly sensitive topic, which has often raised concerns associated with human masculinity and male sexual health. Although data regarding penile dimensions have been published worldwide, little is known about these measurements in South-East Asian countries. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to provide the reference range in penile length, circumference, and diameter of Vietnamese men and their variations among men with erectile dysfunction and other diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information about flaccid length, stretched length, mid-shaft circumference, and glans diameter from the health records of 14,597 men attending the Andrology Consultation was collected. These men were classified into three groups being regular reproductive health screening group, sexual dysfunction group, and other disease groups. RESULTS We found that penile dimensions follow a non-parametric distribution, as tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The median values are 9.03 cm for flaccid length, 14.67 cm for stretched length, 8.39 cm for mid-shaft circumference, and 2.86 cm for unaroused glans diameter. Length and girth of the penis also changed among the different groups, especially in flaccid state; specifically, men with erectile dysfunction had a greater value in all penile dimensions except for change ratio compared with other groups. Circumcision, which rarely occurs in Vietnam, was associated with a 2 mm reduced penis length. DISCUSSION Findings on correlations between penile dimensions and somatometric parameters from previous studies are questionable and some measurements, such as glans dimension, have not been thoroughly investigated so far. Nevertheless, penile dimensions provide useful insight concerning conditions affecting sexual development and might be a valuable parameter in the assessment of erectile dysfunction. CONCLUSION Results of this study provide informative materials for the assessment of penile size, including reference values drawn from a large sample of Vietnamese men that can be useful in clinical practice and sexual health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bac Nguyen Hoai
- Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Hanoi Medical University's Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Quan Pham Minh
- Department of Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Hanoi Medical University's Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thang Nguyen Cao
- Department of Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Hanoi Medical University's Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Andrea Sansone
- Chair of Endocrinology and Sexual Medicine (ENDOSEX, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Colonnello
- Chair of Endocrinology and Sexual Medicine (ENDOSEX, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Emmanuele A Jannini
- Chair of Endocrinology and Sexual Medicine (ENDOSEX, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Akyüz O. A new perspective on penis length measurement in children: How healthy are the results obtained with the current techniques? Andrologia 2020; 52:e13864. [PMID: 33125760 DOI: 10.1111/and.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to detect abnormalities in the size of the penis, firstly, the penis length must be measured correctly. Controversies about the best technique on to be used to measure the length of the penis still persist. The hypothesis of this study is to show that penile length in children is longer than measured under normal examination conditions. A total of 155 children who applied to our institution for circumcision whose stretched penis length (SPL) measurements were performed were included in the study. The distance from the pubic bone to the tip of the glans penis, which was maximally stretched, was measured. Under normal examination conditions (SPL 1), under general anaesthesia (SPL 2) and after skin/ subcutaneous tissues were released during circumcision (SPL 3). The mean age of the patients was 4.20 ± 2.66 years. Mean SPLs were measured as 5.48 ± 1.03 and 5.96 ± 1.01 and 6.54 ± 1.01 cm in SPL 1, SPL 2 and SPL 3 respectively. The amount of increase between penis length measurements was statistically significant (p = .001). In all cases (100%), penis length measurements in SPL 3 were longer relative to SPL 1 and SPL 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Akyüz
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Atlas University, İstanbul, Turkey
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10
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Akar OS, Gunes S, Abur U, Altundag E, Asci R, Onat OE, Ozcelik T, Ogur G. Multiscale analysis of SRY-positive 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development: Presentation of nine cases. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13739. [PMID: 32882067 DOI: 10.1111/and.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
46,XX testicular disorder of sex development (46,XX TDSD) is a relatively rare condition characterised by the presence of testicular tissue with 46,XX karyotype. The present study aims to reveal the phenotype to genotype correlation in a series of sex-determining region Y (SRY)-positive 46,XX TDSD cases. We present the clinical findings, hormone profiles and genetic test results of six patients with SRY-positive 46,XX TDSD and give the details and follow-up findings of our three of previously published patients. All patients presented common characteristics such as azoospermia, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and an SRY gene translocated on the terminal part of the short arm of one of the X chromosomes. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) height of the patients was 164.78 ± 8.0 cm. Five patients had decreased secondary sexual characteristics, and three patients had gynaecomastia with varying degrees. Five of the seven patients revealed a translocation between protein kinase X (PRKX) and inverted protein kinase Y (PRKY) genes, and the remaining two patients showed a translocation between the pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1) of X chromosome and the differential region of Y chromosome. X chromosome inactivation (XCI) analysis results demonstrated random and skewed XCI in 5 cases and 1 case, respectively. In brief, we delineate the phenotypic spectrum of patients with SRY-positive 46,XX TDSD and the underlying mechanisms of Xp;Yp translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Salih Akar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Gunes
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ummet Abur
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Engin Altundag
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Asci
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Onur Emre Onat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tayfun Ozcelik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gonul Ogur
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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11
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King BM. Average-Size Erect Penis: Fiction, Fact, and the Need for Counseling. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2020; 47:80-89. [PMID: 32666897 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2020.1787279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Most men believe that the average length of an erect penis is greater than 6 inches (15.24 cm). This belief is due, in part, to several often-cited studies that relied on self-reported measurements, with means of about 6.2 inches (15.75 cm) for heterosexual men and even greater for gay men. These studies suffered from both volunteer bias and social desirability bias. In this review, the combined mean for 10 studies in which researchers took measurements of erect penises was 5.36 inches (13.61 cm; n = 1,629). For 21 studies in which researchers measured stretched penises, the mean was approximately 5.11 inches (12.98 cm; n = 13,719). Based on these studies, the average length of an erect penis is between 5.1 and 5.5 inches (12.95-13.97 cm), but after taking volunteer bias into account, it is probably toward the lower end of this range. Studies show that a majority of men wish they were larger, with some choosing penile lengthening surgery. These surgeries are considered by the American Urological Association to be risky. Most men seeking surgery have normal sized penises. Counseling with factual information about penis size might be effective in alleviating concerns for the majority of men who worry about having a small penis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M King
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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12
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Blecher GA, Vukina J, Ralph DJ. Penile dimensions: What are surgeons measuring? Int J Impot Res 2019; 31:444-450. [PMID: 30932028 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-019-0135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Penile dimensions and related dissatisfaction, may have significant impact upon patients whom undergo andrological surgeries. Whilst penile dimension assessment is performed as part of the andrological evaluation, little is known regarding the surgeons' opinions nor contemporary practices. This study was designed to gain further insights into the opinions and practices of clinicians regarding penile measurement and is the first paper in the literature of its kind. The study was performed by inviting clinicians at andrological/urological conferences to participate in a voluntary 10 point survey concerning penile dimensions. Of 126 responses recorded, 56% (71/126) were andrologists. Of the responders, 45% (56/122) did not routinely perform penile measurement prior to treatment nor were they aware of the standardised method (93/123). The majority 64%(81/126) would measure the penile length from the pubic bone to the tip (79/123) with the penis in a stretched position (99/125). A goniometer was the most common way of assessing penile curvature (37/73) and the length would be measured mostly on the convex side (46/119). Responders felt that, from the patients perspective, a combination of length, girth and shape (51/123), or length only (50/123), were the more important aspects of penile dimensions. As responders were recruited based on their interest in andrological aspects of urology, it may not be representative of the general urological community. In conclusion, attitudes and methods of penile measurement are quite varied amongst surgeons, thus further discussion and investigation of this aspect of andrological care ought to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David J Ralph
- University College London Hospitals, London, UK.,St Peter's Andrology, London, UK
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Sanches BC, Laranja WW, Alonso JC, Rejowski RF, Simões FA, Reis LO. Does underestimated penile size impact erectile function in healthy men? Int J Impot Res 2018; 30:158-162. [PMID: 29925936 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-018-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the impact of objective (stretched) and subjective penile size in the erectile function in a urological check-up program on a cross-sectional study including 689 men aged 35-70 years. IIEF-5 questionnaire, physical examination (penile length, prostate volume, blood pressure, body mass index-BMI), metabolic syndrome (MS), comorbidities, habits (sexual intercourse frequency, physical activity, alcohol, and tobacco use), level of education, serum glucose, total testosterone, estradiol, PSA, lipid profile, and self-perceptions (ejaculation time and subjective penile size) were examined in multivariate models using logistic and linear regressions. Penile objective mean length was 13.08 cm ± 2.32 and 67 (9.72%) patients referred small penis self-perception. Seventy-six (11.03%) participants had severe erectile dysfunction (ED), 75 (10.88%) had mild to moderate and moderate ED, 112 (16.25%) had mild ED and 426 (61.83%) had no ED. Risk factors for ED that held statistical significance were self-perceived small penis (OR = 2.23, 95% CI 1.35-3.69, p = .0017), sexual intercourse frequency (per week) (OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.38-0.52, p < .0001), satisfactory ejaculation time (no vs. yes, OR = 2.06, 95% CI 1.46-2.92, p < .0001), comorbidity (yes vs. no, OR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.46-2.76, p < .0001), age >65 years (OR = 2.93, 95% CI 1.53-5.61, p < .0001), tobacco use (yes vs. no, OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.02-1.96, p < .0375), regular physical activity (no vs. yes, OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.13-2.23, p < .0083), serum total testosterone < 200 ng/dl (OR = 3.48, 95% CI 1.69-7.16, p = 0.0009), serum glucose > 100 mg/dl (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.18-2.43, p = 0.0044) and systolic blood pressure > 130 mmHg (OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.16-2.19, p = 0.0037). Results suggest that in addition to previously reported risk factors, patient's subjective impressions of penile size negatively impacts sexual life in about 10% of men considered healthy, while objective penile length does not play significant role in erectile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunno Cf Sanches
- Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, PUC-Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,University of Campinas, PUC-Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walker W Laranja
- University of Campinas, PUC-Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Paulínia Municipal Hospital, PUC-Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Cc Alonso
- Paulínia Municipal Hospital, PUC-Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leonardo O Reis
- Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, PUC-Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. .,University of Campinas, PUC-Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Paulínia Municipal Hospital, PUC-Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Habous M, Muir G, Soliman T, Farag M, Williamson B, Binsaleh S, Elhadek W, Mahmoud S, Ibrahim H, Abdelwahab O, Abdelrahman Z, Abdelkader M, Jenkins LC, Mulhall JP. Outcomes of variation in technique and variation in accuracy of measurement in penile length measurement. Int J Impot Res 2018; 30:21-26. [DOI: 10.1038/s41443-017-0013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Penile Length: Measurement Technique and Applications. Sex Med Rev 2017; 6:261-271. [PMID: 29289534 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Penile size has long been an important fixation in men's lives. On the one hand, a smaller penis has been associated with anxiety and apprehension; on the other hand, a larger penis has generally been related to virility and strength. These perceptions predominate during an erection, when penile size is representative of a man's masculinity. AIM To assess adult penile length and summarize average penile length assessments from the literature; analyze how various urologic diseases and therapies affect penile length and volume; and review how surgical treatments for Peyronie's disease, penile prosthesis implantation, and radical prostatectomy can affect penile size to appropriately counsel patients seeking such therapies and set realistic goals for patients. METHODS To achieve the aim of this review, we analyzed the literature on penile size and volume and how these can be affected by various urologic diagnoses and therapies. We summarize common diagnoses and therapies that can affect penile size. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE We thoroughly discuss how the aforementioned diagnoses and therapies can negatively affect penile size. In doing so, we allow readers to understand the intricacies of penile size when faced with such diagnoses and therapies in their patients. RESULTS Surgical treatments for Peyronie's disease, penile prosthesis implantation for refractory erectile dysfunction, and radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer can lead to a decrease in penile size. CONCLUSION Urologists must recognize that the different therapies they offer can affect a man's penile size, often negatively. This in turn can lead to poorer satisfaction outcomes in patients. Davoudzadeh EP, Davoudzadeh NP, Margolin E, et al. Penile Length: Measurement Technique and Applications. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:261-271.
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May cachexia be an advantage for penile length? Rev Int Androl 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.androl.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Reference range of flaccid and stretched penile lengths of adult males in Baghdad: A cross-sectional study. Arab J Urol 2017; 15:68-73. [PMID: 28275522 PMCID: PMC5329721 DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To establish a baseline reference range for flaccid (FPL) and stretched penile lengths (SPL) in adult males and to compare with reports from different nationalities, as concerns over penile size are common among men and currently the number of men seeking help for the perceived problem of a ‘short’ penis is increasing. Subjects and methods Over a 1-year period, FPL and SPL measurements were taken from males undergoing medical examination in the outpatient clinic of the Al-Karama Teaching Hospital, using a rigid centimetre ruler. The correlation between penile length and age was investigated. Results In all, 223 apparently healthy males were included in this study with a mean (SD; range) age of 41.3 (15.0; 20–77) years. The mean (SD; range) FPL was 9.8 (2.0; 5–17) cm and the SPL was 12.6 (1.9; 7.5–19.5) cm. Statistical analysis showed that penile length is increased in older age (>55 years). A penile length nomogram was constructed, showing that the 50th percentiles of FPL and SPL were 9.0 and 12.5 cm, respectively. Conclusion Our data establish a baseline reference range for adult male penile lengths in the Capital of Iraq (Baghdad), which should be useful for urologists when counselling patients.
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Veale D, Miles S, Bramley S, Muir G, Hodsoll J. Am I normal? A systematic review and construction of nomograms for flaccid and erect penis length and circumference in up to 15,521 men. BJU Int 2015; 115:978-86. [PMID: 25487360 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review and create nomograms of flaccid and erect penile size measurements. METHODS Study key eligibility criteria: measurement of penis size by a health professional using a standard procedure; a minimum of 50 participants per sample. EXCLUSION CRITERIA samples with a congenital or acquired penile abnormality, previous surgery, complaint of small penis size or erectile dysfunction. Synthesis methods: calculation of a weighted mean and pooled standard deviation (SD) and simulation of 20,000 observations from the normal distribution to generate nomograms of penis size. RESULTS Nomograms for flaccid pendulous [n = 10,704, mean (SD) 9.16 (1.57) cm] and stretched length [n = 14,160, mean (SD) 13.24 (1.89) cm], erect length [n = 692, mean (SD) 13.12 (1.66) cm], flaccid circumference [n = 9407, mean (SD) 9.31 (0.90) cm], and erect circumference [n = 381, mean (SD) 11.66 (1.10) cm] were constructed. Consistent and strongest significant correlation was between flaccid stretched or erect length and height, which ranged from r = 0.2 to 0.6. LIMITATIONS relatively few erect measurements were conducted in a clinical setting and the greatest variability between studies was seen with flaccid stretched length. CONCLUSIONS Penis size nomograms may be useful in clinical and therapeutic settings to counsel men and for academic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Veale
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarah Miles
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Sally Bramley
- King's College London Medical School, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gordon Muir
- King's College NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Hodsoll
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
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Shalaby ME, Almohsen AERM, El Shahid AR, Abd Al-Sameaa MT, Mostafa T. Penile length-somatometric parameters relationship in healthy Egyptian men. Andrologia 2014; 47:402-6. [PMID: 24698122 DOI: 10.1111/and.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the penile length-somatometric parameters relationship in healthy Egyptian men. Two thousand physically normal men (22-40 years) were subjected to measurement of stretched penile length, glans penis, testis size, index finger, weight, height, span, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference and waist/hip ratio. The mean stretched penile length of the studied subjects was 13.84 ± 1.35 cm (range 12-19 cm), and the mean glans penis length was 2.6 ± 0.4 cm (range 1.7-3.8 cm). Penile length demonstrated positive significant correlation with glans penis length, index finger length, BMI and significant negative correlation with waist/hip ratio. On the other hand, penile length demonstrated nonsignificant correlation with age, weight, height, waist circumference, span or testicular size. It is concluded that the penile length-somatometric parameters relationship in healthy Egyptian men is mostly related to glans penis and index finger lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Shalaby
- Dermatology, Venereology & Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Chrouser K, Bazant E, Jin L, Kileo B, Plotkin M, Adamu T, Curran K, Koshuma S. Penile Measurements in Tanzanian Males: Guiding Circumcision Device Design and Supply Forecasting. J Urol 2013; 190:544-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Chrouser
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Jhpiego Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
- International Health Department, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Linda Jin
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Tigistu Adamu
- Jhpiego Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
- International Health Department, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kelly Curran
- Jhpiego Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
- International Health Department, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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VandeVoort CA, Tollner TL. The efficacy of ultrasound treatment as a reversible male contraceptive in the rhesus monkey. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10:81. [PMID: 22971106 PMCID: PMC3447693 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of therapeutic ultrasound as a contraceptive approach has involved nonhuman primates as well as rats and dogs. The current study was undertaken to determine whether this treatment could be a method for reversible contraception, using a model with testes size similar to adult humans. METHODS Two methods of ultrasound exposure were used, either the transducer probe at the bottom of a cup filled with saline (Cup) or direct application to the surface of the scrotum (Direct). Four adult rhesus (Macaca mulatta) males with normal semen parameters were treated with therapeutic ultrasound at 2.5 W/cm(2) for 30 min. Treatment was given 3 times, one every other day on a Monday-Wednesday-Friday schedule. For each male, semen quality was evaluated a minimum of three times over several months prior to ultrasound exposure and weekly for two months following ultrasound treatment. RESULTS Semen samples from all males, regardless of exposure method, exhibited a decrease in the percentage of motile sperm following ultrasound treatment. There was an average reduction in motility of 40% the week following treatment. Similarly, curvilinear velocity and the percentage of sperm with a normally shaped flagellum were also reduced in all males following ultrasound treatment. A significant reduction in the total number of sperm in an ejaculate (total sperm count) was only observed in males that received ultrasound via the cup method. Following treatment via the cup method, males exhibited up to a 91.7% decrease in average total sperm count (n = 2). Sperm count did not approach pre-treatment levels until 8 weeks following ultrasound exposure. CONCLUSIONS The sustained reduction in sperm count, percent motility, normal morphology, and sperm vigor with the cup exposure method provides proof of principle that testicular treatment with ultrasound can be an effective contraceptive approach in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A VandeVoort
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Theodore L Tollner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Shaeer O, Shaeer K. Impact of Penile Size on Male Sexual Function and Role of Penile Augmentation Surgery. Curr Urol Rep 2012; 13:285-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11934-012-0260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Söylemez H, Atar M, Sancaktutar AA, Penbegül N, Bozkurt Y, Onem K. Relationship between penile size and somatometric parameters in 2276 healthy young men. Int J Impot Res 2011; 24:126-9. [PMID: 22189447 DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2011.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the average penile length of a group of healthy, young Turkish men, and to investigate the relationship between penile length and somatometric parameters in the same group. The flaccid and stretched length and circumference of the penis was measured in a group of 2276 physically normal, young men. The correlation between penile length and weight, height and body mass index (BMI) of the participants was determined by Pearson's analysis. The mean age of the participants was 21.1 ± 3.1 (18-39) years. The mean flaccid, fully stretched and circumferential length of the participants' penises were 8.95 ± 1.04, 13.98 ± 1.58 and 8.89 ± 0.86 cm, respectively. There was a significant relationship between all of these variables (P<0.01). Although weak positive correlations were found between the mean circumference length and BMI, there were no correlations between both the flaccid and stretched lengths and BMI. The penile length must be known to be able to determine the abnormal penile sizes and to make convenient decisions in the counseling and/or treatment of people with short penis concerns. Our study provides mean penile lengths in a large sample of healthy, young Turkish men, and the penile dimensions were found to be weakly correlated with somatometric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Söylemez
- Department of Urology, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
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